Anatomy Lab 1

Front 1

Innate Immunity

Back 1

Immunological defenses against pathogens a person is born with

Front 2

Adaptive immunity

Back 2

Specific recognition of invaders with a memory component

Front 3

Immunity

Back 3

Ability to ward off damage or disease through defenses

Front 4

Innate or nonspecific immunity

Back 4

No specific recognition of invaders, no memory component

Front 5

Functions of the lymphatic system

Back 5

Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, carry out immune responses

Front 6

Lymphatic vessels begin as

Back 6

lymphatic capillaries

Front 7

Lymphatic vessels unite to form ______ that resemble _______ but have _________

Back 7

larger lymphatic vessels; veins; thinner walls and more valves

Front 8

Lymphatic vessels pass through

Back 8

lymph nodes

Front 9

All lymphatic vessels unite to form

Back 9

lymph trunks

Front 10

Passes from lymph trunks to 2 main channels before draining into venous blood:

Back 10

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Front 11

More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than returns to them; the excess fluid drains in _______ and becomes _______

Back 11

lymphatic vessels; lymph

Front 12

One important function of lymphatic vessels is to return _________

Back 12

lost plasma proteins to the blood stream

Front 13

The flow of lymph contains _________ valves that use the same pumps that aid _________

Back 13

one-way; venous return

Front 14

Lymphatic tissues and organs are classified based on

Back 14

Function

Front 15

What are primary lymphatic organs?

Back 15

Sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent; red bone marrow and thymus

Front 16

What are secondary lymphatic organs?

Back 16

Sites where most immune response occurs; lymph nodes and spleen.

Front 17

Lymph enters a node through ______ lymphatic vessels

Back 17

Afferent

Front 18

Lymph nodes act as a filter by

Back 18

Trapping foreign substances and destroying them by macrophages or immune response to lymphocytes

Front 19

The largest single mass of lymphatic tissue is the

Back 19

spleen

Front 20

Hormones help regulate:

Back 20

Extracellular fluid, metabolism, contraction of muscles, and glandular secretion

Front 21

What are the endocrine glands and what do they do?

Back 21

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal. They secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Front 22

Some endocrine organs secrete hormones as a 2nd function :

Back 22

Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, kidneys, and liver

Front 23

The two master endocrine glands are the ______. Why are they master endocrine glands?

Back 23

hypothalamus and pituitary glands. Because their hormones control other endocrine glands

Front 24

Hypothalamus receives input from the

Back 24

Cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and internal organs

Front 25

Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by ______ and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of ______

Back 25

Thyrotroph cells; T3 and T4

Front 26

Luteinizing Hormone stimulates _______ in females and ________ in males

Back 26

The secretion of estrogen and secretion of progesterone; testosterone

Front 27

Prolactin produces

Back 27

Milk

Front 28

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone stimulates

Back 28

Cells of the adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids

Front 29

The posterior pituitary gland releases two neurotransmitters that enter capillaries:

Back 29

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Front 30

Antidiuretic hormone is also known as _______ and its functions are to ____

Back 30

Vasopressin; Decrease urine production, decrease sweating, and increase blood pressure

Front 31

A thyroid lobe is found on each side of the ______ and its blood supply is ________

Back 31

Trachea; rich

Front 32

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are called ______ cells and are responsible for ________

Back 32

Follicular; metabolic rate, synthesis of protein, breakdown of fats, and use of glucose for ATP production

Front 33

Calcitonin is produced by the ______, is known as a _______ cell, and is responsible for _______

Back 33

Thyroid; parafollicular; building of bone and stops reabsorption of bone

Front 34

The parathyroid glands are ___ pea-sized glands found_____

Back 34

4; on the back of the thyroid gland

Front 35

The parathyroid hormone functions to _______, the opposite function of ________

Back 35

Raise blood calcium levels; calcitonin

Front 36

The adrenal glands produce __ different types of hormones

Back 36

three

Front 37

In the adrenal glands, the _____ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 37

Medulla

Front 38

In the pancreatic islets, what are the four types of cells?

Back 38

Alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, and f cells

Front 39

In the pancreatic islets, alpha cells produce

Back 39

Glucagon

Front 40

In the pancreatic islets, beta cells produce

Back 40

Insulin

Front 41

In the pancreatic islets, delta cells produce

Back 41

somatostatin

Front 42

In the pancreatic islets, F cells produce

Back 42

pancreatic polypeptide

Front 43

The ovaries produce

Back 43

Estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

Front 44

Diabetes mellitus is marked by

Back 44

hyperglycemia

Front 45

Polyuria

Back 45

excessive urine

Front 46

polydipsia

Back 46

excessive thirst

Front 47

Polyphagia

Back 47

excessive eating

Front 48

Antibodies are

Back 48

proteins known as immunoglobulins