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16 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
SENSES: GENERAL and SPECIAL

1. Sensation - define
2. Stimuli detected by?
3. Two classes of receptors and their functions
1. Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information
2. Stimuli are detectors by RECEPTORS
3. General Senses (temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure)
- Special Senses (gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition) - these are normal senses and involve the CRANIAL nerves
MODALITY OF RECEPTOR STIMULUS

1. Chemoreceptors - functions
2. Thermoreceptors - functions
3. Photoreceptors - functions
4. Mechanoreceptors - functions
a. proprioreceptors
5. Baroreceptors - function
6. Nociceptors - functions
1. Detect Chemical molecules (taste and smell)
2. detect changes in temperatures
3. detect changes in light (eyes - vision)
4. Detect mechanical changes like touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
4a. is - proprioreceptors - awareness of the position and the state of contraction of muscles
5. Detect changes in pressure within body structures
6. Detect pain
GENERAL SENSE: TACTILE RECEPTORS

1. Numerousity?
2. Mechanoreceptors react to?
3. Located what layers of skin?
1. Most numerous type of receptor
2. React to touch, pressure, and vibration
3. Located in dermis and hypodermis

* know there are lots of tactile receptors
SPECIAL SENSES: GUSTATION

1. Taste buds - what type of receptor?
2. Located where? (5)
3. Occur in?
4. Filliform - portion of tongue, consists of?
5. Fungiform - same as above
6. Vallate (Circumvallate) - same as above, commonality and size
7. Foliate - where on tongue? Used when?
1. Chemoreceptors
2. Located on tongue, posterior palate, cheeks, pharynx, and epiglottis
3. Occur in PAPILLAE
4. Filliform - anterior 2/3 tongue, no taste buds
5. Fungiform - tip and sides of tongue, only few taste buds
6. Vallate - back of tongue, largest, least numerous type, contain most taste buds
7. Foliate - lateral tongue, used during infancy and early childhood
TASTE BUDS (LABEL look @ slides)

Gustatory Cells
1. type of cells?
2. replaced how often?
3. name of taste hairs?

Supporting Cells
1. function - insulates what cell, etc
2. nerve status?

Basal Cells (Bottom)
1. maturity? replace what?

4. What age does taste distinguishing begin to die?
1. chemoreceptor cells
2. replaced every 7-10 days
3. Gustatory microvillus

1. Insulate gustatory cells from each other and surrounding epithelium

1. immature, replace other two cell types

4. Age 50
GUSTATORY SENSATIONS

1. Name 5 flavors detected over broad regions of tongue
2. Facial Nerve (VII) - innervates what portion of tongue?
3. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - innervates what portion?
1. Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and unami
2. Innervates anterior 2/3 of tongue
3. innervates posterior 1/3 of tongue
SPECIAL SENSE: OLFACTION (label)

1. Olfactory neurons - two types
2. Supporting cells - surround what?
3. Basal Cells - stem cells used for what function?
4. how many primary odors? and chemical stimuli?
1. Chemoreceptors and Bipolar neurons
2. Surrounding olfactory neurons
3. Stem cells for renewal of other cells
4. 50-60 different primary odors, and thousands of chemical stimuli
SPECIAL SENSE: VISION

Accesory Structures of the eye
1. Conjunctiva - function
2. Eyebrows, eyelashes, and palpebrae (eyelid) - functions
3. Lacrimal glands - functions
1. Provide superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface
2. prevent foreign objects from coming into contact with the eye
3. keep the exposed surface moist, clean, and lubricated
CATARACTS

1. Major Cause of what?
2. Caused by? (5)
3. Correction?
1. blindness
2. aging, diabetes, UV exposure, glaucoma, and eye infections
3. Artificial lens
EYE STRUCTURES

1. Fibrous Tunic - made up of what?
2. Vascular Tunic - made up of what? (3)
3. Neural Tunic - made up of what?
1. Sclera (white of eye)
- Cornea (windshield)

2. Choroid
- Cilliary body (cilliary zonules - suspensory ligaments)
- Iris

3. Retina
- photoreceptors
PHOTORECEPTORS

- Neural layer of retina

ROD cells
1. light?
2. sharp/color vision?
3. how many per eye?

CONE cells
4. light?
5. color/vision?.
6. how many per eye?
1. Function in dim light
2. Don't provide sharp vision or color vision
3. 100 million per eye

4. operate best in bright light
5. provide high acuity color vision
6. 10 million per eye
REGIONS OF THE RETINA

1. Mucula Lutea - contains mostly what?
2. Fovea centralis - contains only what? Maximal what?
3. Optic disc - spot? and exit eye?
1. contains mostly cones
2. contains only cones, maximal visual acuity
3. Axons and ganglion cells converge to exit eye. Blind spoto
EMMETROPIA

1. Emmetropia
2. Hyperopia (farsightedness)
3. Myopia (nearsightedness)
1. normal vision
2. eyeball is too short so near objects are blurry
3. eyeball is too long so far objects are blurry
EXTERNAL EAR STRUCTURES

1. Defined from what to what?
2. External Acoustic meatus - define
3. Cereminous glands produce what?
4. What makes up earwax?
5. Functions of earwax?
1.Defined from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
2. Narrow external opening prevents large objects from entering
3. produce Cerumen
4. Cerumen and Dead skin cells make up earwax
5. earwax helps reduce infection by impeding microorganism growth
MIDDLE EAR STRUCTURES

- Air filled tympanic cavity
- Tympanic membrane
- Tensor tympani muscle and stapedius
- Auditory ossicles
- Malleus, incus, stapes (lateral to medial)
- Oval (vestibular) window
- Round (cochlear) window
- Auditory (eustachian) tube (connects ear to nasopharynx)
connects
INNER EAR STRUCTURES

Vestibule
1. Name of two divisions?
2. Functions?

Semicircular canals
1. function

Cochlea
1. Function

3. Name two nerves
1. Utricle and saccule
2. Detect acceleration and deceleration

1. Detect rational movements

1. Audition

3. Vestibular and cochlear nerves