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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The Nervous System
1. What two primary systems does it constitute?
2. Divided according to what two categories?
1. Body's primary COMMUNICATION and CONTROL system.
2. Divided into STRUCTURAL and FUNCTIONAL categories.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Consists of what? (2)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Consists of what? (3)
1. Brain
- Spinal Cord

2. Crainial Nerves
-Spinal Nerves
-Ganglia
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
1. Sensory (Afferent) Division
a. Direction of transmitted information
b. What two sensory divisions

2. Motor (Efferent) Division
a. direction of transmitted information
b. What two motor divisions?
1a. Transmits info from RECEPTORS to CNS
1b. Divided into somatic and visceral sensory

2a. Transmits info from CNS to MUSCLE or GLAND
2b. Divided in somatic and autonomic motor
FUNCTIONAL ORGINIZATION OF NERVOUS SYTEM

SA:
1. Where does the SOMATIC SENSORY receive information from?
2. Where does the VISCERAL SENSORY receive information from?

ME:
3.SOMATIC MOTOR - voluntary or involuntary? Innervates what?
4. AUTONOMIC MOTOR - Voluntary or involuntary? Innervates what?
1. Skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses
2. viscera
3. "Voluntary" nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle
4. "Involuntary" nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

1. ALS - also known as what?
2. Fatal degeneration of what system?
3. Atrophied muscles cause what difficulties?
4. Treatment? Cure?
1. Lou Gehrig Disease
2. Fatal degeneration of SOMATIC MOTOR system
3. Causes breathing, speaking, and swallowing difficulties.
4. No effective treatment or cure exists.
CYTOLOGY of NERVOUS TISSUE
1. Define Neurons (type and what's transmitted)
2. Define Glial Cells (type and what's transmitted)
1. EXCITABLE cells that transmit NERVE IMPULSES
2. NONEXCITABLE cells that SUPPORT and PROTECT the neurons
TUMORS of the CNS
1. Primary Tumor
a. where can it form?
b. Neurons become tumors?

2. Secondary Tumor
a. Where does tumor form?
1a. Tumors may form in the meninges (meningiomas) or glial cells (gliomas)
1b. Neurons are incapable of becoming tumors because they can't divide

2a. Tumor forms in another site but has spread to the brain (lung, skin or breast cancers).

*Cancers are named after where they began, not where they became deadly
NEURON CHARACTERISTICS

1. Metabolic Rate? What do they need?
2. Longevity?
3. Nonmitotic - Define
4. Neuron Damage?
1. High Metabolic Rate - need constant glucose and oxygen
2. Longevity - live and function for over 100 years
3. during fetal development lose ability to divide
4. Damage is permanent - new connections only made when cells are still dividing (fetal cord blood)
DENTRITES
1. Direction they carry impulses?
2. Soma - how many dentrites?
3. Receive input and transfer to cell body for processing
1. Carry impulses TOWARDS the cell body (ALWAYS)
2. Soma can have ONE or MANY dentrites
3. Receive input and transfer to cell body for processing.
The Nervous System
1. What two primary systems does it constitute?
2. Divided according to what two categories?
1. Body's primary COMMUNICATION and CONTROL system.
2. Divided into STRUCTURAL and FUNCTIONAL categories.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Consists of what? (2)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Consists of what? (3)
1. Brain
- Spinal Cord

2. Crainial Nerves
-Spinal Nerves
-Ganglia
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
1. Sensory (Afferent) Division
a. Direction of transmitted information
b. What two sensory divisions

2. Motor (Efferent) Division
a. direction of transmitted information
b. What two motor divisions?
1a. Transmits info from RECEPTORS to CNS
1b. Divided into somatic and visceral sensory

2a. Transmits info from CNS to MUSCLE or GLAND
2b. Divided in somatic and autonomic motor
FUNCTIONAL ORGINIZATION OF NERVOUS SYTEM

SA:
1. Where does the SOMATIC SENSORY receive information from?
2. Where does the VISCERAL SENSORY receive information from?

ME:
3.SOMATIC MOTOR - voluntary or involuntary? Innervates what?
4. AUTONOMIC MOTOR - Voluntary or involuntary? Innervates what?
1. Skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses
2. viscera
3. "Voluntary" nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle
4. "Involuntary" nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

1. ALS - also known as what?
2. Fatal degeneration of what system?
3. Atrophied muscles cause what difficulties?
4. Treatment? Cure?
1. Lou Gehrig Disease
2. Fatal degeneration of SOMATIC MOTOR system
3. Causes breathing, speaking, and swallowing difficulties.
4. No effective treatment or cure exists.
CYTOLOGY of NERVOUS TISSUE
1. Define Neurons (type and what's transmitted)
2. Define Glial Cells (type and what's transmitted)
1. EXCITABLE cells that transmit NERVE IMPULSES
2. NONEXCITABLE cells that SUPPORT and PROTECT the neurons
TUMORS of the CNS
1. Primary Tumor
a. where can it form?
b. Neurons become tumors?

2. Secondary Tumor
a. Where does tumor form?
1a. Tumors may form in the meninges (meningiomas) or glial cells (gliomas)
1b. Neurons are incapable of becoming tumors because they can't divide

2a. Tumor forms in another site but has spread to the brain (lung, skin or breast cancers).

*Cancers are named after where they began, not where they became deadly
NEURON CHARACTERISTICS

1. Metabolic Rate? What do they need?
2. Longevity?
3. Nonmitotic - Define
4. Neuron Damage?
1. High Metabolic Rate - need constant glucose and oxygen
2. Longevity - live and function for over 100 years
3. during fetal development lose ability to divide
4. Damage is permanent - new connections only made when cells are still dividing (fetal cord blood)
NEURON ANATOMY

LOOK AT SLIDE FOR LABELING
1. Dentrites
2. cell body - Nucleus
3. Axon hillock
4. Axon
5. Neurofibril (Node of Ranvier)
6. Myelin Sheath
7. Synaptic knobs
LOOK
DENTRITES
1. Direction they carry impulses?
2. Soma - how many dentrites?
3. Receive input and transfer to cell body for processing
1. Carry impulses TOWARDS the cell body (ALWAYS)
2. Soma can have ONE or MANY dentrites
3. Receive input and transfer to cell body for processing.
AXONS

1. Most neurons have how many axons?
2. Anaxonic Neurons - define
3. Alternate name for axon?
4. Axons carry impulses in what direction?
5. Transmits its output information to who?
6. What do the ends branch into?
1. one axon
2. Anaxonic neurons have no axon
3. Also called the nerve fiber
4. Carry impulses AWAY from cell body to another cell (ALWAYS)
5. Transmits its output information to other cells
6. Ends branch into SYNAPTIC KNOBS
NEURON CLASSIFICATION: STRUCTURAL (LOOK @ SLIDE)

1. Unipolar
a. what types of neurons?

2. Bipolar
a. Commonality?
b. serve what purpose?

3. Multipolar
a. What type of neurons?
b. Commanality?
a.
1a. Sensory Neurons

2a. Uncommon in humans
2b. Special Senses

3a. Motor Neurons
3b. Most common type
NEURON CLASSIFICATION: FUNCTIONAL

1. Sensory (afferent) - direction of transmission
2. Interneurons - where are they? confinement?
3. Motor (efferent) - direction of transmission
1. from sensory receptors to CNS
2. lie between motor and sensory neurons; entirely confined to CNS
3. FROM CNS to muscles or glands
GLIAL CELLS of the CNS

1. Astrocyte
a. what does it look like?
b. controls what environment?
c. forms what?

2. Ependymal Cell
a. What's is help produce and circulate?

3. Microglial cell
a. what are they?

4. Oligondendroate
a. what do they make?
1a. looks like a star
1b. controls ionic environment
1c. helps form the blood-brain barrier

2a. help produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

3a. Macrophages of CNS

4a. Make myelin sheath in CNS
GLIAL CELLS OF THE PNS
1. Satelite cell - function?

2. Neurolenmocyte or Schwann cell - function?
1. protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia (don't really know exact functions)

2. myelinate PNS axons
MYELIN SHEATH

1. what cells produce them and where does each cell produce them?
2. General description
3. Functions
4. Affects on conduction
5. How to nerve impulses move?
6. Name of the nodes?
1. made by OGLODENDROCYTES in the CNS and NEUROLEMMOCYTES or SCWHANN CELLS in the PNS
2. Protective, white, fatty, coating
3. Supports, protects, and insulates
4. Greatly increases speed of conduction
5. Nerve impulses jump from node to node
6. Neurofibril nodes or Nodes of Ranvier
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1. What type of disease?
2. Destroys what type of nervous tissue, and where?
3. Ratio of affected peoples
4. Symptoms
1. Autoimmune disease
2. Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed.
3. affects 1 out of every 1000 people
4. blindness, weakness, clumsiness
NERVES
1. Define (axon orientation)
2. Name the 3 connective tissue wrappings and what they surround (DEEP to SUPERFICIAL)
1. Cable-like bundle of parallel axons

2a. Endoneurium - surround individual axon
2b. Perineurium - surrounds individual fascicles
2c. Epineurium - surround whole nerve
SYNAPSES (LOOK @ SLIDES FOR LABELLING)

1. Define synapse (what they communicate with)
2. Name the 3 parts (2 subdivisions of the first part)
1. Site at which neurons communicate with other neurons, glands, or muscles

2.
a. Presnyaptic Neuron
a1. Synaptic vesicles contain
a2. neurotransmitters
b. Synaptic cleft
c. Postsynaptic neuron
ANENCEPHALY

1. Disorder where (in neural tube)?
2. What is absent? What still forms?
3. How long infant live after birth?
4. How is it detected?
1. Disorder at the cranial end of the neural tube
2. substantial or complete absence of a brain. Only brain stem forms
3. Infants rarely live longer than a few hours following birth
4. Usually detected with prenatal ultrasound.
SPINA BIFIDA

1. Where is disorder (on neural tube)
2. What isn't fully formed?
3. Severity?
4. What can be taken to decrease incidence of spina bifida in pregnant women?
1. Disorder at the caudal end of the neural tube
2. vertebral arch is not fully formed
3. may be mild or severe
4. Increase intake of Vitamin B12 and folic acid