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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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levels of organization
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chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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what is homeostasis?
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the "constant" environment in the body
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how is homeostasis controlled?
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negative feedback - the receptor changes in the opposite direction
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when is it normal for positive feedback to take place?
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pregnancy - causes contractions
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superior
inferior |
above
beneath |
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anterior
posterior |
in front of
behind |
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lateral
medial |
away from center
towards middle |
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dorsal
ventral |
toward back
toward belly |
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cephalic
caudal |
towards head
towards tail |
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rostral
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toward oral or nasal cavity
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proximal
distal |
closer to the origin
farther from the origin |
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superficial
deep |
toward the surface
away from surface |
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arm
forearm wrist palm |
brachial region
antebrachial carpal palmar |
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thigh
leg ankle foot |
femoral
crural talus pedal |
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fingers and toes
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digital region
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trunk
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thorax, abdomen, pelvis
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how many quadrants and regions is the abdomen divided into?
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4 quadrants, 9 regions (tic tac toe)
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sagittal
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body plane goes through the midline
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transverse or horizontal
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_________
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frontal or coronal
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cuts body into front and back
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sections through an organ
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longitudinal, transverse or cross, oblique
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thoracic cavity
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-divided by mediastinum
-contains heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus |
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abdominal cavity
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stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys
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pelvic cavity
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urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, reproductive organs
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serous membranes
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cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the cavities
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visceral serous membrane
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inside, covers the organ
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parietal serous membrane
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outer part of the "balloon"
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pericardial cavity
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surrounds the heart
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pleura - pleural cavity
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surrounds the lungs
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peritoneum
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located in the abdominopelvic cavity
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mesentery
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serous membranes fused together and anchoring some internal organs
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retroperitoneal organs
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kidneys, pancreas, urinary bladder - lie outside peritoneum
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elements
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the simplest type of matter retaining chemical properties
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atoms
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smallest unit of elements
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what is found in the nucleus of an atom?
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protons, neutrons, electrons
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ionic bond
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strength depends on atoms, strong bond, one atom steals electrons
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covalent bond
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strong, electrons are shared, polar or nonpolar
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intramolecular bonds
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bonds within molecules (ionic or covalent)
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intermolecular bonds
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bonds between molecules (hydrogen bond)
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hydrogen bonds
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between molecules, typical for molecules with hydrogen in them
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chemical reactions
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rearrangement of atoms in molecules
synthesis, decomp, exchange, redox |
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synthesis
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A+B --> AB
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decomposition
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AB --> A+B
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exchange or displacement
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AB+C --> AC+B
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oxidation-reduction (redox)
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one atom loses electron - oxidation
one atom gains electron - reduction LEO the lion says GER |
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which has more potential energy? ATP or ADP?
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ATP
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what does the speed of a reaction depend on?
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activation energy determined by enzyme catalyst. lower activation energy = faster reaction.
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what are some unique properties of water?
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good solvent, high specific heat, ice has lower density than liquid water
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acids
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lower pH, donate H+ ions, more H+ ions
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bases
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higher pH, accept H+ ions, less H+ ions
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what does pH measure?
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H+ ion concentration
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organic compunds
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contain C and H always, sometimes O and N
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carbohydrates (sugars)
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monosacharides (glucose)
disacharides (sucrose) polysacharides (glycogen, cellulose, starch) high O:C ratio |
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lipids (fats)
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low ratio of O:C
long carbon chains with hydrogens doubles bonds between carbons phospholipids, steriods (cholesterol), triglicerides |
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what are the building blocks of proteins?
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amino acids (amine group and carboxyl group)
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what type of bond connects amino acids to form a protein?
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peptide bond
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how many amino acids are there?
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20 amino acids
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protein structure
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primary: amino acids
secondary: alpha helix or beta pleated cheat tertiary: winding, coil, large 3D structures quaternary: several proteins |
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what are enzymes?
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proteins that catalyze certain reactions
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
made of nucleotides: sugar, nitrogen base (A, C, T, G), and phosphate group complementary strands long and stable |
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RNA
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single strand
A, U, C, G can be destroyed |
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate
form of energy and a neuortransmitter |
