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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Protective Function of Non-Speech Laryngeal Function? How does it do it? |
*most important function of larynx -stops entrance of foreign objects into lungs (can be life-threatening) -How: 1) coughing - forceful evacuation of respiratory passage in response to irritant of foreign matter 2) throat clearing - clears respiratory tract of mucus 3) Abdominal fixation - impounds air in thorax to stabilize torso**(review) |
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In acoustics, the process of any vibration is determined by...? |
1. elasticity: property of material that causes it to retern to its original shape after displacement 2. stiffness: strength of force within a material to return to its original shape after distention 3. inertia: a body in motion tends to stay in motion |
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Periodic waveform |
repeats itself in predictable fashion |
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Cycle |
one point in a vibratory pattern to the same point again, time measured in milliseconds or seconds (ms, s) |
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Period |
time to complete one cycle of vibration |
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Frequency |
How often something occurs; cycles per second for sound |
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Fundamental frequency |
frequency of vibration of vocal folds |
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Vocal Jitter |
perturbation - cycle by cycle diffs. in vocal fold vibration, FREQUENCY diffs. |
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Vocal shimmer |
cycle by cycle diffs. in INTENSITY |
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Phonogram |
shows interaction b/w intensity & frequency for an individual |
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Whats the difference b/w endoscopy & stroboscopy? |
? |
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(Fiber)endoscopy |
view the vocal folds from above via the nasal cavity *also measures swallowing |
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ellectroglottalgraph |
electrodes on the neck *measures impedence which corresponds w/ vocal fold contact |
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How is Phonation maintained during vocal fold vibration? |
Bernoulli effect & tissue elasticity |
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What are the two things that associate with the Bernoulli force and why? |
1. 2 sheets of paper and 2. lift of airplane why? |
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What are the Phases of Phonation |
1) Attack = start of phonation - adducting the vocal folds to move them into the air stream 2) Sustained Phonation = vocal folds held in a fixed position into airstream - maintenance of a laryngeal posture through tonic contraction of the musculature 3) Termination = Abduct the vocal folds |
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Phases of the Aerodynamic Theory (description of the glottal cycle) |
1) "explosion" of vocal folds - opening 2) Max opening due to inertia 3) Bernoulli effect takes over and "suck" the vocal folds back together 4) Bernoulli force is predominant until vocal folds are completely closed - if subglottal pressure is far enough for explosion of vocal folds then cycle is complete |
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True/False: The Glottal cycle is symetrical |
False. it is asymetrical. the opening phase is fast, the closing phase is slow |
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Difference b/w Pitch and Fundamental Frequency? |
PITCH -the psychological correlate of frequency -perceptual property - important element in speech perception F0 - # of cycles of vibration per second -pitch increases as frequency increases -pitch decreases as frequency decreases |
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Different types of F0 (3) |
1) Optimal f0 2) Habitual f0 3) f0 Range |
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Optimal f0 |
-frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a pair of vocal folds -varies with gender and age - F=212Hz, M=132Hz b/c structures having more mass |
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Habitual f0 |
-frequency habitually used by a person |
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f0 Range |
-fundamental frequency for an individual - calculated as diff. b/w lowest & highest frequencies *reduced by pathology *increased through vocal training |
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Theories of Phonation |
1) Aerodynamic Theory (can't generate a self-oscillating glottis, other theories are needed to explain complete vibration pattern) 2) Myoelastic Theory of vocal fold vibration 3) The Two-Mass Theory 4) Muco-Viscose & flow-seperation theory |
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Myoelastic Theory of Vibration |
-vibration of vocal folds depends on myoelastic properties i.e. concerning the elastic component of the muscle (myo-muscle) and the soft tissues of the larynx *vocal folds sow an elastic recoil forces that help w/ the closing process (back to the rest position) -tense vocal folds oscillate faster (tension is determined by rotation of thyroid) -vocal folds with large mass oscillate slower (review why) |
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The Two-Mass Theory |
-upper & lower part of the vocal folds can (and will) execute separate, but related movements -2 masses are the min to explain dynamic effects it can be a 3-mass or 4-mass model |
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Muco-Viscose, cover body and flow-separation theory |
-outer layer of the vocal folds made of 5 diff. tissues, which forms VISCOUS SURFACE -Cover Body Theory: This surface reacts diff. to airstream than deeper muscle body - the surface "flutters" when V.F. vibrate in airstream -Flow Seperation: The abrupt change of airstream at the edges of the vocal folds leads to turbulences that influence the glottal cycle |
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Recap complete account of vocal fold vibration |
1) The Aerodynamic effect: explains why V.F. can close quickly during normal oscillation 2) The Myoelastic effect = explains why the vocal folds can be forced open in the first place & why they are able to oscillate even when the Bernoulli effect does not apply 3) The 2-mass theory = explains why the vocal folds are able to acheive complete closure 4) The Muco-Viscose & flow-separation theories explain the details of the oscillation characteristics of the vocal folds. |
