Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
pronation
|
hand facing down, palm back.
ex. palming a basketball the bones of forearm cross |
|
|
supination
|
palm facing out
ex. holding a bowl of soup bones dont cross |
|
|
anterior or ventral
|
front or stomach/underside
|
|
|
dorsal or posterior
|
back
|
|
|
superior
|
towards head/above
aka cranial |
|
|
inferior
|
towards feet, below
aka caudal |
|
|
distal
|
farther away from body
ex. hand is more distal than elbow |
|
|
proximal
|
closer to body
ex. elbow is proximal compared to hand |
|
|
lateral
|
farther from midline
|
|
|
medial
|
closer to midline
|
|
|
superficial
|
external
|
|
|
deep
|
internal
|
|
|
3 planes
|
median
transverse frontal |
|
|
Median
|
divide body into left and right
|
|
|
transverse
|
(horizontal) divide body into inferior and superior
|
|
|
frontal
|
divides body into anterior and posterior planes
|
|
|
sutures
|
where the planes of the head meet
|
|
|
Midsagittal
|
equal left and right (median)
|
|
|
sagittal or parasagittal
|
right and left portions NOT equal (median)
|
|
|
Coronal plane
|
(frontal) equal anterior and posterior halves
|
|
|
Transverse plane
|
(horizontal) superior and inferipr parts equal OR unequal
|
|
|
Oblique planes
|
diagonal
|
|
|
axial
|
head, neck, trunk
|
|
|
appendicular
|
limbs/appendages
|
|
|
upper limb
|
arm
forearm |
|
|
arm
|
shoulder to elbow
|
|
|
forearm
|
elbow to fingers
|
|
|
lower limb
|
thigh
shin |
|
|
thigh
|
hip to knee
|
|
|
shin
|
knee to feet
|
|
|
dorsal (hand)
|
back of hand
|
|
|
palmar
|
palm
|
|
|
dorsal (foot)
|
top of foot
|
|
|
plantar
|
sole of foot
|
|
|
pollex
|
thumb
|
|
|
hallux
|
big toe
|
|
|
what layer is directly on top of the organ?
|
Visceral
|
|
|
what are the two types of serous membrane?
|
visceral and parietal
|
|
|
what membrane is right inside the body wall?
|
parietal
|
|
|
What does the serous membrane do?
|
it secretes fluid to allow organs to rub against one another and lines all the space the organ is in
|
|
|
what consists of adobinal, pelvic, thoracic, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities?
|
ventral body cavities
|
|
|
Embryolgy
|
how we get from two cells to an adult human
|
|
|
Prenatal development is when?
|
the first 38 weeks of pregnancy
|
|
|
the first 8 weeks of prenatal development is called?
|
the embryonic period
|
|
|
the last 30 weeks of the prenatal period is called?
|
the fetal period
|
|
|
weeks 1 and 2 consist of what to what?
|
conception to zygote
|
|
|
the zygot implants itself in the______?
|
uterus
|
|
|
this consists of two sheets of cells and is in weeks 1 and 2 of pregnancy
|
the bilaminar disc
|
|
|
the bilaminar disc is between the ______ and _____?
|
amnion and yolk sac
|
|
|
the bilaminar disc is how big in size?
|
1mm ... lincolns nose on a penny
|
|
|
gastrulation which occurs in WEEK 3 consists of two steps what are they?
|
1) replace inner layer of cells with new cells
2) add middle layer of cells |
|
|
There are three primary germ layers which are....
|
1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm 3) endoderm |
|
|
the ectoderm is the _____
|
outer layer
|
|
|
the nervous system and epidermis are created by the
|
ectoderm
|
|
|
the mesoderm is the _____
|
middle layer
|
|
|
most organs, gonads, bones and muscle are created by the
|
mesoderm
|
|
|
the endoderm is the ______
|
inner layer
|
|
|
the liver and lining of the digestive organs is created by the
|
Endoderm
|
|
|
The _______ defines the body's midline
|
notochord
|
|
|
the notochord signals the ______ layer
|
ectoderm
|
|
|
the ecotoderm is signaled by the notochord and then forms the _____ _____
|
neural plate
|
|
|
Neurulation
|
this is when the nervous system forms from part of the ectoderm
|
|
|
a neural groove forms because it comes together at middle first... eventually forming the _____ ______
|
neural tube
|
|
|
neuropore superior is at ____ and inferior on ______
|
top
bottom |
|
|
when the superior neuropore does not close this causes _____
|
spina bifida
|
|
|
when the inferior neuropore does not close this causes _____
|
anencephaley.... (no brain and no head covering)
|
|
|
Mesoderm has 3 divisions
|
Lateral plate, indermediate, paraxial
|
|
|
Lateral plate mesoderm has two parts
|
Splanchnic, somatic
|
|
|
Splanchnic mesoderm makes up what?
|
heart, blood, vessels, walls of organs
|
|
|
somatic mesoderm makes up what?
|
bones, joints, ligament, connective tissue
|
|
|
intermediate mesoderm makes up the _______ and the _______
|
kidneys and the gonads
|
|
|
Paraxial mesoderm makes what?
|
Somites
|
|
|
Somites
|
balls of tissue
|
|
|
in week 4 the ______ _______ divides into two _______s?
|
paraxial mesoderm, into two somites
|
|
|
somites are responsible for.....
|
nerves and feeling
|
|
|
in week 4 the body is a series of
|
somites
|
|
|
somites divide into 3 parts...
|
sclerotome
dermatome mycotome |
|
|
Sclerotome forms....
|
vertebrae and ribs
|
|
|
dermatome forms....
|
dermis layer of skin
|
|
|
Mycotome forms....
|
muscles of limbs and trunk
|
|
|
When mesoderm comes together what is formed?
|
the body cavity (week 4)
|
|
|
at the begin of week 4 the embryo is ______ and by the end is ______.
|
3.0 mm,
4.5 mm |
|
|
WEEKS 5-8 what happens?
|
1)the head grows to half the size of body
2)the eyes ears and nose begin to appear 3)the tail disappears 4)beginnings of organs appear (continue to fetal period) 5) limb buds appear |
|
|
in weeks 5-8 the embryo is now _____ in size?
|
30 mm
|
|
|
Tissues are what?
|
a group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function
|
|
|
Tissues are (3)
|
plasma membrane
cytoplasm nucleus |
|
|
4 types of tissue
|
epithelial
connective muscle nervous |
|
|
Epithelial
|
"covering", sheet of cells lining body surface or cavity
|
|
|
Epithelium is good for
|
protection, sensation, secretion, absorption, transport, filtration of fluid
|
|
|
special characteristics of epithelia
|
cellularity
polarity supported by connective tissue specialized contacts (hold together) AVASCULAR, INNERVATED regeneration |
|
|
epithelia cellularity
|
alot of cells, very little space
|
|
|
Apical surface consists of ....
|
microvilli and cilia
|
|
|
microvilli
|
extensions of plasma memberane, increase absorptive surface
|
|
|
cilia
|
motile, microtubules, londer than microvilli, found in trachea (etc) to move mucus
|
|
|
Basement membrane includes
|
basal lamina and reticular fibers (connective tissue)
|
|
|
Basal Lamina
|
?
|
|
|
Lateral surface divisions
|
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
|
|
|
Tight junctions are ...
|
just below apical surface of cell, prevent transport of certain things through epithelial cells
|
|
|
Desmosomes
|
(jelly fish looking), round shaped plaques, adhere cells to one another, creates guidelines to hold cell together and keep structure
|
|
|
Gap junctions
|
allow transport between epithelial cells (ie. ions and sugars)
|
|
|
Glands 2 types
|
endocrine
exocrine |
|
|
Endocrine
|
secrete stuff inside the body (extracellular spaces.... blood stream) (ex hormones)
|
|
|
Exocrine
|
secrete stuff outside the body onto body surface or into a body cavity
ACT LOCALLY, mucus, sweat, salivary |
|
|
types of exocrine glands
|
Unicellular (goblet cell), or multicellular...most are this (simple or compound)
|
|
|
goblet cell
|
wine glass looking cell ?
|
|
|
multicellular
|
epithelial lined duct
|
|
|
multicellular simple
|
1 gland, 1 duct, 1 opening
|
|
|
compound
|
multiple glands, 1 duct, 1 opnening (around hair follicles)
|
|
|
Connective tissue is good for.....
|
-support
-bind other tissue -defend vs. infection -store nutrients as fat (adipose) |
|
|
Generic connective tissue characteristics
|
-cell density low (not very many)
-lots of extracellular matrix=ground substance (gel stuff) + fibers -far apart - |
|
|
Types of connective tissue (4)
|
1)proper
2)cartlidge 3)bone 4)blood |
|
|
Proper connective tissue makes up ....
|
Fat, ligaments, tendons, and stroma
|
|
|
ligaments do what?
|
bind bone to bone
|
|
|
tendons do what?
|
bind muscle to bone
|
|
|
stroma do what?
|
provide frame for organs ex. lymph nodes
|
|
|
1 type of proper is loose connective tissue which consists of ______ and is found ______
|
consists of adipose tissue (fat), and is found everywhere
|
|
|
reticular connective tissue are found in _________
|
found in localized areas with stroma and lymph
-SMALL BRANCHING COLLAGEN FIBERS |
|
|
Areolar connectiv tissue
|
underly epithelia, line organs, has defense cells (white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages), has fibers and ground substance (extracellular matrix)
|
|
|
areolar connective tissue also has ______ from ______
|
has fiber from fibroblasts
|
|
|
Dense connective tissue has 3 kinds ...
|
Irregular, regular and elastic
|
|
|
Irregular dense tissue consists of what and does what?
|
creates dermis of skin, and forms capsules of certain joints and organs, is made of mostly collagen fibers
|
|
|
Regular dense tissue is only.....
|
only pulled in one direction
- ex. tendon, ligament, aponeuroses |
|
|
elastic dense tissue is found in .....
|
vocal chords, trachea, bronchii, aorta
|
|
|
integument is...
|
skin
|
|
|
skin regulates temp becuase there are many_______
|
vascular structures beneath surface, fat, and blood to keep temp high
|
|
|
skin produces ______ ____ and ____ _____
|
vitamin D and folic acid
|
|
|
Epidermis creates_____
|
vitamin D
|
|
|
Nerve endings cause...
|
sensation
|
|
|
Skin is _____% of total body weight
|
7% of body weight
|
|
|
the skin is ____mm to ____mm thick
|
1.5 to 4mm thick
|
|
|
Epidermis is the _______, dermis is the _______, and then there is the hypodermis
|
ectoderm, mesoderm
|
|
|
Epidermis has ____ layers and ____ cell types
|
5 layers and 4 cell types
|
|
|
the epidermis is .....
|
keratinized,stratified squamous, epithelium
|
|
|
We get a new epidermis every ___ - ___ days
|
35-45 days we get a new one
|
