Intro

Front 1

Anatomical position

Back 1

standing upright, palm face upwards(supination), eyes opened, mouth closed, facing forward, arms to the side

Front 2

Planes

Back 2

sagittal, coronal/frontal, transverse/horizontal

Front 3

sagittal

Back 3

left and right halves (parasagittal – notdivided into equal halves vs. midsagittal divided into equal halves)

Front 4

Coronal/Frontal

Back 4

anterior (ventral) andposterior (dorsal)

Front 5

Transverse/Horizontal

Back 5

upper and lower halves(superior and inferior)

Front 6

Medial

Back 6

towards the midline

Front 7

Lateral

Back 7

away from the midline

Front 8

Anterior/ventral

Back 8

front

Front 9

Posterior/dorsal

Back 9

back

Front 10

Superior/cranial

Back 10

above (towards the head)

Front 11

inferior/caudal

Back 11

below (towards the "tail")

Front 12

superficial

Back 12

closer to the surface

Front 13

deep

Back 13

more internal

Front 14

proximal

Back 14

closer

Front 15

distal

Back 15

further away

Front 16

ipsolateral

Back 16

same side

Front 17

contralateral

Back 17

opposite sides

Front 18

abduction

Back 18

away from the midline

Front 19

adduction

Back 19

towards the midline

Front 20

flexion

Back 20

bend or flex

Front 21

extension

Back 21

straighten

Front 22

pronation

Back 22

palms down

Front 23

supination

Back 23

palms up (soup)

Front 24

circumduction

Back 24

circular motion

Front 25

opposition

Back 25

thumb to finger

Front 26

axial skeleton

Back 26

skull, neck, trunk/torso (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum)

Front 27

Appendicular

Back 27

Limbs + pectoral and Pelvic girdles (includesclavicle, scapula and pelvis)

Front 28

blood vessels

Back 28

arteries (blood from heart) and veins (blood to heart)

Front 29

Nervous system

Back 29

CNS and PNS

Front 30

CNS

Back 30

brain and spinal chord (everything within)

Front 31

PNS

Back 31

Everything external to the brain and spinal cord – spinalnerves, cranial nerves, ganglia etc

Front 32

Neuron

Back 32

smallest functional unit of the nervous system

I. Cell body (soma) – where info is integrated

II. Dendrites – receptor segments (receive info)III. Axons – projecting segments (send info)

IV. Synapses – where communication between two neurons

Front 33

Axosomatic

Back 33

synapse between axon of one neuron and cell bodyof another

Front 34

Axodendritic

Back 34

synapse between axon of one neuron and dendriteof another

(most common)

Front 35

Axoaxonal

Back 35

synapse between axons of two different neurons

Front 36

Nucleus

Back 36

collection of cell bodies within the CNS

Front 37

Tract

Back 37

collection of cell processes within the CNS

Front 38

ganglion

Back 38

collection of cell bodies within the PNS

Front 39

nerve

Back 39

collection of cell processes within the PNS

Front 40

afferent signals

Back 40

sensory from PNS towards the CNS

Front 41

efferent signals

Back 41

motor from the CNS to PNS

Front 42

Basic Neuron forms

Back 42

I. Multipolar neuron / bipolar neuron – is a long axonseperated from dendrites by a body (this is the motor neurons)

- A in picture

II. Pseudounipolar neuron – the dendrites and axons are notseperated by a cell body, it looks like one cell process but isactually two (this is our sensory)

***How can you remember this? M for motor and the S inpSeudounipolar for sensory.

Front 43

Branches of PNS

Back 43

Somatic: external environment and voluntary for exmoving muscles

Autonomic: internal environment and involuntaryex gland secretion

Front 44

Development of the Nervous system

Back 44

neural plate/ neural folds (edge of plate) --> neural tube --> neural crest cells (along length of tube)

neural tube --> somites (on either side of tube)

branchial arches (pharyngeal arches)

Front 45

neural crest cells

Back 45

(along length of tube) give rise to cranial, spinal, and autonomic ganglia

Front 46

somites

Back 46

(on either side of tube) give rise to vertebra, muscle mass, and spinal nerves

Front 47

branchial arches (pharyngeal arches)

Back 47

give rise to cranial nerves - each arch contains cartilage, cranialnerve, muscle, and artery.

Front 48

branchial arches and associated nerve

Back 48

I. innervated by CNV, trigeminal nerve (specifically the mandibular branch, V3)

- Gives rise to muscles of mastication

II. innervated byCN VII, facial nerve

-Gives rise to muscles of facial expression

III. innervated by CN IX, glossopharyngeal nerve.

- Gives rise to one muscle called the stylopharyngess

IV & VI. innervated by CNX, Vagus nerve

- Give rise to a number of muscles

V. Does not give rise to any muscles, is vestigial

Front 49

Dermatones

Back 49

areas of the skin that are supplied by the same spinalnerve. Spinal nerves innervate our body in stripes. (Dermatones allow oneto predict if there is nerve damage + what nerve is damage).