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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7.35-7.45
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What is the pH of blood?
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38 degrees C or 104 degrees F
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What is the temperature of blood?
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8%
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How much body weight does blood account for?
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5-6 L for males and 4-5 L for females
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What is the average volume of blood in the body?
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Transportation/Distribution, Regulation, and Protection
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What are the functions of blood?
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Formed Elements (erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes) and Plasma (water + dissolved solutes)
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What are the components of blood?
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Hematocrit
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What is the word for the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume?
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55% of whole blood
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What is the percentage of plasma in whole blood?
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<1%
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What is the percentage of leukocytes and platelets of whole blood?
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45%
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What is the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood?
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blood cell formation
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What is hematopoiesis?
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Hemocytoblasts (a type of stem cell)
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What type of cell gives rise to all formed elements in blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)?
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4-6 million per cubic mm (or hematocrit of 42% for females and 45% for males)
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What is the typical concentration of red blood cells?
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allows for transport of CO2
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What does carbonic anhydrase do?
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120 days
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What is the approximate lifespan of RBCs?
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4
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How many molecules of Oxygen can each molecule of hemoglobin carry?
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the formation of erythrocytes
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What is erythropoiesis?
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lack of oxygen
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What is hypoxia?
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it is hormonally controlled and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
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How is erythropoiesis controlled?
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in the Hb (65%), the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
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Where does the body store iron?
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They are engulfed by macrophages and the iron is salvaged from the breakdown of hemoglobin.
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What happens to aged and damaged red blood cells?
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5,000-9,000 per cubic mm
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What is the typical concentration of leukocytes?
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very short from a few hours to months depending on type
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What is the lifespan of WBCs like?
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WBC count over 11,000 per cubic mm and is a normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
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What is leukocytosis?
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ohne
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without (acc.)
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N=neutrophils
L=lymphocytes M=monocytes E=eosinophils B=basophils |
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas?
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Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debirs; very important in inflamation
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What is the primary function of neutrophils?
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help break down blood clots and kill parasites
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What is the primary function of eosinophils?
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synthesize and store histamine and heparin; other functions remain unclear
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What is the primary function of basophils?
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phagocytosis(typically as macrophages in tissues of the liver, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes)
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What is the primary function of monocytes?
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immune response
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What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
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granulocytes
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What is more abundant granulocytes or agranulocytes?
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Neutrophils (50-70%)
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What are the most abundant granulocytes?
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Lymphocytes (25-45%)
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What are the most abundant agranulocytes?
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interleukins (like IL-1, IL-2) and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs which are named for the WBC they stimulate like granulocyte-CSF)
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How is leukopoiesis stimulated?
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The production of leukocytes.
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What is leukopoiesis?
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to be able to move through capillary membrane into extracellular space
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What is diapedesis?
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the ability to form extensions that help the cell to move
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What is ameboid movement?
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to be attracted to certain chemicals, such as those released by damaged cells
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What does it mean to exhibit chemotaxis?
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Leukocytes
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Being phagocytic, capable of diapedesis, ameboid movement, and exhibiting chemotaxis are all special characteristics of what?
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250,000 per cubic mm
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What is the concentration of platelets in the blood?
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7-10 days
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How long do platelets remain functional?
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the balance of blood volume
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What is hemostasis?
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megakaryocytes
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What type of cell are platelets fragments of?
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vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation
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What three phases occur in rapid sequence during hemostasis?
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swift removal of clotting factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors
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What factors limit clot growth or formation?
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dissolution of a clot
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What is fibrinolysis?
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thrombus and emoblus
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What are examples of inappropriate clotting?
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a clot formed in an intact vessel and it is stationary
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What is a thrombus?
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a moving clot
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What is an embolus?
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a Thrombus or an Embolus
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What are Thromboembolytic conditions?
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a clot that develops and persisits in an unbroken blood vessel
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What is a Thrombus in a Thromboembolytic condition?
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a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
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What is an embolus in a Thromboembolytic condition?
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widespread clotting in intact blood vessels wherein residual blood cannot clot because we deplete platelets -blockage of blood flow and sever bleeding follow
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What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
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a complication of pregnancy or a resulf of septicemia or incompatible blood transfusions
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What are the most common causes of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
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condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient
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What is Thrombocytopenia?
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vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis, the inability to synthesize procoagulants by the liver
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What causes bleeding disorders?
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hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors causing prolonged bleeding (types include A, B, and C)
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What is Hemophilia?
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approximately 35 days at correcct temperature of 4 degrees C
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How long does donated blood last?
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A or B on the surface of RBCs meaning that person has type A or B blood-with type AB you have both and with type O you have none.
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What is a simple way to remember what antigens are?
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anti-A or anti-B also known as agglutinins--these are plasma antibodies
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What is a simple way to remember what antibodies are?
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antigens
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What are agglutinogens?
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antibodies (plasma)
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What are agglutinins?
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that you carry the D antigen
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What does it normally mean to be Rh+?
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a double-walled sac around the heart composed of a superficial fibrous pericardium and a deep two-layer serous pericardium (consisting of a parietal layer and a viceral layer which are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity)
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What is the pericardium?
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epicardium, myocardium, fibrous skeleton, and the endocardium
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What makes up the heart wall?
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the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
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What is the epicardium?
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cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart
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What is the myocardium?
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crisscrossing interlacing layer of connective tissue that provides structure of the heart
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What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
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endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface which provides a smooth layer on the inside of the heart
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What is the endocardium
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superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
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What main vessels empty into the right atrium?
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tricuspid orifice (and tricuspid valve)
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How does blood enter the right atrium?
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right and left superior pulmonary veins and right and left inferior pulmonary veins
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What main vessels empty into the left atrium?
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the depression contained on both sides of the interatrial septum that closes with the first breath after birth
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What is the fossa ovalis?
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the tricuspid valve
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What prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium?
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the pulmonary semilunar valve
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What prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle?
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the bicuspid/mitral valve
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What prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium?
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the aoritc semilunar valve
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What prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle?
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right and left pulmonary veins and superior and inferior vena cavae
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What main vessels return blood to the heart?
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Aorta and right and left pulmonary arteries
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What main vessels covey blood away from the heart?
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perforation in the aorta which upon occurance only allows for 10 seconds left of life
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What is aortic dissection?
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veins
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What carries blood to the heart?
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arteries
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What carries blood away from the heart?
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Tricuspid, Bicuspid/Mitral, Pulmonary, and Aortic
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What are the four valves found in the heart?
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contractile cells(99%) and autorythmic cells (1%)
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What are the 2 types of cardiac muscle cells?
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They are desmosomes with Gap Junctions that cause the myocardium to act as a single functional unit and they connect the cardiac cells.
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What are intercalated discs?
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cells that self ignite and intrinsically control the heart rate
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What are autorhythmic cells?
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influences from the nerves and hormones
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What has extrinsic effects on heart rate?
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1. sinoatrial node (SA)
2. Internodal pathway 3. Atrioventricular node (AV) 4. Atrioventricular bundle (or Bundle of His) 5. Right and left bundle branches 6. Purkinje fibers |
What are the 6 main groupings of autorhythmic cells?
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Intinsic controls= autorhytmic cells and extrinsic controls= nerve and hormonal influences
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What are the controls of the heart?
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the depolarization of the SA node
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What does the P wave correspond to?
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ventricular depolarization (and atrial repolarization is masked by the larger QRS complex)
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What does the QRS complex correspond to?
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ventricular repolarization
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What does the T wave correspond to?
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Primarily through the cardiac centers of the medulla oblongata (cardioacceleratory center and cardioinhibitory center)
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How does extrinsic control of the heart work?
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Tunica interna (aka tunica intima)
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What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
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Tunica media
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What is the middle layer of a blood vessel and is made up of smooth muscle with bands of elastic fibers (making it responsible for constricting or dialating blood vessels)?
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Tunica externa (aka tunica adventitia)
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What is the outermost layer of blood vessels that serve as the protective layer and are composed of collagen fibers with some elastic fibers intermixed?
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Lumen
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What is the open center where blood can pass through a vessel?
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Pulmonary
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What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
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Elastic arteries (those nearest the heart), muscular arteries (those that deliver blood to specific body organs), and arterioles (the smallest of the arteries that determine blood flow into the capillary beds)
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What are the types of arteries?
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The pulmonary vein
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What is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood?
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Aorta
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What is the largest artery?
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Vena Cavae (aka Great vein)
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What is the largest vein?
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Venules (formed when capillaries unite), medium-sized veins (comparable in size to muscular arteries), and large veins (aka capacitance vessels and blood reservoirs and contain venous valves to prevent backflow)
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What are the types of veins?
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force exerted against a liquid
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
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the pressure difference between the base of the ascending aorta and the entrance to the right atrium
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What is circulatory pressure?
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the resistance of the arterial system
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What is peripheral resistance?
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blood viscosity, blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter
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What are the major sources of resistance?
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in the aorta
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Where is systemic blood pressure the highest?
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arterioles because they are leading into the capillaries and can't have too high pressure or will burst capillaries
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Where does the steepest change in blood pressure occur and why?
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the highest blood pressure achieved, pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction
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What is systolic pressure?
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lowest level of arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle, lowest pressure achieved just before the next contraction
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What is diastolic pressure?
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the difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
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What is pulse pressure?
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Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
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What type of pressure propels the blood to the tissues?
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from 20 to 40 mm Hg
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What does capillary blood pressure range from?
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a cut vein has even blood flow whereas a cut artery flows in spurts
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How does a cut vein and a cut artery differ?
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Respiratory "pump" and muscular "pump"
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What two things aid in venous return?
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cardiac output (CO), peripheral resistance (PR), and blood volume
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What are the main factors influencing blood pressure?
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the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per contraction and you measure this by minutes
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What is stroke volume?
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baroreceptors
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What detects stretch on the blood vessels?
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Chemoreceptors
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What detects oxygen, pH, and carbon dioxide levels of blood?
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neural = reflex arcs and vasomotor center located in the medulla oblongata
chemical = hormones, and nitric oxide, alcohol, and inflammatory chemicals (such as histamine) |
What are the short term controls of blood pressure?
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blood flow
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What is the name for the volume of blood flowing trhough a vessel, and organ, or the entire circulation in a given period?
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blood pressure
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What is the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood?
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resistance
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What is the opposition to flow and is a measure of the maount of friction blood encounters as it passes trhough the vessels?
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