Anatomy Intro To Nervous System

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How are Neurons different from other cells

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1) Neurons have specialized extension called dendrites and axons.
Dentrites take towards Cell, Axons take message away

2) Nuerons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process

3)Nurons contain some specialized structures (synapses) and chemicals (neutron transmitter)

4) No Centrosomes

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Neurons

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nerve cells that transmit nerve singles to and from the brain up to 200 mph

consists of cell body (soma)
branches (dendrites- Signal receivers)
a projection (axon- conducts nerve signal)

has 1,000-10,000 synapses and it commuictes to 1k-10k neurons, muscle cells, glands)

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Axons

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axon terminals-transmit electrochem signal across a synapse
synapse- (gap btwn axon terminal and the receiving cell)
axon hillock- axon arises from soma
bundles of axons - nerves
In CnS bundles of axons- nerve tracts or pathways.

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Dendrites

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branch from cell body and receive messages

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Myelin

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coats and insulates axons (except for Nodes of Ranvier)
increasing transmission speed along axon.
manufactured by Schwann's cells (70-80 percent lipids and 20/30 percent protein)

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Schwann cells

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are only found in PNS (Cns is less regenerating)

outer membrane= neurilemma (helps regenerate axon if cut or injured )

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Differences btwn axons and dendrites

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axons- take messages away, while dendrites bring ti towards the cell body
-usually 1 axon per cell vs. dendrites many per cell

-axon has myelin- dendrites have no myelin insulation

-axons branch away from cell body.. dendrites brachh near cell body

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Glial or Neurological Cells:

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speciall connective tissue cells that help support and protect neurons

Front 9

Types of Glial cells (CNS)/ PNS

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1) Astrocytes- blood brian barrier

2)Oligodendrites- form myelin sheath round axons of CNS, hold nerve fibers together

3)Microglia: phagocyte cells that migrate through CNS remove foreign matter/ degenerated brain tissue

4)ependymal cells: epithelial cells that one brian, central canal of spinal cord, form CSF and helps in circulation

PNS: Schwann cells: form meylin sheaths around peripheral axons

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Classification of neuron based on structure

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unipolar or pseudounipolar: dendrite and axon emerging from same process

bipolar: axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of soma

multipolar: more than 2 dendrites

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Classification based on function of neuron

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Sensory or afferent neuron: dendrite
-transmit nerve impulses to spinal cord and brain from all over the body

-motor or efferent neuron : axons
carries impulses away from spinal cord and brain to muscles or glands

-interneuron or connecting neuron: transmits nerve impulses from one neuronal dendrite to axon of another neuron. all are found only in gray matter of brain or spinal cord

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based on myelination

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myelinated and unmyelinated
conduction of nerve impulse will be very much fast in myelinated fibers

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Other aspects associated with Neurons

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1)Receptors: beginnings of dendrites or sensory neurons, sensitive to touch, heat, pressure or vibration

2)Ganglion: group of nerve-cell bodies located in PNS

3)Effector: muscles or gland that motor neuron axons form a synapse with, they put the nerve impulse (signal )into effect

4)Nerve impulse (Action potential)
electrochemica charge

5)synapse: gap btwn anion of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron

6)

7) Reflex arcs:

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Reflex Arcs

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the anatomical route(s) which connect the components: the receptor(s) for the stimulus, the sensory neuron(s) transmitting afferent impulses to the CNS, the control/integration center(s) within the CNS, the motor neuron(s) transmitting efferent impulses away from the CNS, and the effector.

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Functions of the Nervous System

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1)control of the body
2)integration
3)communication

nervous vs. endocrine
one uses electrochemical signals that travel faster, the other uses hormone signals which travel slowly

both increase or decrease the activities of human body structures

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Divisions of the Nervous Sys

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Cns: Brain & spinal cord

nerve cell body== gray mater of brian
fiber tract systems (axons)= white matter

meninges: pia, dura, arachnoid mater

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Sulci vs. gyri

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one gyrus btwn 2 sulcus

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meninges:

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-Physical stability and shock absorption from the menages:

speicaliezd layer surround brian and spinal cord

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Meninges

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dura- 2 layers (large collecting veins and blood vessels in cap

arachonoid (CSF here):
subdural space separates dura and arachnoid
subarachnoid space- delicate web of collage and elastic fibers-CSF which is shock absorber and transport gases, chem messengers

pia mater: subarachnoid space its firmly attached to neural tissue, bv serving brain and spinal cord run firm here.
highly vascular and large vessels bran over surface of brain, supply neural cortex (superficial)

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Parts of the Brain:

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Here we go

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Forebrain (prosencephalon)

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cerebrum (telencephalon)

hypothalamus and thalamus (diencephalon)

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Telencephalon (cerebrum)

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cerebrum, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala

highly developed for higher parts

2/3 brain mass, has thin gray tissue (cerebral cortex)
right/left with carps callosum in middle has 4 lobes

4 lobes divided by prominent sulcus: frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

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telencephalon

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cerebrum
highly developed: learning, thinking, memory perception, language, interpratio,motor function, planning and organization & touch sensation

cerebral cortex

basal ganglia: deep within telecephaon
function: cognition, movement coordination, voluntary

amygdala & hippocampus: (LIMBIC system)
Amygdala: deep temporal love, medial to hypothalamus, adjacent to hippo camps
functions: arousal, autnomic responses ass with fear, emotional response & memory

Hippocampus: within temrpoal loves adjacent to amygdala
makes new memories, emotional responses & spatial orientation

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Diencephalon

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Thalumus: gray matter located superio to hypothalamus
functions: sensation by acting as a relay btnw sense organs and cerebral cortex
-assocites sensations with emotions
arounsal/alerting mechanism

hypothalamus: extreme importnace
metaibolism, ovarium function, hormonal, sleep, mood, blood pressure, third hear,t rate, mebaolsim,hydrate, feeling reflexes, pituarty gland regulaiton

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Midbrain * autonomic functions): Mesencephalon

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rostral of briansthem. btwn forebrian/hindbrain
midbrain plus hidbrain= brainstem
tectum: dorsal region, superior colliculi (visula) and ifnerio colliculi (auditory)

tegmentum: base of mesenchapalon

fucntions: control sight response, eyemovemnet, pupil dilation, body movement, hearing

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hindbrain: metancephalon

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pons & cerbellum
lcote below cerebrum nd hove medulla oblangta

pons:
functions: aorusal, contorla utnomic functins, relay sensory information btwn cerebrum and cerebellum
sleep

cerebellum: base of skull, above brainstem
finemovement coordination, balance and equilibrium , muslce tone

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hindbrain: & meyelencephalon

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medulla oblongata: inferior ot pons and anterior to cerebellum
-control autonomic functions: (digestin, heart rate, respiration rate)
relay of nerve sssignals btwn brian and spinal cord coordination of body movements

VASOMOTOR CENTER collections of cell bodies

cerebral cortex: sheet of neural tissue that is outermost of cerebrum of mammalian brian
key role: memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language and consciousness

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cerebral cortex

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is made up of cell bodies !!!