Anatomy--Lungs And Breathing

Front 1

What is Pleurae?

Back 1

-closed sacs of serous membrane that enclose each lung
-2 types:
parietal and visceral
(pleura for parietal and visceral are continuous at the root of the lung)

Front 2

Parietal pleura

Back 2

-outer pleura
encloses entire pleural cavity and separates it from the other regions of the thorax
-divides into regions based on structure that it comes in contact with
(costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, cervical)

Front 3

Visceral Pleura

Back 3

-inner pleura
-surrounds the lung and is tightly adhered to the lung surface
-think of organs for visceral

Front 4

What is pleural effusion?

Back 4

when fluids collect in either the costodiaphragmatic recess or chostomediastinal recess

Front 5

Pleurisy is caused by what?

Back 5

inflammation or disease of the pleural cavity

Front 6

Pleural effision:
what fluids can accumulate in the pleural cavity?

Back 6

-serous fluid (hydrothorax)
-blood (hemothorax)
-chyle (chylothorax)

Front 7

What is the root of lung?

Back 7

-collection of tubular structures connecting lung to the structures in the mediastinum
-primary bronchi, pulmonary artery/veins, bronchial vessels, nerves, lymphatics)
-phrenic nerve runs anterior to the root of the lung
-vagus nerve runs posterior to the root of the lung

Front 8

Hilum of the lung

Back 8

region on the medial surface of the lung outlined by pleural reflection
-where structures that make up the root of the lung enter

Front 9

Plumonary ligament

Back 9

thin reflection of pleura connecting lung hilum to the mediastinum

Front 10

Right lung has what specific features?

Back 10

3 lobes
-superior, middle, and inferior
2 fissures
-horizontal and oblique
sulcus for:
-azygos vein
-esophagus
-r. subclavian artery
-vena cavae
-1st rib

Front 11

Left lung--specific features?

Back 11

2 lobes
-superior and inferior
Lingula (like a tongue)
1 fissure
-oblique
cardiac impression
sulcus for:
-aorta
-esophagus
-L. subclavian artery
-L. brachiocephalic vein
-1st rib

Front 12

Lung disease

Back 12

-enlarged air spaces (emphysema)
-carbon deposits
-enlarged/blackened lymph nodes
(not enough surface area for gas exchange so they feel like they can't breathe)

Front 13

What are the muscles used for inspiration?

Back 13

NORMAL:
-diaphragm (phrenic nerve)
-intercostal muscles

FORCED:
-if the muscles attach to the ribs, then it helps

Front 14

What are the muscles used for expiration?

Back 14

NORMAL:
-none
-it is just relaxing the muscles

FORCED:
-anterior abdominal wall musclse

Front 15

What is the diaphragm?

Back 15

-main muscle involved in breathing
-separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 16

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Back 16

-phrenic nerve (C3-5)

Front 17

What are the arteries that supply the diaphragm?

Back 17

-pericardiacophrenic
-musculophrenic
-superior phrenic
-inferior phrenic arteries

Front 18

What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm?

Back 18

-T8: caval opening for inferior vena cava
-T10: esophageal hiatus for esophagus and vagal trunks
-T12: aortic hiatus for aorta and thoracic duct

Front 19

Mechanism of respiration
-how does intrathoracic volume increase?

Back 19

-diaphragm descends (piston)
-sternum moves anteriorly (pump handle)
-ribs on the lateral side elevate (bucket handle)

Front 20

open pneumothorax

Back 20

-air comes into and out of the pleural defect (collapsed lung side)
-the cardiac shift will go back and forth

Front 21

tension pneumothorax

Back 21

-air comes in through the pleural defect, but air cannot come out of that same defect
-cardiac shifts only to one side, more and more, and will eventually shut down

Front 22

What does a good lung examination include?

Back 22

-observation
-palpation
-auscultation

Front 23

Superior lung border

Back 23

-pleura and lung project above the 1st rib

Front 24

Anterior lung border

Back 24

-pleura approaches midline of R (L is not as far)
-costomediastinal recess

Front 25

Inferior and Posterior lung border

Back 25

-lower border of lung higher anterior than posterior
-numbers = rib level at mid-clavicular line, mid-axillary line, and vertebra
(pleura: 7, 10, 12)
(lung: 6, 8, 10)
-costodiaphragmatic recess