Anatomy - Lower Limb Gray's Anatomy

Front 1

What are the extensors, Abductors, and Rotators of the hip joint?

Back 1

Extensor: Gluteus Maximus

Abductors: Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus

Rotators: Obturator internus and Quadratus Femoris

Front 2

What are the three thigh compartments, and what are each compartments' muscles' actions on hip/knee joint?

Back 2

most muscles in the medial compartment act mainly on the hip joint;
the large muscles (hamstrings) in the posterior compartment act on the hip (extension) and knee (flexion) because they attach to both the pelvis and bones of the leg;
muscles in the anterior compartment (quadriceps femoris) predominantly extend the knee.

Front 3

What are the three compartments of the leg, what do each compartments' muscles do?

Back 3

muscles in the lateral compartment predominantly evert the foot;
muscles in the anterior compartment dorsiflex the foot and extend the digits;
muscles in the posterior compartment plantarflex the foot and flex the digits; one of the muscles can also flex the knee because it attaches superiorly to the femur.

Front 4

Four entry points between the lower limb and the abdomen

Back 4

the gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone;
the greater sciatic foramen;
the obturator canal (at the top of the obturator foramen); and
the lesser sciatic foramen.

Front 5

What passes through the gap between the pelvic bone and the inguinal ligament?

Back 5

muscles-psoas major, iliacus, and pectineus;
nerves-femoral and femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerves, and the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh;
vessels-femoral artery and vein;
lymphatics.

Front 6

How do structures communicate between the pelvis and gluteal region posteriorly? Which structures?

Back 6

Posteriorly, structures communicate with the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen and include:
a muscle-piriformis;
nerves-sciatic, superior and inferior gluteal, and pudendal nerves;
vessels-superior and inferior gluteal arteries and veins, and the internal pudendal artery.

Front 7

How do structures communicate between the pelvis and thigh anteriorly?

Back 7

Anteriorly, the obturator nerve and vessels pass between the pelvis and thigh through the obturator canal. This canal is formed between bone at the top of the obturator foramen and the obturator membrane, which closes most of the foramen during life.

Front 8

How do structures communicate between the gluteal region and the perineum?

Back 8

Structures pass between the perineum and gluteal region through the lesser sciatic foramen. The most important with respect to the lower limb is the tendon of the obturator internus muscle.
The nerve and artery of the perineum (the internal pudendal artery and pudendal nerve) pass out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region and then immediately pass around the ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament and through the lesser sciatic foramen to enter the perineum.

Front 9

What dermatome level is over the inguinal ligament?

Back 9

L1

Front 10

What dematome level is the lateral side of the thigh?

Back 10

L2

Front 11

What dermatome level is the lower medial side of the thigh?

Back 11

L3

Front 12

What dermatome level is the medial side of the great toe (digit 1)?

Back 12

L4

Front 13

What dermatome level is the medial side of digit 2?

Back 13

L5

Front 14

What dermatome level is the little toe (digit 5)?

Back 14

S1

Front 15

What dermatome level is the back of the thigh?

Back 15

S2

Front 16

Flexion of thie hip is mainly controlled by...

Back 16

L1 and L2

Front 17

Extension of the knee is mainly controlled by...

Back 17

L3 and L4 (tested by patellar reflex)

Front 18

knee flexion is mainly controlled by...

Back 18

L5 to S2

Front 19

Plantarflexion of the foot is controlled predominantly by...

Back 19

S1 and S2; tested by a tendon tap on the calcaneal tendon posterior to the ankle (tendon of gastrocnemius and soleus)

Front 20

Adduction of the digits is controlled by...

Back 20

S2 and S3

Front 21

he femoral nerve innervates skin on the...

Back 21

anterior thigh, medial side of the leg, and medial side of the ankle

Front 22

the obturator nerve innervates the skin on the...

Back 22

medial side of the thigh

Front 23

the tibial part of the sciatic nerve innervates the skin on the...

Back 23

lateral side of the ankle and foot;

Front 24

the common fibular nerve innervates the skin on the...

Back 24

lateral side of the leg and the dorsum of the foot.

Front 25

What is the ourse of the common peroneal nerve?

Back 25

The common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve curves laterally around the neck of the fibula when passing from the popliteal fossa into the leg. The nerve can be rolled against bone just distal to the attachment of biceps femoris to the head of the fibula. In this location, the nerve can be damaged by impact injuries, fractures to the bone, or leg casts that are placed too high.

Front 26

Where do the great and small saphenous veins originate from?

Back 26

great and small saphenous veins originate from the medial and lateral sides, respectively, of a dorsal venous arch in the foot.

Front 27

What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis?

Back 27

superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1), artery, vein

Front 28

What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 28

Obturator internus tendon, pudendal nerve (S2,3,4) and internal pudendal vessels pass from into perineum from gluteal region.

Front 29

Which structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscle?

Back 29

Sciatic nerve (L4-S3), Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2), artery, vein, Pudendal nerve, Internal pudendal artery and vein, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1,2,3), nerve to the obturator internus and superior gemellus muscle (L5-S2), Nerve to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles (L4-S1),

Front 30

Which structures pass in the obturator canal?

Back 30

Obturator nerve, obturator vessels