Anatomy Lectures 1

Front 1

CNS = ?

PNS = ?

Back 1

Brain & Spinal Chord

12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Front 2

Where is the CNS 'continuous'?

Back 2

Foramen Magnum at base of skull

Front 3

Somatic nervous system =?

Back 3

N.S. that supplies the body (SOMA), not the internal organs.

Front 4

Visceral Nervous System = ?

Back 4

Nervous system that supplies the internal organs (viscera)

Front 5

Which Motor system provides a sensory and motor component?

Back 5

Somatic & Visceral.

Front 6

What is an efferent response?

Back 6

Motor

Front 7

A __________ is a junction where one neuron ends on another neuron.

Back 7

SYNAPSE

Front 8

Myelin is a __________substance, which is actually part of the _________.

Back 8

LiPOPROTEIN; CELL MEMBRANE

Front 9

*****Termination of spinal cord in most adults is ______________.

It is called the __________.

Back 9

at the disc b/tw L1 & L2 vertebra.

Conus medullaris

Front 10

In a newborn or fetus, the spinal cord is much lower. At birth the cord ends around ______.

Back 10

L3

Front 11

__________spinal nerves are attached to the cord.

The place where these nerves attach is called the ____________.

Back 11

31 PAIRS OF

Spinal cord segment

Front 12

There are ______ cervical vertebrae & ____ cervical nerves.

Back 12

7; 8

Front 13

There are ____thoracic vertebrae and ____ thoracic nerves.

Back 13

12; 12

Front 14

There are ___lumbar vertebrae & _____lumbar nerves.

Back 14

5; 5

Front 15

There are ___sacral vertebrae (before fusion) and ___ sacral nerves

Back 15

5; 5

Front 16

CNS = ?

PNS = ?

Back 16

Brain & Spinal Chord

12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Front 17

Where is the CNS 'continuous'?

Back 17

Foramen Magnum at base of skull

Front 18

Somatic nervous system =?

Back 18

N.S. that supplies the body (SOMA), not the internal organs.

Front 19

Visceral Nervous System = ?

Back 19

Nervous system that supplies the internal organs (viscera)

Front 20

Which Motor system provides a sensory and motor component?

Back 20

Somatic & Visceral.

Front 21

What is an efferent response?

Back 21

Motor

Front 22

A __________ is a junction where one neuron ends on another neuron.

Back 22

SYNAPSE

Front 23

Myelin is a __________substance, which is actually part of the _________.

Back 23

LiPOPROTEIN; CELL MEMBRANE

Front 24

*****Termination of spinal cord in most adults is ______________.

It is called the __________.

Back 24

at the disc b/tw L1 & L2 vertebra.

Conus medullaris

Front 25

In a newborn or fetus, the spinal cord is much lower. At birth the cord ends around ______.

Back 25

L3

Front 26

__________spinal nerves are attached to the cord.

The place where these nerves attach is called the ____________.

Back 26

31 PAIRS OF

Spinal cord segment

Front 27

There are ______ cervical vertebrae & ____ cervical nerves.

Back 27

7; 8

Front 28

There are ____thoracic vertebrae and ____ thoracic nerves.

Back 28

12; 12

Front 29

There are ___lumbar vertebrae & _____lumbar nerves.

Back 29

5; 5

Front 30

There are ___sacral vertebrae (before fusion) and ___ sacral nerves

Back 30

5; 5

Front 31

There are _____coccygeal vertebrae and ___coccygeal nerves.

Back 31

4; 1

Front 32

Where do the spinal nerves originate?

Back 32

C1-C7-superior to their respective vertebrae.

C8-in between C7 & T1

T1 & below-inferior to their respective vertebrae.

Front 33

What is the cauda equina?

Back 33

Long, oblique lumbar, coccygeal, & sacral nerves that exit the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord.

Front 34

The ______is the termination of the conus medullaris. It is a filament of ________tissue made of pia mater.

Back 34

Internal Filum Terminale

Front 35

What causes enlargement of spinal cord?

Where are these enlargements?

Back 35

Where the origin of nerves (innervating either upper or lower limbs) are attached.

Cervical: C4-T1
Lumbral-Sacral: L2-S3

Front 36

The dural sac ends at _____.

Back 36

S2

Front 37

White matter in the cord is_________.

Back 37

Mylelinated axons ascending to brain or descending to lower levels of the cord.

Front 38

Grey matter is made up of ________ and has 2 horns, the _________ & _______.

Back 38

Cell bodies

Dorsal & Ventral

Front 39

THe ________ horns contain MOTOR NEURONS.

The ________horns contain SENSORY NEURONS.

Back 39

Ventral=Motor

Dorsal=Sensory

Front 40

The motor neurons of the _______ horns supply _______.

Back 40

Ventral
Skeletal Muscle

Front 41

The ______neurons of the dorsal horns receive impulses from ______________.

Back 41

Sensory
Spinal nerves (sensory info)

Front 42

The LATERAL HORN is found from ____-____.

Back 42

T1-L2

Front 43

The LATERAL HORN (found from ___-___) contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons. These motor neurons supply _________>

Back 43

(T1-L2)

Involuntary structures (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands)

Front 44

Draw the VENTRAL MEDIAN FISSURE.

What is the CENTRAL CANAL?

Back 44

"crack" in the ventral part of cross section of s.c.

'hole' running through middle of cross section of s.c. (see 8.3.06 lecture slide 12)

Front 45

Spinal nerves attach to the cord by __________.

Back 45

DORSAL & VENTRAL ROOTS

Front 46

The dorsal root (of a spinal nerve) has a swelling on it called the _____. This is abbreviated to the ______.

Back 46

Ganglion

DRG

Front 47

THe dorsal roots are ________.

The ventral roots are _______.

Back 47

Sensory

Motor (movers are at the front ;) )

Front 48

The united dorsal are very _________ (long or short) and ventral roots can be found in the _______.

Back 48

Short;

intervertebral foramen

Front 49

WHen the mixed spinal nerve branches into RAMI, the dorsal and ventral rami are now _________(sensory or motor?).

Back 49

MIXED

Front 50

2 kinds of ganglia:
____________ &
_____________.

Back 50

Sensory & Autonomic (Motor)

Front 51

Ganglion is a collection of neurons _______ the CNS.

Back 51

outside

Front 52

THe grey & white rami communicantes (connecting the ventral ramus and sympathetic trunk) are only found from ____-____. THe other spinal nerves have only ____.

See slide 14 in lecture notes.

Back 52

T1-L2;

grey (unmyelinated)

Front 53

THere is no synapse in the ________root ganglia.

Back 53

DORSAL

Front 54

The 2 kinds of ganglia are ____ & _______.

Back 54

Sensory (dorsal) & autonomic (ventral).

Front 55

Clusters of neurons outside the CNS are ________.

Back 55

Ganglia

Front 56

The Autonomic Ganglia can be ________ or _______, but both are still ________ neurons.

Back 56

Parasympathetic or Sympathetic;

MOTOR

Front 57

The autonomic ganglia innervate 3 things:
________
________
& _______

Back 57

Smooth muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Glands

Front 58

Autonomic ganglia are unique because____________.

Back 58

It takes 2 neurons to get from CNS to effector organ with a SYNAPSE in the ganglia.

Front 59

The ______________ run around the body wall and provide inervation to____________.

Back 59

Ventral root ganglia;
Skin (either laterally by a cutaneous branch, or anteriorly through an anteror cutaneous branch), muscles in the body wall,

Front 60

The __________________ provide innervation into the deep intrinsic muscles of the back.

Back 60

Dorsal root ganglia. Erector spinae, etc. to skin of back

Front 61

There is no synapse in the _________ ganglion.

Back 61

Sensory

Front 62

Ventral rami of ________ & ________ combine to form the brachial plexus.

Back 62

Lower cervical nerves & upper thoracic nerves.

Front 63

What innervates the limbs?

Back 63

Ventral Rami!

Front 64

Ventral rami of _______, & ventral rami of________ combine to form _______ & _______ plexuses respectively, which innervate the lower limb.

Back 64

Lumbar and Sacral;
Lumbar and Sacral

Front 65

The brachial plexus provide what kind of innervation to the upper limbs?

Back 65

Motor AND Sensory

Front 66

Ventral rami supply everything except _______ & ______.

Back 66

Deep muscles & skin of back;

Head and neck

Front 67

Somatic = ___________

Visceral = ___________

(in context of nerve fibers)

Back 67

Body

Internal organs

Front 68

General= ___________

Specific = __________

(in context of nerve fibers)

Back 68

relitavely wide distribution

not widely distributed

Front 69

Afferent= _____________

Efferent = ____________

(in context of nerve fibers)

Back 69

Sensory

Motor

Front 70

GSE (General Somatic Efferent) are motor neurons which supply _________, voluntary muscle.
THey lie in the ______ horn.

Back 70

skeletal;

ventral

Front 71

A GSE can go out:
the _____ramus (to intrensic back muscles)
the ______ramus (to any skeletal muscle in body wall or limbs)

Back 71

Dorsal

Ventral

Front 72

The _______nervous system innervates smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Back 72

AUTONOMIC

Front 73

For GVE, the axon leaves throught the ________root.
The neuron will then synapse, and send unymyelinated fiber up through ______ramus (white or grey).

Back 73

ventral

grey

Front 74

In GVE, if the myelinated fiber (white ramus), exits via a ventral ramus, where can it go? (slide 20)

Back 74

sweat gland in front body wall or in limbs; smooth muscle cell wall of b.v. in ventral lateral body wall

Front 75

In GVE, if the unmyelinated fiber (grey ramus), exits via a dorsal ramus, where can it go? (slide 20)

Back 75

Sweat gland in skin on back, smooth muscle cell in wall of b.v. in back

Front 76

Pre-synaptic fibers travel in _______________ communicans.

Post-synaptic fibers travel in _____________communicans.

Back 76

WHITE ramus

GREY ramus

Front 77

GVE fibers that go to smooth muscle and glands of ABDOMINAL viscera synapse in _________ ganglia

Back 77

PREVERTEBRAL

Front 78

GVA & GSA fibers lie in the _______________.

Back 78

Dorsal Root Ganglia

Front 79

True/False:
GSEs can travel in both dorsal and ventral rami.

Back 79

TRUE:
They can travel in either rami, but only in the ventral ROOT.
ROOT AND RAMI ARE DIFFERENT: Roots are either motor or sensory, while rami are mixed.

Front 80

GSAs primarily supply _______ & ___________.

Back 80

Skin &
proprioceptic fibers coming from skeletal muscles and ligaments

Front 81

Typical spinal nerves are ___-_____.

Back 81

T1-L2

Front 82

Dorsal ROOTS are entirely ______, which means they have ____ & _____ (which 3-letter combination)

Back 82

sensory;
GVA, GSA

Front 83

Ventral ROOTS are entirely ______, which means they have ____ & _____ (which 3-letter combination)

Back 83

motor;
GVE, GSE

Front 84

The spinal nerve proper is a combination of which 3 letter combinations?

Back 84

GVA, GVE, GSA, GSE---

The special components only occur in CRANIAL nerves, not spinal nerves.

Front 85

A _________ is a strip of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves.

Back 85

DERMATOME

Front 86

Dermatome ___ supplies the skin around the belly button.

Back 86

T10

Front 87

Dermatome ___ supplies the skin around the nipple.

Back 87

T4

Front 88

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the deep back muscles.

Back 88

posterior ramus

Front 89

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the rhomboids and levator scapulae.

Back 89

dorsal scapular nerve

Front 90

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus.

Back 90

suprascapular nerve

Front 91

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the pectoralis major (clavicular head).

Back 91

lateral pectoral nerve

Front 92

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the teres minor and deltoid.

Back 92

axillary nerve

Front 93

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis.

Back 93

musculocutaneous nerve

Front 94

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the brachioradialis and supinator.

Back 94

radial nerve

Front 95

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the subscapularis and teres major.

Back 95

subscapular nerves

Front 96

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the serratus anterior.

Back 96

long thoracic nerve

Front 97

The ________ of spinal nerve C5 innervates the subclavius.

Back 97

nerve to subclavius

Front 98

A _______ is where ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves combine and redivide.

Back 98

nerve plexus

Front 99

A peripheral nerve (eg radial nerve) usually receives fibers from_________spinal nerve(s).
What does this mean?

Back 99

more than one

They are going to distribute to areas of the skin that supply more than one dermatome.

Front 100

There are ____ peripheral nerves with C5 fibers.

Back 100

3

Front 101

The 3 peripheral nerves with C5 fibers are the:
__________
___________
_________

Back 101

Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm;
Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm;
Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm;

Front 102

Referred pain:
Why does a patient presenting appendicitis feel pain in the periumbilical region (T10 dermatome)?

Back 102

Sensory fibers from appendix enter the cord through T10 dorsal root & end in that cord segment. So do cutaneous fibers from around the umbilicus. The patient feels the pain in the periumbilical region, even though the pain is in the appendix.

Front 103

The spinal cord receives its blood supply from _______--2 _______& one ______--which are branches of the _________ artery.

Back 103

3 longitudinal spinal arteries;

posterior, anterior;

vertebral

Front 104

The longitudinal spinal arteries are small, so they are supplemented by_________.

Back 104

Segmental medullary arteries

medullary--medulla (refers to cord)

Front 105

The segmental medullary arteries arise from the _______, ______, ______, or _______.

Back 105

vertebral arteries (neck);
intercostal arteries (thorax);
lumbar arteries (abdomen);
lateral sacral areries (pelvis)

Front 106

The _______ is the largest of all medullary segmental arteries and is super impt. b/c it supplies the ____________.

Back 106

Great Anterior Segmental Medullary Artery (of Adamkiewicz);
lumbosacral enlargement of the cord

Front 107

What is the danger of occluding the great anterior segmental medulary a.?

Back 107

If blood supply to cord is cut off for too long, the patient may become paraplegic.

f.y.i. it is necessary in some surgical procedures to clamp aorta, which cuts off this blood supply

Front 108

The ___ mater cannot be separated from the cord.

Back 108

pia
--its a vascular membrane that adheres so closely to the cord that you can't separate it

Front 109

The dura mater is also known as the _________

Back 109

pachymenix.

Front 110

The grooves of the spinal cord that the dura mater follows are called _______.

Back 110

sulci

Front 111

The pia and arachnoid are connected by ___________, and together the 2 membranes constitute the ___________.

Back 111

arachnoid trabeculae;

leptomeninges

Front 112

The _________ is a tooth-like extention of the pia mater.

Back 112

Denticulate ligament

Front 113

The denticulate ligament's function is to ___________, as well as to provide a useful landmark for ____________.

Back 113

help anchor spinal cord in place;

separating dorsal and ventral nerve roots.

Front 114

The sac of dura mater and arachnoid end at ________.

Back 114

S2 vertebral level

Front 115

________ vertebrae lies at the level of the iliac crest.

Back 115

L4

Front 116

The ___________ exits the sacral hiatus and is attached to the dorsum of the _______.

Back 116

dural extension of the FILUM TERMINALE;
coccyx.

Front 117

The __________ is the internal vertebral venous plexus, which drains the vertebral cloumn and exit through the ___________

Back 117

Batson's plexus

intervertebral foramina

Front 118

The intervertebral venous plexus is __________, which provides a pathway for __________ to spread.

Back 118

valveless;

cancer or infection

Front 119

Where is Batson's plexus located?

Back 119

in the dural space (along with fat, and connective tissue)

Front 120

The site at which a lumbar puncture must be done between ____ & ____.

Back 120

L2 & S2
(spinal cord ends at L2, subarachnoid space ends at S2)

Front 121

In a lumbar puncture, the ________ is entered (the space between L2 & S2). This space contains the CSF

Back 121

lumbar cistern

Front 122

THE ________is the dorsal ramus of C2

Back 122

GREATER occipital n.

Front 123

THe __________is the dorsal ramus of C1

Back 123

subocicpital n

Front 124

The _______ forms the foor of the suboccipital triangle and is pierced by the ______ artery.

Back 124

posterior atlantococipital membrane;
vertebral

Front 125

________ cells are myelinated cells in the PNS

Back 125

Schwann

Front 126

_____________: an abnormal touch sensation, such as burning, prickling, or formication, often in the absence of an external stimulus.

Back 126

PARESTHESIA