Anatomy - Mediastinum And Coronary Circulation

Front 1

what are the 3 compartments of the thorax?

Back 1

2 pleural cavities and 1 mediastinum

Front 2

what is the superior border of the mediastinum?

Back 2

superior thoracic aperture

Front 3

what is the inferior border of the mediastinum?

Back 3

diaphragm

Front 4

what is the lateral border of the mediastinum?

Back 4

pleural cavities and lungs

Front 5

what is the anterior border of the mediastinum?

Back 5

sternum

Front 6

what is the posterior border of the mediastinum?

Back 6

thoracic vertebrae

Front 7

the mediastinum is divided into inferior and superior portions by which two landmarks (anterior and posteior)?

Back 7

anteriorly - sternal angle, posteriorly - disc between T4-5

Front 8

the inferior portion of the mediastinum if divided into which 3 sections? Which helps to define these sections?

Back 8

anterior, middle, posterior; pericardium

Front 9

is the thymus located in the anterior or posterior part of the mediastinum?

Back 9

anterior

Front 10

the thymus is invoved in the formation of what in childhood? It is replaced by what in adulthood? To what does it lie anteriorly?

Back 10

immune system; fat; great vessels and pericardium

Front 11

what is the major organ of the mediastinum?

Back 11

heart

Front 12

which 2 types of layers surround the heart to compose the pericardium?

Back 12

fibrous and serous layers

Front 13

the superior vena cava is formed by the covergence of which two veins?

Back 13

left and right brachiocephalic veins

Front 14

the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava dump into which chamber of the heart?

Back 14

right atrium

Front 15

the ascending aorta arises from which chamber of the heart? Which two arteries are IMMEDIATELY given off by the aortic arch? Which tissue do these supply?

Back 15

left and right coronary arteries; heart

Front 16

does the ascending aortic arch to the left or right? Posteriorly or anteriorly? What is the name given to this bending aorta?

Back 16

left and posteriorly; aortic arch

Front 17

what are the 3 arterial branches that the aortic arch gives off?

Back 17

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

Front 18

at which vertebral level does the aortia arch become the descending (thoracic) aorta?

Back 18

T4-5

Front 19

where does the descending branch of the aorta travel?

Back 19

down the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral column on the left side of the body

Front 20

what is the landmark that defines the beginning and end of the aortic arch?

Back 20

transverse thoracic plane (T4-5)

Front 21

the pulmonary trunk arises from which chamber of the heart? Into which arteries does it bifurcate?

Back 21

right ventricle; left and right pulmonary arteries

Front 22

which vessels are responsible for bringing oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the left atrium? How many of these vessels are present? Into which chamber do they empty?

Back 22

pulmonary veins; 4; left atrium

Front 23

during fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosis connects which two cardiac structures?

Back 23

pulmonary trunk and aortic arch

Front 24

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

Back 24

to bypass the non-functioning lungs

Front 25

at birth, what is the destiny of the ductus arteriosus?

Back 25

becomes fibrous and turns into ligamentum arteriosus

Front 26

is the trachea found anterior or posterior to the great vessels in the midline?

Back 26

posterior

Front 27

at approximately T4-5, into what does the trachea branch?

Back 27

primary bronchi

Front 28

is the esophagus located anterior or posterior to the trachea?

Back 28

posterior

Front 29

how does the esophagus exit the thoracic cavity?

Back 29

through a hole in the diaphragm (esophageal hiatus)

Front 30

which, the trachea or the esophagus, is found in both the superior and inferior mediastina?

Back 30

esophagus

Front 31

from where does the phrenic nerve originate?

Back 31

C3-5 ventral primary rami

Front 32

how do the phrenic nerves enter the mediastinum? Do they travel anterior or superior to the root of the lung?

Back 32

through the superior thoracic aperture; anterior

Front 33

what do the phrenic nerves do for the diaphragm?

Back 33

provide somatic motor innervation and sensation from pericardium, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura

Front 34

from where does the vagus nerve arise? Near which arteries in the neck do the vagus nerves travel?

Back 34

brainstem; carotid arteries

Front 35

where do the vagus nerves enter the thoracic cavity? How does the right vagus nerve travel down the trachea? The left vagus nerve?

Back 35

near the superior thoracic aperture; lateral aspect of the trachea; anterolateral surface of the aortic arch

Front 36

do the vagus nerves travel anterior or posterior to the root of the lung?

Back 36

posterior

Front 37

the vagus nerves enter a plexus on which organ?

Back 37

esophagus

Front 38

the vagus nerve provides sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? Which aspects of the thorax are innervated by the vagus nerve? Via which plexuses?

Back 38

parasympathetic; heart, bronchial tree, esophagus; cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal plexuses

Front 39

afferent fibers in the vagus nerve in involved in what nervous activity?

Back 39

visceral reflexes

Front 40

the left recurrent laryngeal is a branch of which important nerve in the thorax?

Back 40

vagus nerve

Front 41

from where on the vagus nerve does the left recurrent laryngeal branch leave?

Back 41

arch of aorta

Front 42

from its branch at the arch of the aorta, the left laryngeal nerve goes where?

Back 42

through the aortopulmonary window posterior to the ligamentum arteriosus and ascending back into the neck and along the lateral aspect of the trachea

Front 43

where is the aortopulmonary window located?

Back 43

between the arch of the aorta and the left pulmonary artery

Front 44

what does the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve innervate?

Back 44

the larynx

Front 45

compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve via aortic aneurism or other mass can be detected how clinically?

Back 45

hoarseness of the voice

Front 46

what path does the right laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve take?

Back 46

around the subclavian artery in the neck (IT IS NOT IN THE MEDIASTINUM)

Front 47

what is the name for the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?

Back 47

thoracic duct

Front 48

from where does the thoracic duct receive lymph?

Back 48

the entire lower half og the body and upper left quadrant

Front 49

into where does the thoracic duct dump?

Back 49

venous system

Front 50

in the mediastinum, the thoracic duct travels on the ________ aspect of the thoracic vertebrae on the ______ side of the thoracic aorta.

Back 50

anterior; right

Front 51

what is the name for the large group of lymph nodes surrounding the treacheal bifurcation? From where do they receive lymphatic drainage?

Back 51

tracheobronchial lymph nodes; lungs

Front 52

what are the names of the two coronary arteries? From where do they branch?

Back 52

right and left coronary arteries; ascending aorta

Front 53

the coronary sulcus is a groove between which chambers of the heart?

Back 53

the ventricles and the atria

Front 54

where does the right coronary artery exit the ascending aorta? In which coronary sulcus does it travel?

Back 54

near the tip of the right auricle; right coronary sulcus (between right atrium and ventricle)

Front 55

what is the name for the first branch of the right coronary artery? To which structure of the heart does it supply blood?

Back 55

sinuatrial nodal branch; SA node

Front 56

what is the name for the second branch of the right coronary artery? Where does it travel?

Back 56

marginal branch; along the inferior margin of the right ventricle

Front 57

what is the name for the third branch of the right coronary artery? Where does it travel? To what does it supply blood?

Back 57

posterior interventricular branch; posterior interventricular sulcus; right and left ventricles

Front 58

by which artery is the AV node supplied with blood? This is a branch of which coronary artery?

Back 58

AV nodal branch; right coronary artery

Front 59

where does the left coronary artery originate from the ascending aorta?

Back 59

posterior to the pulmonary trunk

Front 60

how soon after branching off the ascending aorta does the left coronary artery bifurcate? Into which two branches does it bifurcate?

Back 60

immediately; anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch

Front 61

what is another name for the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery? Where does this artery travel and to which chamber of the heart does it supply blood?

Back 61

left anterior descending (LAD); travels in the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies the left ventricle

Front 62

the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery travels where?

Back 62

in the coronary sulcus on the left side of the heart, terminating before reaching the posterior interventricular sulcus.

Front 63

what is the term used for hearts in which the right coronary artery supplies more blood to the heart than the left coronary artery?

Back 63

right dominant

Front 64

in left dominant hearts, which arteries are located on the left side instead of the right?

Back 64

posterior interventricular artery arises from the circumflex branch

Front 65

are the anastomoses of the coronary arteries and their branches enough to nourish the tissue if a major branch becomes occluded?

Back 65

no - this leads to a myocardial infarction

Front 66

most coronary veins terminate into which vein? On which side of the heart is this located? Into which chamber does it empty?

Back 66

coronary sinus; posterior; right atrium

Front 67

what are the names of the 3 most important cardiac veins?

Back 67

great, middle, and small cardiac veins

Front 68

where does the great cardiac vein originate? Where does it travel?

Back 68

near the apex of the heart; in the anterior interventricular sulcus

Front 69

with which artety does the great cardiac vein travel?

Back 69

anterior interventricular artery

Front 70

where does the great cardiac vein enter the coronary sulcus?

Back 70

near the origin of the anterior interventricular artery

Front 71

once in the coronary sulcus, with which artery does the great cardiac vein travel to the posterior side of the heart?

Back 71

circumflex artery

Front 72

on which side of the heart does the great cardiac vein empty into the coronary sinus?

Back 72

posterior

Front 73

the middle cardiac vein travels where and with which artery?

Back 73

posterior interventricular sulcus; posterior interventricular artery

Front 74

the small cardiac vein travels where and with which artery? What path does it take to the coronary sinus?

Back 74

along the inferior margin of the heart with the marginal branch of the right coronary artery; along the coronary sulcus

Front 75

how does blood from the veins surrounding the right ventricle get back to the right atrium?

Back 75

via small anterior cardiac veins that bypass the coronary sinus