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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell functions
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-metabolism
-synthesize molecules -reproduction, division -communication -shape maintenience -movement |
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what is metabolism?
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using food energy to do work
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what types of molecules could a cell synthesize?
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lipids or proteins
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how do cells communicate?
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neurons to muscle cells, by chemical release
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cell membrane
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plasma membrane, made of phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads made of phosphate group, hydrophobic tails made of carbon and hydrogen
proteins (integral or peripheral) |
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what types of molecules can diffuse directly through the membrane?
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hydrophobic molecules, small nonpolar molecules (gases, urea)
NOT IONS OR WATER OR POLAR MOLECULES |
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OSMOSIS
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water moves from a concentration of high to low through a semi permeable membrane
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what will happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
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the cell will swell because water will rush into the cell, because the cell has more solute.
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what will happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
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the cell will shrink. water will leave the cell because the solution has a high concentration of the solute.
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facilitated diffusion
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passive (no use of energy), receives help from transport proteins
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active transport
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ATP energy is used to move through membrane
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mediated transfer
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requires help from transport protein
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endocytosis
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transport within cell
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phagocytosis
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cell eating
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pinocytosis
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cell drinking
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exocytosis
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transport outside of the cell
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cytoplasm
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made of cytosol, fluid portion, cytoskeleton
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nucleus
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surrounded by nuclear envelope, home of DNA (chromatin or chromosomes), RNA is produced
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ribosomes
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synthesize proteins from amino acids, free floating or attached to rough ER
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rough ER
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closer to nucleus
ribosomes protein synthesis and production |
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smooth ER
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no ribosomes
lipid production |
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golgi apparatus
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double layer of lipid bilayer
separate from ER protein modification and distribution (packaging house) transport vesicles |
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lysosomes
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contains enzymes to digest stuff
produced by golgi |
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peroxisomes
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contains enzymes to break down amino acids and lipids, contain catalase
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proteasomes
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no membrane, break down proteins
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mitochondria
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has own DNA and ribosomes, inner membrane (cristae), most ATP is produced here
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gene
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part of DNA that code for a protein, contain exons and introns. introns are cut out
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nucleotides
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A, C, G, T, form in 3 letter words
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transcription
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reading information from DNA into RNA
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translation
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making protein from info in RNA
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RNA polymerase
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makes RNA
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steps of TRANSCRIPTION
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DNA separated into two strands, starts at promoter, makes mRNA molecule, introns are cut out (splicing), mRNA is formed
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coding
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triplets of nucleotides on mRNA
start codon (AUG) stop codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) many "words" for the same amino acid |
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steps of TRANSLATION
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mRNA leave nucleus, ribosomes bind to mRNA and make proteins, anticodon recognized by tRNA, amino acids are attached as ribosome moves along mRNA
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cell cycle
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interphase
mitosis |
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interphase (long)
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G1- first growth
S- DNA replication G2- second growth, preparation for division checkpoints at G1 and G2 phases |
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mitosis (short)
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chromosomes become visible, creates identical cells
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase cytokinesis- separation of two daughter cells |
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somatic cells
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23 pairs of chromosomes, diploid number=46
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homologous chromosomes
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pairs of chromosomes, one from mother, one from father
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gametes
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sex cells, have 23 single chromosomes, haploid number
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alleles
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dominant and recessive (genotype)
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phenotype
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features displayed by the organism
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meiosis
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gamete production, meiosis 1 (like mitosis), meiosis 2 (no DNA replication)
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what are tissues made of?
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cells and extracellular matrix (non cellular substance around and between cells)
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what are the 4 main types of tissues?
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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what is different about fetus tissue?
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it is less specialized than adult.
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what are the levels of embryonic tissues?
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endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
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characteristics of epithelial tissue
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made of cells with a little EC matrix
covers surfaces has a basement membrane avascular (no blood in tissue) |
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what is the difference between apical and basal surface of epithelial tissue?
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apical is not attached to the body, it faces the outside world. basal surface is the BASE, on the inside.
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what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
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protective (skin cells), diffusion barrier (skin), transport of substances, secretion (usually glands), absorption.
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different types of epithelial cells based on layers.
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simple- single layer, diffusion, secretion, absorption
stratified- multiple layers, protection pseudostratified- a single layer of taller, longer cells. (use logic to figure out where these cells are in the body) |
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different types of epithelial cells based on shape of the cells.
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squamous- flattened, diffusion and filtration
cuboidal- cubes, secrete and absorb columnar- columns, secrete and absorb transitional- change shape when stretched. (use logic to figure out where these cells are in the body) |
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different types of surfaces of epithelial cells.
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smooth (reduce friction)
folded (increased surface) microvilli (increase surface) cilia (move fluid along) |
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cell connections
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desmosomes (between cells) provid strong attachment,
tight junctions prevent diffusion between cells, gap junctions channel connecting cells to provide diffusion. |
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glands
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organs that secrete
modified epithelial tissue that functions to release chemicals |
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endocrine glands
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secrete hormones into bloodstream, no ducts (ex. sweat), into cell
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exocrine glands
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have ducts (ex. spit)
out of cell merocrine- use active transport, secrete substances as they are produced (pancreas) apocrine- pinch off of cells (mammary glands) holocrine- shred whole cells when cells die (sebaceous glands) |
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functions of connective tissue
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covering and separating organs from each other, connecting between organs, support organ, protection, cushioning and insulating, transport (blood) and storage (adipose)
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-blasts
-cytes -clasts |
create it
maintain it break it down (ex. osteoblast- starts creating bones) |
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adipose cells
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fat cells
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mast cells
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help with inflammation by releasing enzymes (heprin), immune response
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leukocytes
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white blood cells- macrophages, lymphocytes, etc.
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stem cells
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growing new cells by changing the environment, technological advancements
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extracellular matrix (between cells)
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collagen fibers- long, thick, flexible, strong
reticular fibers- small, thin, short collagen fibers elastic fibers- elastic, stretch and return to regular form |
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embryonic connective tissue
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2 types!
mesenchyme and mucous (umbilical cord) |
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adult connective tissue types
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loose or areolar tissue- fills space around organs
dense- strength adipose- fat reticular- bone marrow cartilage bone blood hemopoietic tissue |
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dense collagenous regular connective tissues
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resist stretching, fibers in same direction, tendons and ligaments
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chondro-
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cartilage
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hyaline cartilage
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smooth
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fibrocartilage
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touch, fibers are rubbery between vertebrates
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what are the two types of dense connective tissues?
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regular (fibers in same direction)- collagenous or elastic
irregular (meshwork of fibers) |
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what are the 3 types of cartilage?
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hyaline cartilage (smooth)
fibrocartilage (tough, rubbery) elastic cartilage (stretch) |
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what is bone made of?
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cells and hard extracellular matrix
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where are bone cells located?
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lacunae (open space)
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what are the two types of bone?
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cancellous or spongy (softer, lighter, not as strong, inside of bone)
compact (dense, more solid, outside of bone) |
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what is unique about blood tissue?
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it has a liquid matrixz
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hemopoietic tissue
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in bone marrow
red-produces blood cells, closer to end of bone yellow-does not produce blood ceels, fat tissue center of bone |
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what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
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smooth muscle tissue
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not striated in appearance, single nucleus per cell, deep inside body, appears smooth, may contract, many elongated cells, inside of hollow organs.
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skeletal muscle tissue
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striated in appearance, multiple nuclei per cell (produces more protein), voluntary/concious, responsible for body movement, muscle attached to bone
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cardiac muscle tissue
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striated in appearance, single nucleus per cell, involuntary, not as prominent, different way of contact, in the heart - pumps blood through body
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nervous tissue - cell types
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neurons (nerve cells, perform function - pain, happiness)
glial cells (don't participate in sending and receiving, mantenience cells) |
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neurons have...
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dendrites-receive information, trees, multiple
axons-send information, one |
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how are membranes formed?
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epithelial tissue, basement membrane, and connection tissues
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what are the 3 types of membranes?
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mucous, serous, synovial
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mucous membranes: location and function
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digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts
release secretions, lubrication |
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serous membranes
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cover organs and cavities
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synovial membranes
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cover joints
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mediators of inflammation
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histamine, kinins, prostagladins
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what are the 5 symptoms of the inflammatory response?
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redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function - due to dilation of blood vessels
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what happens to cause inflammation?
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dilation of blood vessels and increased permeability of blood vessels (proteins and clotting substances migrate to injury site, water follows)
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edema
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swelling
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tissue repair cells
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labile cells, stable cells, permanent cells
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labile cells
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always divide, complete regeneration possible (mucous membranes, hemopoietic tissue, skin)
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stable cells
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normally do not divide, but divide in response to injury (glands, connective tissues)
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permanent cells
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limited ability to divide, replaced by another type of cell (neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle)
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the process of repair
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a clot forms. a dried clot is a scab, which seals over the infected area. neutrophils (macrophages, phagocyctic cells) move to the injury site and eat bacteria and damaged cells. neutrophils die and form pus. fibroblasts come and make extracellular matrix, begin dividing and fill the area. new blood vessels are formed. wound is filled with new connective tissue (granulation tissue). scar may be formed.
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neutrophils
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macrophages that eat bacteria
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pus
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dead neutrophils
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granulation tissue
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new connective tissue formed after wound
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germ layers create embryonic tissue
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mesoderm- middle layer, muscles, bone, blood vessels
ectoderm- outer layer, skin endoderm- inner layer, digestive tract |
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what is the difference between nonkeratinized or keratinized?
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nonkeratinized- covered by a layer of fluid, mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina
keratinized- found in the skin, dead cells, dry |
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unicellular glands
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goblet cells
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multicellular glands
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have ducts that can be single or branched, can be tubular or have small sacs called aveoli, tubular glands can be straight or coiled.
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macrophages
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destroy foreign antigens
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ground substances
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hyaluronic acid- makes fluid slippery
proteoglycan- trap water adhesive molecules- hold proteoglycans together |
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shapes of nerve cells
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multipolar- several D, one A
bipolar- one D, one A unipolar- one A |
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what happens to tissues as we age?
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reduced rates of cell division, less flexible, reduced strength, less elastic.
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