Anatomy-Lecture Two

Front 1

Negative Feedback Loop (Homeostasis)

Back 1

Abnormal values trigger mechanism that return system to normal values…diminish the original stimulus
Keeps a variable close to its set point
Example: Increased Body Temperature

Front 2

Positive Feedback Loops (Homeostasis)

Back 2

-Self-amplifying cycle
-Change leads to continued movement in the same direction…drives the system out of balance
-Response enhances the original stimulus outcome
-Normal way of producing rapid changes (occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein, digestion, and generation of nerve signals)
-Often seen in pathology

Front 3

Fever

Back 3

-Temperature above 108 deg. (metabolic rate increases causing faster heat production)
-Temperature increases & cycle repeats again
Fatal at 113 deg.

Front 4

Stress

Back 4

-Any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment
-Disturbs homeostasis

Front 5

Stress (Originated externally)

Back 5

-Heat, cold, loud noise

Front 6

Stress (Originated internally)

Back 6

-Blood pressure, pain, unpleasant thoughts

Front 7

Mild stressors

Back 7

Homeostatic mechanisms can cope (return to normal)

Front 8

Severe Stressors

Back 8

Homeostatic mechanisms have difficulty coping (Heart attack, burns, fever)
Need intervention:
medicine, surgery

Front 9

Anatomical Position

Back 9

-Person stands erect
-Feet flat on floor
-Arms at sides
-Palms, eyes & face facing forward
-Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissection

Front 10

Ipsilateral =

Back 10

Same Side

Front 11

Contralateral =

Back 11

Opposite side

Front 12

Superficial =

Back 12

Close to surface

Front 13

Deep =

Back 13

Away from surface

Front 14

Cranial =

Back 14

Toward the head

Front 15

Caudal =

Back 15

Toward inferior trunk

Front 16

Visceral =

Back 16

Inner part

Front 17

Parietal =

Back 17

Pertaining to walls of a cavity

Front 18

Appendicular body =

Back 18

Appendages (Arms/Legs)

Front 19

Axial Body =

Back 19

Central axis (skull, vertebra, ribs)

Front 20

Regions contain vital organs and ____ and ____ cavities.

Back 20

Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity (Heart, Lungs)

Front 21

What separates the Ventral Body Cavity and the Thoracic cavity?

Back 21

Diaphragm

Front 22

Abdominal cavity

Back 22

Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Gallbladder, Small Intestine, Most of Large Intestine

Front 23

Pelvic cavity

Back 23

End of Large Intestine, Bladder, Reproductive Organs

Front 24

Name the 3 Cardinal Planes.

Back 24

Sagittal
Frontal / Coronal
Transverse

Front 25

Sagittal Plane

Back 25

Right & left sides

Front 26

Frontal / Coronal Plane

Back 26

Anterior & posterior sections

Front 27

Transverse Plane

Back 27

Upper & Lower sections

Front 28

Atom (Chemical Element)

Back 28

The simplest particle
Composition
Are electrically neutral
Interactions

Front 29

Molecule (Chemical Element)

Back 29

The simplest particle

Front 30

Body has _____ Chemical elements.

Back 30

24-26

Front 31

Major Elements in the Body

Back 31

Oxygen O
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
Calcium Ca
Phosphorus P
Potassium K
Trace Elements

Front 32

Nucleus (Structure of an Atom)

Back 32

-center of atom

Front 33

Protons have a ____ _____ _____.

Back 33

Single + charge

Front 34

Electrons have no _____.

Back 34

Charge

Front 35

Electrons have a ____ ____ ____.

Back 35

Single Negative charge

Front 36

Ions carry a charge due to an unequal number of _____ and _____.

Back 36

Protons and electrons

Front 37

Ionization

Back 37

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another (stability of valence shell)

Front 38

Anion

Back 38

Atom that gained electrons (net negative charge)

Front 39

Cation

Back 39

Atom that lost an electron (net positive charge)

Front 40

Ions with ______ charges are attracted to each other.

Back 40

Opposite

Front 41

Chemical Reactions

Back 41

Making & Breaking bonds between atoms
2 Classes

Front 42

What are the two classes of Chemical Reactions?

Back 42

-Anabolism or Synthesis reactions
-Catabolism or Decomposition reactions

Front 43

Anabolism or Synthesis reactions

Back 43

2 or more (atoms, ions, or molecules) combine to form a bigger molecule
A + B AB
2H + O H2O

Front 44

_____ is required to build larger molecules.

Back 44

Energy

Front 45

Synthesis Reactions

Back 45

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
A + B  AB

Front 46

Catabolism or Decomposition reactions

Back 46

Chemical bonds are broken
2 or more (atoms, ions, or molecules) are disassociated
AB A + B
H2O 2H + O

Front 47

In Catabolism or Decomposition reactions,energy is ____ ____ or ____.

Back 47

-Given off or released (breakdown food for cellular energy [Digestion])

Front 48

Exchange or Displacement reactions

Back 48

Combination of Catabolism & Anabolism
2 different molecules exchange positions
AB + CD  ABCD  AC + BD

Front 49

In Exchange or Displacement reactions, first ______, then _____.

Back 49

Catabolism, then anabolism

Front 50

Oxidation (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions)

Back 50

-Molecule releases electrons & energy
-That molecule’s energy decreases
-Called an electron donor or reducing agent
-Often in the form of hydrogen atoms

Front 51

Reduction (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions)

Back 51

-Addition of electrons (energy) to a molecule
-Reduced molecule called electron acceptor or oxidizing agent (ex: oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent (accepts electrons))
ex: Rust – oxidation of Iron to for Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)

Front 52

In Cells, Oxidation & Reduction reactions are coupled. Substance 1 is ____ while Substance 2 is _____.

Back 52

-oxidized
-reduced

Front 53

Oxidation gives off or produces _____ (1)
Cell oxidizes ____ to produce energy for cell’s work.

Back 53

1.) energy
2.) glucose

Front 54

Oxidation of Glucose

Back 54

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Front 55

Glucose oxidized to _____ (1).
It gives up _____ ____ (2).

Back 55

1.) Carbon dioxide
2.) Hydrogen electrons

Front 56

Oxygen reduced to _____ (1).
It accepts _____ ____ (2).

Back 56

1.) Water
2.) Hydrogen electrons

Front 57

Through the Oxidation of Glucose, ____ is produced.

Back 57

Energy

Front 58

Reversible Reactions

Back 58

-End product can revert back to original molecules
A + B AB
OR
A + B AB A + B

Front 59

LAW OF MASS ACTION

Back 59

-Direction determined by amount of substance

Surplus CO2
Surplus H+

Front 60

Metabolism

Back 60

-The sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body

Front 61

Catabolism

Back 61

-energy releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions
[breaks covalent bonds, produces smaller molecules, releases useful energy].

Front 62

Anabolism

Back 62

energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
[requires energy input].

Front 63

Chemical Reactions

Back 63

-Depend on a chemical bond being formed or broken

Front 64

In chemical reactions, atoms and molecules must __ (1).
Collision force large enough to overcome electrical repulsion between their _______(2).

Back 64

1.) Collide
2.) Electrons

Front 65

Factors Influencing Reaction Rates (4)

Back 65

Size
Temperature
Concentration
Catalysts

Front 66

Size (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)

Back 66

-Smaller = faster = more collisions

Front 67

Temperature (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)

Back 67

-Higher temperature = faster = more collisions

Front 68

Concentration (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)

Back 68

-More concentrated = more chance of collisions

Front 69

Catalysts (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)

Back 69

-Speed up reactions without being used up itself
-Biological catalysts are enzymes

Front 70

Chemical Bonds (4)

Back 70

-Ionic bonds
-Covalent bonds
-Hydrogen bonds
-Van der Waals force

Front 71

(Ionic Bonds)
Attraction of ____(1) charged ions
No sharing of ____(2).
_____(3) bond, easily dissociates in water.

Back 71

1.) oppositely
2.) electrons
3.) Weak

Front 72

(Covalent Bonds)
Formed by the sharing of ______ _______ (1)
One pair of valence ______(2) are shared.
They are _____(3) bonds.

Back 72

1.) Valence electrons
2.) electrons
3.) strong

Front 73

There are _____ (1) types of covalent bonds.
Name them.

Back 73

1.) Four
Single
Double
Nonpolar
Polar

Front 74

Single Bond (Covalent Bonds)

Back 74

-sharing of single pair electrons

Front 75

Double Bond (Covalent Bonds)

Back 75

-sharing of two pairs

Front 76

Nonpolar Bond (Covalent Bonds)

Back 76

-shared electrons (equal time around each nucleus)
-strongest of all bonds

Front 77

Polar Bond (Covalent Bonds)

Back 77

-negative charge where electrons spend most time

Front 78

(Hydrogen Bonds)
_____(1) bond = no sharing of ____(2).
Attraction between _____(3) molecules.

Back 78

1.) Weakest
2.) Electrons
3.) Polar

Front 79

(Physiological importance of Hydrogen Bonds)
Influence shapes of large complex molecules, otherwise known as _______(1).
Determined by folding due to hydrogen bonds.
Sensitive to ______ and ______(2).

Back 79

1.) Proteins
2.) pH and Temperature

Front 80

The capacity to do work (move something) is called ____.

Back 80

Energy

Front 81

Energy can be converted from one form to another
_____(1) : results from the flow of electrons (or ions)
_____(2): potential energy stored in molecular bonds
_____(3): combination is basis for nervous & muscular system function.

Back 81

1.) Electrical
2.) Chemical
3.) Electrochemical

Front 82

The motion of body parts can be referred to as ____ energy,

Back 82

Mechanical

Front 83

(Energy)
Heat
Heat is the ____(1) energy of molecular motion.
Temperature : measure of rate of motion of _____(2).
Heat is a byproduct of many _____(3) reactions.
Helps maintain ______(4).

Back 83

1.) Kinetic
2.) Molecules
3.) Chemical
4.) Homeostasis

Front 84

Most chemicals in the body are in the form of
_______ _______(1). Name the two clases of these (2).

Back 84

1.) Chemical Compounds
2.) Organic and Inorganic

Front 85

Organic has _____(1) and Inorganic has _______(2).

Back 85

1.) Carbon
2.) No Carbon

Front 86

(The Molecules of Life)
Name three Inorganic molecules.

Back 86

Water
Minerals
Gases

Front 87

(The Molecules of Life)
Name six Organic molecules.

Back 87

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Enzymes
Nucleotides & Nucleic acids

Front 88

(Inorganic Compounds)
____(1) Bonding, except water.
No Carbon, except Carbon _____(2) and Carbon ______(2).

Back 88

1.) Ionic
2.) Monoxide & Dioxide

Front 89

Name the 4 most Important Inorganic Compounds.

Back 89

Water
Acids
Bases
Salts

Front 90

(Inorganic Compounds)
Water
Chemistry of Life depends on water.
Major inorganic component of cells & extracellular fluid.
60 – 80% of Cells Volume.
50 – 75% of Adults Weight.

Back 90

Know these.

Front 91

(Inorganic Compounds)
Water’s Function As a Solvent
Solvent: a substance in which another material,called a solute, is able to dissolve into forming a ______(1).
Water surrounds ions, and shields them from other charged particles. This forms a ______ ______(2) (solute dissolved).

Back 91

1.) Solution
2.) Hydration Sphere

Front 92

Water is the ______(1) Solvent.
________(2) Substances: Dissolve in water
(e.g., Salt, Sugar).
________(3) Substances: Do Not dissolve in water
(e.g., Fats, Oils).

Back 92

1.) Universal
2.) Hydrophilic
3.) Hydrophobic

Front 93

(Inorganic Compounds)
Water is an excellent solvent due to _____(1) characteristics.
_____(2) (+) charge.
_____(3) (-) Charge.
Materials in water tend to ______(4).

Back 93

1.) Polar
2.) Hydrogen
3.) Oxygen
4.) Dissociate

Front 94

(Inorganic Compounds)
Water, as a Universal Solvent, is important in ______(1), and as a ______(2) for joints and digesting food.

Back 94

1.) Transportation
2.) Lubricant

Front 95

When one substance clings to a second substance, it is called ______.
Example: Water adheres to body tissues & membranes.

Back 95

Adhesion

Front 96

When one substance clings to Itself, it is called ______.

Water is this due to hydrogen bonds.
Water surface tension (surface molecules attracted to those below).

Back 96

Cohesion

Front 97

(Inorganic Compounds)
Water as a Chemical Reactant has two possible reactions:
____(1) reactions : adding water to catabolic reactions.
_____ _____(2) : remove water during reaction.

Back 97

1.) Hydrolysis
2.) Dehydration Synthesis

Front 98

Water also absorbs & releases Heat.
Large amount of heat to _____(1) water temperature.
Great loss of heat to _____(2) water temperature.

Back 98

1.) Increase
2.) Decrease

Front 99

(Thermal Stability of Water)
Water stabilizes internal temperature of the body.
____(1) bonds inhibit increased temperature (molecular motion) caused by increased heat.
Effective coolant (through evaporation). (e.g., 1 ml of perspiration removes 500 calories from the body).
Help maintain temperature _______(2).

Back 99

1.) Hydrogen
2.) Homeostasis