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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Potency
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specifies a cell’s potential to differentiate into different cell types
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Totipotency
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cells can differentiate/produce all cell types, including extra-embryonic tissues (zygote (1 day old), morula (3 days))
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Pluripotency
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cells can differentiate into any of 3 cell masses (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm), (inner cell mass of blastocyst (5-7 days))
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Multipotency
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cells which can differentiate into 2 or more cell types (cells from single germ layer, 3 week old embryo)
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Unipotency
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terminally differentiated to form only one cell type (neuron)
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3-layered embryo
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week 3, 3 types of germ cells (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
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Ectoderm
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brain, spinal cord, skin epidermis (can later produce hair, nails, sweat glands), neural crest cells give rise to sensory nerve cells, melanocytes (skin pigment), certain bones/blood vessels of head
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Mesoderm
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bones, muscle, CT (dermis), epithelium inside blood vessels and lining ventral body cavities, somites
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Endoderm
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inner epithelial lining of gut tube + derivatives, secretory glands that develop from gut-lining epithelium
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Epithelial cell functions
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protection, diffusion, absorption, secretion, ion transport, filtration, can form slippery surfaces
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Epithelia
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separated by minimal extracellular material, joined by special junctions, polarity = cell regions of apical surface differ from basal surface, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, quick regeneration
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Epithelia cell layers
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simple (1 layer), stratified (more than one layer)
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Epithelial cell shapes
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squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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Simple squamous epithelium
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single layer, flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei, passage of materials by passive diffusion/filtration, location = alveoli, renal corpuscules, lining of heart, blood cells, lymphatic vessels, ventral body cavity
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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single layer cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei, function = secretion/absorption, location = kidney tubules, secretory portions of glands, ovary surface
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Simple columnar epithelium
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single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei, some have cilia at surface, some goblet cells, function = absorption, secretion of mucus/enzymes, ciliated type propels mucus/reproductive cells
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Nonciliated Simple columnar epithelium
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lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
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Ciliated Simple columnar epithelium
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lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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originate at basement membrane, nuclei at varying heights within cells, gives false impression of stratification, some goblet cells/cilia, function = secretion of mucus/propulsion of mucus by cilia, location = nonciliated (ducts of male reproductive tubes, ducts of large glands), ciliated (lines trachea and upper respiratory tract)
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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multiple layers in flattened shape, deeper layers are metabolically active, thickest epithelial tissue, function = protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
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Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
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epidermis of skin is dry membrane, protective keratin protein, waterproof, surface cells are dead and full of keratin
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Non-keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
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forms moist lining of mucous membranes of body openings (esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra)
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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2 layers of cells, function = protection, location = forms ducts (mammary/salivary/sweat glands)
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Stratified columnar epithelium
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multiple layers, superficial is columnar, basal is cuboidal, function = protection/secretion, location = male urethra and large ducts of some glands
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Transitional epithelium
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characteristics of stratified cuboidal/squamous, superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous when full, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, function permits distention of urinary organs by contained urine, location = urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra
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Extracellular matrix in CT
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produced by cells of CT, composed of some type of ground substance embedded with protein fibers
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Ground substance in CT
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produced by primary cell type of tissue, varies for each type of CT, makes up non-cellular components of ECM, amorphous gel-like material primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and water, holds tissue fluid, may be hard/calcified in bone, function = cushions, protects, reinforces body structures
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Protein fibers in CT matrix
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fibrous portion of matrix provides support, collagen (strongest, resists tension), reticular fibers (bundles of special type of collagen fibril which cluster into network and cover/support structures), elastic fibers (contain elastin and recoil after stretching)
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Primary CT cells that produce matrix
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fibroblasts (CT proper), chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone), blood cells (no matrix produced)
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Connective tissue proper
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ground substance, fibers (collagen, reticular, elastin), fibroblasts, adipose cells, and defense cells (macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils), nerve fibers/capillaries run through
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Loose CT
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areolar, adipose, reticular, most widespread type, fibers distributed throughout tissue, separated from each other by ground substance
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Areolar CT
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gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types, 3 types of protein fibers in ECM (collagen, reticular, elastic), produced by fibroblasts, fibers provide support, ground substance is viscous and consists of sugar/protein molecules, tissue fluid (interstitial) derived from blood, watery fluid occupies ECM, holds and conveys tissue fluid, location = under epithelia, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, wraps/packages/cushions organs, surrounds small nerves/capillaries
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Function of areolar CT
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support and binding of other tissues, holds body fluids (interstitial fluid = lymph), defends body against infection (mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells, white blood cells), stores nutrients as fat, important role against inflammation
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Adipose tissue
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closely packed adipocytes, have nucleus pushed to one side by fat droplet, richly vascularized, function = reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports/protects organs, location = under skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts, hypodermis
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Reticular CT
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network of reticular fibers, in loose ground substance, form strong 3D network which forms skeleton (stroma) with contains spaces which support matrix and cells, location = lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
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Dense CT
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dense irregular, dense regular, elastic
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Dense irregular CT
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primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, fibroblast is major, function = withstand tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength, location = dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of joints and organs
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Dense regular CT
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primarily parallel collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, withstands great stress in one direction, fibroblasts = common, poorly vascularized, forms tendons/ligaments/aponeuroses/fascia
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Aponeuroses
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sheet-like fibrous membranes that join muscle and body parts the muscle acts upon
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Fascia
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layers of fibrous dense regular CT that cover and separate muscles and other structures
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Elastic CT
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elastic fibers predominate, function = allows recoil after stretching, maintains pulsatile flows of blood in arteries and recoil of lungs with breathing, location = walls of arteries, surrounding bronchial tubes, in certain ligaments associated with vertebral column
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Prenatal period
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embryonic period (first 8 weeks), fetal period (9 weeks to birth)
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