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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Potency
specifies a cell’s potential to differentiate into different cell types
Totipotency
cells can differentiate/produce all cell types, including extra-embryonic tissues (zygote (1 day old), morula (3 days))
Pluripotency
cells can differentiate into any of 3 cell masses (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm), (inner cell mass of blastocyst (5-7 days))
Multipotency
cells which can differentiate into 2 or more cell types (cells from single germ layer, 3 week old embryo)
Unipotency
terminally differentiated to form only one cell type (neuron)
3-layered embryo
week 3, 3 types of germ cells (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Ectoderm
brain, spinal cord, skin epidermis (can later produce hair, nails, sweat glands), neural crest cells give rise to sensory nerve cells, melanocytes (skin pigment), certain bones/blood vessels of head
Mesoderm
bones, muscle, CT (dermis), epithelium inside blood vessels and lining ventral body cavities, somites
Endoderm
inner epithelial lining of gut tube + derivatives, secretory glands that develop from gut-lining epithelium
Epithelial cell functions
protection, diffusion, absorption, secretion, ion transport, filtration, can form slippery surfaces
Epithelia
separated by minimal extracellular material, joined by special junctions, polarity = cell regions of apical surface differ from basal surface, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, quick regeneration
Epithelia cell layers
simple (1 layer), stratified (more than one layer)
Epithelial cell shapes
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Simple squamous epithelium
single layer, flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei, passage of materials by passive diffusion/filtration, location = alveoli, renal corpuscules, lining of heart, blood cells, lymphatic vessels, ventral body cavity
Simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei, function = secretion/absorption, location = kidney tubules, secretory portions of glands, ovary surface
Simple columnar epithelium
single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei, some have cilia at surface, some goblet cells, function = absorption, secretion of mucus/enzymes, ciliated type propels mucus/reproductive cells
Nonciliated Simple columnar epithelium
lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
Ciliated Simple columnar epithelium
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
originate at basement membrane, nuclei at varying heights within cells, gives false impression of stratification, some goblet cells/cilia, function = secretion of mucus/propulsion of mucus by cilia, location = nonciliated (ducts of male reproductive tubes, ducts of large glands), ciliated (lines trachea and upper respiratory tract)
Stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers in flattened shape, deeper layers are metabolically active, thickest epithelial tissue, function = protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis of skin is dry membrane, protective keratin protein, waterproof, surface cells are dead and full of keratin
Non-keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium
forms moist lining of mucous membranes of body openings (esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra)
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
2 layers of cells, function = protection, location = forms ducts (mammary/salivary/sweat glands)
Stratified columnar epithelium
multiple layers, superficial is columnar, basal is cuboidal, function = protection/secretion, location = male urethra and large ducts of some glands
Transitional epithelium
characteristics of stratified cuboidal/squamous, superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous when full, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, function permits distention of urinary organs by contained urine, location = urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra
Extracellular matrix in CT
produced by cells of CT, composed of some type of ground substance embedded with protein fibers
Ground substance in CT
produced by primary cell type of tissue, varies for each type of CT, makes up non-cellular components of ECM, amorphous gel-like material primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and water, holds tissue fluid, may be hard/calcified in bone, function = cushions, protects, reinforces body structures
Protein fibers in CT matrix
fibrous portion of matrix provides support, collagen (strongest, resists tension), reticular fibers (bundles of special type of collagen fibril which cluster into network and cover/support structures), elastic fibers (contain elastin and recoil after stretching)
Primary CT cells that produce matrix
fibroblasts (CT proper), chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone), blood cells (no matrix produced)
Connective tissue proper
ground substance, fibers (collagen, reticular, elastin), fibroblasts, adipose cells, and defense cells (macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils), nerve fibers/capillaries run through
Loose CT
areolar, adipose, reticular, most widespread type, fibers distributed throughout tissue, separated from each other by ground substance
Areolar CT
gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types, 3 types of protein fibers in ECM (collagen, reticular, elastic), produced by fibroblasts, fibers provide support, ground substance is viscous and consists of sugar/protein molecules, tissue fluid (interstitial) derived from blood, watery fluid occupies ECM, holds and conveys tissue fluid, location = under epithelia, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, wraps/packages/cushions organs, surrounds small nerves/capillaries
Function of areolar CT
support and binding of other tissues, holds body fluids (interstitial fluid = lymph), defends body against infection (mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells, white blood cells), stores nutrients as fat, important role against inflammation
Adipose tissue
closely packed adipocytes, have nucleus pushed to one side by fat droplet, richly vascularized, function = reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports/protects organs, location = under skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts, hypodermis
Reticular CT
network of reticular fibers, in loose ground substance, form strong 3D network which forms skeleton (stroma) with contains spaces which support matrix and cells, location = lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
Dense CT
dense irregular, dense regular, elastic
Dense irregular CT
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, fibroblast is major, function = withstand tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength, location = dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of joints and organs
Dense regular CT
primarily parallel collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, withstands great stress in one direction, fibroblasts = common, poorly vascularized, forms tendons/ligaments/aponeuroses/fascia
Aponeuroses
sheet-like fibrous membranes that join muscle and body parts the muscle acts upon
Fascia
layers of fibrous dense regular CT that cover and separate muscles and other structures
Elastic CT
elastic fibers predominate, function = allows recoil after stretching, maintains pulsatile flows of blood in arteries and recoil of lungs with breathing, location = walls of arteries, surrounding bronchial tubes, in certain ligaments associated with vertebral column
Prenatal period
embryonic period (first 8 weeks), fetal period (9 weeks to birth)