Anatomy Lower Limb Qna 1

Front 1

What is the pelvic girdle?

Back 1

Coxal bone + sacrum

Front 2

Which ligament bridges the acetabular notch?

Back 2

Transverse acetabular ligament

Front 3

What is the name of the ligament that is attached to the fovea capitis femoris?

Back 3

round ligament of head of femur

Front 4

What is the angle of inclination between the neck and the shaft of the femur?

Back 4

125°

Front 5

What ligament is attached to the intertrochanteric line?

Back 5

Iliofemoral ligament

Front 6

Which muscles(4) insert into the greater trochanter of the femur bone?

Back 6

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis and obturator internus mm.

Front 7

Where does the tendon of the obturator externus m. insert?

Back 7

Medial aspect of trochanteric fossa

Front 8

A dislocated knee or fractured distal femur may injure what arterty?

Back 8

Popliteal artery

Front 9

A “bumber fracture” is a fracture of the lateral tibial condyle, which nerve is often damaged in this case?

Back 9

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Front 10

What is the name of the ligament that is continuation of the quadriceps tendon and where does it attach?

Back 10

Patellar ligament, attaches to tibial tuberosity

Front 11

Where does the medial (deltoid) ligament of the ankle attach on the tibia?

Back 11

Medial malleolus

Front 12

What does the tarsus consist of?

Back 12

The seven tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, navicular bone, cuboid bone and three cuneiform bones

Front 13

Which is the only tarsal bone without muscle attachments?

Back 13

Talus bone

Front 14

What type of joint is the hip (coxal) joint?

Back 14

Multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial joint

Front 15

Which movements does the hip joint allow for?

Back 15

Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, circumduction and rotation

Front 16

Which structures stabilize the hip joint?

Back 16

Acetabular labrum,
fibrous capsule and capsular ligaments
(iliofemoral, ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments)

Front 17

What is meant by coxa valga?

Back 17

Abnormally increased angle of inclination between neck and shaft of femur

Front 18

What is meant by coxa vara?

Back 18

Abnormally decreased angle of inclination between neck and shaft of femur

Front 19

Which artery is inside the round ligament of head of femur and which artery does it branch from?

Back 19

Foveolar artery, branch of obturator artery

Front 20

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Back 20

Condylar type of synovial joint (between femur and tibia)
AND
saddle joint (between femur and patella). N.b. fibula Is not part of the knee joint

Front 21

What structures stabilize the knee joint Laterally?

Back 21

biceps and gastrocnemius tendons, iliotibial tract, and fibular collateral ligaments

Front 22

What structures stabilize the knee joint Medially?

Back 22

Sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius, semitendinosus, semimembranosus mm. and tibial collateral ligament

Front 23

How is the knee joint innervated?

Back 23

By branches of the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves

Front 24

Which of the cruciate ligaments is taut (stretched) during extension?

Back 24

Anterior cruciate ligament

Front 25

Which of the cruciate ligaments is the strongest?

Back 25

Posterior cruciate ligament (also the shortest)

Front 26

Which meniscus is more frequently torn and why?

Back 26

Medial meniscus because of its strong attachment to tibial collateral ligament

Front 27

The “unhappy triad” of the knee joint refers to damage of which 3 structures?

Back 27

Tibial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament & medial meniscus

Front 28

How is the lateral meniscus separated from the fibular collateral ligament?

Back 28

By the tendon of the popliteal m.

Front 29

What is meant by genu valgum?

Back 29

Knock-knee
Kobenthet, is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch one another when the legs are straightened.

Front 30

What is meant by genu varum?

Back 30

Bowleg
is a physical deformity marked by (outward) bowing of the leg in relation to the thigh

Front 31

Which nerve is involved in the patellar (knee jerk) reflex arc?

Back 31

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Front 32

Which 3 muscle tendons make up the pes anserinus (goose’s fot)

Back 32

The tendons of Sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus mm.

Front 33

Which type of joint is the talocrural joint?

Back 33

Hinge-type synovial joint

Front 34

Which movements are permitted by the ankle joint?

Back 34

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Front 35

What are the components of the medial (deltoid) ligament?

Back 35

Tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, and posterior tibiotalar ligaments

Front 36

What are the components of the lateral ligament of the talocrural joint?

Back 36

Anterior tibiofibular, posterior tibiofibular and calcaneofibular

Front 37

Which ligament supports the talocalcaneonavicular joint and what type of joint is it?

Back 37

Spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament, ball-and-socket type

Front 38

Which are the cutaneous nerves of the lower limb?

Back 38

Lateral femoral cutaneous n. (L2-3),
posterior femoral, cutaneous n. (S1-3),
saphenous n. (L3-4),
lateral sural cutaneous n. (L5-S2),
medial sural cutaneous n. (S1-2),
sural n. (S1-2),
superficial fibular n. (L4-S1),
deep fibular n. (L5)

Front 39

Which vein receives the small saphenous vein?

Back 39

Popliteal vein

Front 40

Which structures make up the lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 40

Ischial bone, sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinous ligament

Front 41

Which structures make up the greater sciatic foramen?

Back 41

Coxal bone, sacrum, sacrospinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament

Front 42

Which structures passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 42

Tendon of obturator internus m.,
Nerve to obturator internus m.,
Internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve

Front 43

Which structure helps form the fibrous capsule of the knee joint and is important in maintaining posture and locomotion?

Back 43

Iliotibial tract

Front 44

The iliotibial tract is a thick lateral portion of what? and Which 2 muscles does it provide insertion for?

Back 44

The fascia lata, insertion for: Gluteus maximus m., Tensor fasciae latae m.

Front 45

To avoid the sciatic nerve and other neurovascular structures an intramuscular injection of medications should always be delivered to which quadrant?

Back 45

Superior lateral quadrant of the gluteal region

Front 46

Which muscle normally functions to stabilize the pelvis when the opposite foot is off the ground?

Back 46

Gluteus medius m.

Front 47

Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus m.?

Back 47

Inferior gluteal n.

Front 48

Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius m.?

Back 48

Superior gluteal n.

Front 49

Which nerve innervates the gluteus minimus m.?

Back 49

Superior gluteal n.

Front 50

Which nerve innervates the tensor fasciae latae m.?

Back 50

Superior gluteal n.

Front 51

Which nerve innervates the piriformis m.?

Back 51

Nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)

Front 52

Which nerve innervates the obturator internus m.?

Back 52

Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)

Front 53

Which nerve innervates the inferior gemullus m.?

Back 53

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)

Front 54

Which nerve innervates the semitendinosus m.?

Back 54

Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L4-L5, S1-S3) 71.

Front 55

Which nerve innervates the semimembranosus m.?

Back 55

Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L4-L5, S1-S3)

Front 56

Which nerve innervates the long head of the biceps femoris m.?

Back 56

Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L4-L5, S1-S3)

Front 57

Which nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris m.?

Back 57

Common fibular (peroneal) portion of sciatic nerve (L4-L5, S1-S2)

Front 58

Which are the 4 main nerves of the gluteal region?

Back 58

Superior gluteal n.,Inferior gluteal n.,Posterior femoral cutaneous n.,Sciatic n.

Front 59

Which are the 2 main arteries in the glutal region?

Back 59

Superior and inferior glutal arteries

Front 60

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Back 60

Superiorly: inguinal ligament,Laterally: Sartorius m.,

Medially: adductor longus m.,

Floor: iliopsoas, pectineus and adductor longus mm.,

Roof: fascia lata and cribriform fascia

Front 61

What mnemonic is used to remember the contents and order of the femoral triange?

Back 61

NAVEL = femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space, and lymphatics

Front 62

Where are you able to palpate the pulsation of the femoral artery?

Back 62

Just inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

Front 63

What is the femoral ring?

Back 63

The abdominal opening of the femoral canal

Front 64

Which are the boundaries of the femoral canal?

Back 64

Anteriorly: inguinal ligament,
Laterally: femoral vein
Medially: lacunar ligament,
Posteriorly: pectineal ligament

Front 65

What are the contents of the femoral canal?

Back 65

Fat, loose (areolar) connective tissue, lymph nodes and lymph vessels

Front 66

The femoral sheath is formed by a prolongation of which fasciae?

Back 66

Transversalis fascia and iliac fascia

Front 67

What are the contents of the femoral sheath?

Back 67

Femoral artery and vein, femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve, and the femoral canal

Front 68

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

Back 68

Femoral vessels,Saphenous nerve,Nerve to vastus medialis,Descending genicular artery

Front 69

Where does the adductor canal begin and end?

Back 69

Begins at: apex of femoral triangle,Ends at: adductor hiatus

Front 70

Which opening is the aperture of the tendon of insertion of the adductor magnus?

Back 70

Adductor hiatus (hiatus tendineus)

Front 71

Which structure is an oval gap in the fascia lata below the inguinal ligament that is covered by cribriform fascia?

Back 71

Saphenous opening (fossa ovalis/saphenous hiatus)

Front 72

Which structure does the saphenous hiatus provide a pathway for?

Back 72

Great saphenous vein

Front 73

Which muscles are part of the quadriceps femoris m.?

Back 73

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis mm.

Front 74

Which muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve?

Back 74

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus, obturator externus mm.

Front 75

Which nerve innervates the adductor magnus m.?

Back 75

Obturator n. (L2-4) and tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L4-L5, S1-S3)

Front 76

Which nerve innervates the pectineus m.?

Back 76

Obturator n. (L2-4) and femoral n. (L2-4)

Front 77

Which are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

Back 77

Superomedially: semitendinosus and semimembranosus mm. ,
Superolaterally: biceps femoris m.,
Inferomedially: medial head of gastrocnemius m.,
Inferolaterally: lateral head of gastrocnemius m. & plantaris m.,
Floor: femur, oblique popliteal lig., popliteus m.

Front 78

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

Back 78

Medial to lateral:
popliteal artery, popliteal vein, small saphenous vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve

Front 79

Which muscles are innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve?

Back 79

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis (peroneus) tertius mm.

Front 80

Which muscles are innervated by the superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve?

Back 80

Fibularis (peroneus) longus, fibularis (peroneus) brevis mm.

Front 81

Which Superficial muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve?

Back 81

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Front 82

Which Deep muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve?

Back 82

popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior mm.

Front 83

Which are the 7 main nerves of the leg?

Back 83

Tibial, common fibular (peroneal), deep fibular (peroneal), superficial fibular (peroneal), and sural & medial & lateral sural nerves

Front 84

Which nerve is tested in the ankle-jerk (Achilles) reflex (tap on tendo calcaneus)?

Back 84

ibial nerve (spinal nerve L5-S2)

Front 85

Where is the tarsal tunnel located?

Back 85

Within the flexor retinaculum

Front 86

What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel (from anterior to posterior)?

Back 86

”Tom Drives A Very Nervous Horse” :
tibialis posterior tendon, flexor digitorum longus tendon, posterior tibial artery and vein, tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis longus tendon

Front 87

From where does the plantar aponeurosis radiate?

Back 87

From the calcaneal tuberosity (toward the toes, providing attachment to the short flexor muscles of the toes)

Front 88

Which muscles are located on the dorsum of the foot and which nerve innervates them?

Back 88

Extensor digitorum brevis m., extensor hallucis brevis m., deep peroneal nerve

Front 89

Which muscles are located in the first layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 89

Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi mm.

Front 90

Which muscles are located in the second layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 90

Quadratus plante, and 4 lumbricals mm.

Front 91

Which muscles are located in the third layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 91

Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis (both oblique and transverse head), flexor digiti minimi brevis mm.

Front 92

Which muscles are located in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

Back 92

3 plantar interossei mm., 4 dorsal interossei mm.

Front 93

What are the names of the arches in the foot?

Back 93

Medial and lateral longitudinal arches, and proximal and distal transverse arches

Front 94

Which structure is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?

Back 94

The head of the talus bone

Front 95

Which bones form the medial longitudinal arch?

Back 95

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuneiform bones, and 3 medial metatarsal bones

Front 96

Which structures support the medial longitudinal arch?

Back 96

Spring ligament and tendon of flexor hallucis longus

Front 97

Which structure is the keystone of lateral longitudinal arch?

Back 97

Cuboid bone

Front 98

Which bones form the lateral longitudinal arch?

Back 98

Calcaneus, cuboid bone, and the 2 lateral metatarsal bones,

Front 99

Which structures support the lateral longitudinal arch?

Back 99

Peroneus longus tendon and long & short plantar ligament

Front 100

Which bones form the proximal (metatarsal) transverse arch of the foot?

Back 100

Navicular, 3 cuneiform, cuboid and bases of the 5 metatarsal bones

Front 101

Which structure supports the proximal transverse arch of the foot?

Back 101

Peroneus longus tendon

Front 102

Which bones form the distal transverse arch of the foot?

Back 102

Head of 5 metatarsal bones

Front 103

Which structure supports the distal transverse arch of the foot?

Back 103

Transverse head of the adductor hallucis

Front 104

What is the spinal nerve number of the obturator nerve?

Back 104

Obturator nerve (S.N. L2-L4)

Front 105

Where does the obturator nerve enter the thigh?

Back 105

Obturator canal in obturator foramen

Front 106

Which muscles are innervated by the anterior branch of the obturator nerve?

Back 106

Adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis and pectineus mm.

Front 107

What is the spinal nerve number of the femoral nerve?

Back 107

Femoral nerve (S.N. L2-L4)

Front 108

Where does the femoral nerve enter the thigh?

Back 108

It passes deep to inguinal ligament and lateral to femoral sheath

Front 109

What is the spinal nerve number of the superior gluteal nerve?

Back 109

Superior gluteal nerve (S.N. L4-S1)

Front 110

What is the spinal nerve number of the inferior gluteal nerve?

Back 110

Inferior gluteal nerve (S.N. L5-S2)

Front 111

Which muscle is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve?

Back 111

Gluteus maximus m.

Front 112

What is the spinal nerve number of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?

Back 112

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S.N. S1-S3)

Front 113

Where does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve enter the buttocks?

Back 113

Through the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis m.

Front 114

What is the spinal nerve number of the sciatic nerve?

Back 114

Sciatic nerve (S.N. L4-S3)

Front 115

What are the names of the 2 main branches of the sciatic nerve?

Back 115

Tibial n. and common fibular (peroneal) n.

Front 116

What are the names of the 2 main branches of the common fibular (peroneal) n.?

Back 116

Superficial fibular (peroneal) n. and deep fibular (peroneal) n.

Front 117

What are the names of the 2 main branches of the tibial nerve in the foot?

Back 117

Medial plantar n. and lateral plantar n.

Front 118

The small saphenous vein drains into?

Back 118

Popliteal vein