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565 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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With what type of lameness will a horse land on its foot or support weight?
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Supporting limb lameness
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What type of lameness is evident when limb is in motion?
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Swinging limb lameness
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What type of lameness is evident when limb is in motion and when itis supporting weight?
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Mixed lameness
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What type of lameness is caused in a sound limb from trying to protect a painfully lame limb?
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Complementary lameness
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What is the conformation of horse who's toes point towards each other when viewed from the front?
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"Pigeon-toed" or toe-in
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A "pigeon-toed" horse inititates movement by breaking over the _____ of the toe, paddling ______ and landing on the outside of the wall.
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Outside; wide
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What is the conformation of a horse who's toes point away from each other when viewed from the front?
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"Spaly-footed" or toe-out
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What type of motion accompanies pigeon-toed conformation? Toe-out confromation?
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Paddling - pigeon-toed;
Winging - toe-out |
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What is "winging" and "paddling"?
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- Winging (inward winging) = inward deviation
- Paddling (outward winging) = outward deviation of the foot while moving |
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In "winging" the foot breaks over on the ______ of the toe and makes and arch to the ______.
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Inside; inside
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What is the big problem with "winging"?
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Interference with ("clipping") the other thoracic limb
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What is lateral deviation of the carpal joints called?
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Carpus varus, "knocked knees", or knee-narrowed
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What is medial (outward) deviation of the carpal joints called?
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carpus valgus, "bow legs", or "bandy-legged"
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What do varus and valgus refer to in deformities of the limbs?
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Which way bones distal to joint deviate
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What is a club foot?
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Foot axis more than 60* ?(broken foot / pastern axis - foot angle > pastern axis)
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What is coon-footed (club foot)?
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Broken foot pastern axis:foot angle > pastern angle??
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What is a foot with an angle of less than 45*?
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Run under heel, low heel-long toe
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What is a foot with a lower quarter than the opposite quarter?
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Off-level foot (unlevel foot)
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What is a hoof imbalance with break down between the bulbs of the heels?
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Sheared heels
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In horse-shoeing, to insure the sensitive dermis (corium) is not invaded, a nail is driven into the hoof on the ______ of the white line.
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Outside (or just across)
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What is a common infection of the foot of horses?
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Subsolar abscess
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What is a drainage tract up the sensitive laminae and out the skin above the coronet, from an abscess of a crack in the white line?
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"Gravel"
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What is a common traumatic mechanical injury to the sole of the horse's foot?
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Bruise
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What is a bruise (contusion) of the angle of the sole?
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"Corn"
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What is a degenerative condition of the frog associated with filth, resulting in black, smelly, necrotic material?
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Thrush
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What kind of clinical finding is "sidebones" usually?
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Incidental with age; lameness if fracture
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What is chronic inflammation of the collateral cartilages of the hoof characterized by drainng tracts just proximal to the hoof?
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Quittor
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What 2 conditions have draining puss from above the coronet?
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Quittor and gravel
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What are dry feet with cracks in the hoof wall?
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Brittle feet
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What are breaks in the hoof wall starting from the ground surface of the coronary border?
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Hoof cracks or sand cracks
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List 3 types of hoof cracks.
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Toe, quarter, and heel cracks
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What are horse's feet with litle natural concavity to the sole called?
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Flat feet
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To what are flat footed horses prone?
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Sole bruises
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What is an abnormal narrowness to the foot, especially in the heel region?
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Contracted heels of foot
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What can cause contracted heels?
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Nonweight bearing on the heels
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What is a lameness due to chronic contracted heels?
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Hoof bound
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What are the normal or abnormal lines circumscribing the hoof wall?
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Hoof rings
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What should be periodically cleaned or "thrush" may develop?
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Collateral (paracuneal) grooves (sulci)
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Laminitis can cause the _____ epithelium and ______ dermis to become uncoupled.
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Laminar, laminar
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What is a common name used for laminitis of the horse's foot?
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Founder (clinical laminitis)
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What is inflammation of the laminae of the foot (feet) which can result in rings on the hoof and pedal rotation?
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Laminitis or "founder" (common term)
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What allows the DDF tendon to pull the toe of P3 down in founder?
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Uncoupling of the laminar epidermis and dermis due to laminitis
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What structure causes rotation of P3 during laminits?
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DDF
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What is a separation at the white line from the ground surface as a result of laminitis?
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"Seedy toe"
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Into what can "seedy toe" develop?
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"Gravel"
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What is "gravel"?
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Drainage tract above the coronet due to an abscess in the white line
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What is dropping of the sole to or past the ground surface of the foot?
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Dropped sole or "pumice foot"
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Why does chronic laminitis result in a dropped sole?
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Uncoupling of the dermal and epidermal laminae
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Where might puss appear from a puncture in the sole?
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From the sole or at the coronet
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What are the 3 areas of the ground surface of the foot that can have penetration wounds?
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- Area 1 - In front of the frog in sole
- Area 2 - Middle of the frog - Area 3 - Heels |
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What is the worst area of the foot for a puncture wound?
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Area 2 - Into the frog, can be disastrous
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If a nail has punctured the deep digital flexor what sign may be seen?
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Swelling of the digital sheath above the hoof
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How is a street nail procedure (surgery) done?
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Window in the frog and DDF to the navicular bursa
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What nerve block is used when dealing with a puncture wound the the foot?
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PD (palmar digital, heel) block if palmar; abaxial sesamoid nerve block for rest
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What is a common traumatic injury to the foot of horses?
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Puncture wounds of the sole
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What can puncture wounds of the foot lead?
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Subsolar abscesses
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On what does the severity of puncture wound depend?
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Location: outside of or into the frog
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Why is a puncture wound into the frog possibly disastrous?
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Navicular bursa, coffin joint or synovial sheath of the digital flexors located deep to it.
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What should be done if a nail is found in the ground surface of the foot? Why?
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Leave in place until radiographed if possible to see if in the joint or the navicular bursa
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What would a nail driven up the white line reach?
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Sensitive tissue
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What is navicular syndrome?
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Chronic, progressive, intermittent lameness due to problems of the navicular bone or bursa, coffing joint, DDF tendon &/or associated structures
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What is the #1 cause of intermittent lameness in the horse?
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Navicular syndrome
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What problem is estimated to cause 1/3 of all forelimb lamenesses?
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Navicular syndrome
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Navicular disease is more prevalent in which limbs?
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Forelimbs
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How can the pain of navicular disease be eliminated?
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Digital neurectomies (cutting the digital nerves)
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Where are the digital nerves cut in a digital neurectomy?
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Palmar side of the pastern region
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What ligament can be mistaken for the nerve during a palmar digital neurectomy?
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Ligament of the ergot
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Why must you not cut the dorsal branch of the digital nerves when doing a palmar digital neurectomy?
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Toe remains sensitive to prevent stumbling
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For what can the digital nerve be tragically mistaken in a palmar digital neurectomy?
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Digital artery
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What is bone deposition (swelling) at the extensor process of the P3?
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Buttress foot (pyramidal disease)
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What is demineralization of the coffin bone due to inflammation?
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Pedal osteitis
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What is ossification of collateral cartilages of the foot?
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Sidebones
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Are sidebones a cause of lameness?
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Usually not, unless broken
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What can cause pyramidal disease or buttress foot?
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Tears of the extensor tendon's attachment, fractures of the extensor process, low ringbone
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What is osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease of the DIP joint?
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Low ringbone
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Why don't you use a cast to treat P3 fractures?
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Already in Mother nature's cast (hoof)
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What is a defect in foals involving the flexor tendons?
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Flexural deformities or contracted tendons
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What joints can flexural deformities affect?
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Fetlock, coffin, carpus (least common)
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What surgical procedures are used to correct flexural deformities?
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Resecting SDF &/or DDF "check" ligaments
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What tendon causes fetlock flexural deformity?
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Mainly SDF, but possibly DDF also
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What conformation does fetlock flexural deformity cause?
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SDF pulls P1 & P2 into alignment with MtC
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What may be required in severe cases of flexural deformities?
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SDF tenotomy or suspensory ligament desmotomy
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What is a tenotomy? A desmotomy?
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Cutting a tendon or ligament, respectively
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What causes acquired flexural deformities?
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Not bearing weight on the limb due to pain
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What is wrong with a foal that looks like it is tiptoeing?
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Club foot (DDF)
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What is a club foot?
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Flexural deformity of DIP (coffin) joint
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What tendon is involved in a club foot?
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DDF (passes DIP)
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Where is the accessory ligament of the DDF reached surgically?
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Lateral side, midcannon region
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What is a salvage procedure for severe cases of club foot (>90*)?
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DDF tenotomy
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How are correctable cases of flexural deformities of the carpus treated?
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Physical therapy and splints to stretch
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What are "contracted tendons"?
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Flexural limb deformity, bones longer than flexor tendons
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What tendons are classically shortened to cause 2 flexural deformities of the digits?
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SDF: fetlock flexion / + DIP joint extension
DDF: club foot (flexion of coffin joint) |
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What is synovitis?
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Inflammation of joint usually without radiographic signs
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Differentiate synovitis from DJD.
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Synovitis has no osseous radiographic signs
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What is a sprain?
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Stretching or tearing of the support ligaments of a joint
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What is septic arthritis?
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Infection of a joint (bacterial, fungal or viral)
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What is inflammation of a joint?
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Synovitis
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Synovitis, common in the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints, can lead to what?
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DJD (osselets & low & high ringbone)
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What are partial and complete dislocations of a joint?
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Subluxation or luxation
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What is the most common site of subluxation or luxation in horses?
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Pastern
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What is infection of the digital flexor synovial sheath?
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Septic tenosynovitis
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What is the prognosis of septic tenosynovitis?
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Often a permanently debilitating injury
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What is bacterial infection of a joint?
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Septic arthritis
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What are high and low ringbone?
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Exostosis (enthesophytes) of pastern and coffin joints
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What nerve block will cause high ringbone to go sound?
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Abaxial sesamoid (palmar digital nn and dorsal branches)
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What surgical procedure can help high ringbone?
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Arthrodese (fuse) pastern
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What is periosteal bone deposition on the phalanges?
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Ringbone or osselets (fetlock)
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Where does ringbone occur?
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Near pastern and coffin joints
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List 2 common problems of the pastern area?
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Sprains, synovitis, high ringbone (DJD), pastern dermatitis, septic tenosynovitis, tendon laceration
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What is a common cause of ringbone?
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Cutting at high speed (western performance horse, polo)
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What type of injury is rupture of the distal sesamoidean ligaments?
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Catastrophic; disrupts suspensory apparatus of the fetlock
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What is a main concern with tendon laceration in the pastern area?
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Infection of synovial sheath in the area
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What is a common dermatitis of the pastern joint?
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Pastern dermatitis, scratches, grease heel.
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What is a common problem of racehorses associated with tearing of suspensory ligament's attachments?
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Sesamoiditis
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What 3 types of sesamoid fractures are common in racehorses?
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Apical, midbody or basilar
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Should you block out a suspected fracture of the "sesamoids"?
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No - take radiographs
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What radiographic views highlight the proximal sesamoid bones?
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Oblique views
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Why has an apical a better prognosis than the other types of proximal sesamoid fractures?
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Less disruption of suspensory lig.
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What results from a break in both sesamoids?
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Disruption of suspensory apparatus
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What are osselets?
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Exostosis (bone build up) of fetlock joint
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What is green or occult ring bone or osselets?
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Problem in digital joint without radiographic signs
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What causes chip fractures to the proximal dorsal ridge of P1?
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Hyperextension at end of race
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What are the most common fractures P1?
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Chip fractures of dorsal rim
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What is required for survival from a comminuted fracture of P1?
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Strut of bone spanning between joints
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What should you immediately do if an incomplete fracture of P1 is suspected?
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Radiograph, DON'T block and run!
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What is a comminuted fracture?
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Many pieces
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What is osteochondrosis (OC)?
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Defect in cartilage maturation
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What are the 2 common sites for osteochondrosis in the fetlock?
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Mc / Mt 3: sagittal ridge and distal palmar condyle
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What is villinodular synovitis?
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Proliferation of synovial membrane of joint capsule caused by chronic trauma
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How is villinodular synovitis diagnosed?
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Contrast study: filling defect
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Where do you palpate a distended palmar pouch of the fetlock?
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Between cannon, suspensory ligament and "sesamoids" while standing
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What are "windpuffs" or "wind galls"?
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Fluid in the fetlock joint or the digital flexor synovial sheath that doesn't cause lameness
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What angular deformity occurs to the fetlock?
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Fetlock varus
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When must fetlock varus, an angular limb deformity, be treated?
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Quickly - 1st month of life as physis of Mc 3 closes early
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What tendon commonly tears at or below the fetlock joint? What is it called?
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DDF; low bowed tendon (low bow)
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What is a swelling of a tendon constricted by the nonelastic annular ligament over the palmar fetlock?
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Constriction of the palmar annular ligament
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What is the treatment for constriction of the annular ligament?
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Desmotomy (sectioning) of ligament
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What will happen if any of the 3 components of the suspensory apparatus are disrupted?
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Sinking of fetlock
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List 5 common problems of the horse's fetlock.
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Osselets (DJD), sprains, wind puffs (synovitis, tenosynovitis), desmitis of suspensory lig. branches, lateral condylar fractures, proximal P1 fractures, rupture of suspensory apparatus, septic arthritis, sesamoid fractures, sesamoiditis.
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What is inflammation (periostitis) of the dorsal surface of the Mc3?
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"Bucked shins" (usually dorsomedial surface)
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At what age is bucked shins most common? Why?
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2 years of age, "too much too soon"
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What does "too much too soon" indicate?
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Hard training without conditioning
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What are "splints" in racehorses?
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Inflammation of interosseous ligament and bone buildup
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How do chronic splints appear radiographically?
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Fusion of the splint and cannon (no space) with excess bone
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What is often confused with the term "splints"?
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Splint bone or splint fracture
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What is a fracture of a splint bone?
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"Fractured splint" or fracture of Mc2 / Mt2 or Mc4 / Mt 4
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What is a swollen, torn tendon or suspensory ligament in the distal palmar limb?
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Bowed tendons
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What are possible medical terms for bowed tendons?
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Tendinitis, tenosynovitis or desmitis
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Where is a bowed tendon most common?
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Middle bow of the SDF in forelimb
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What 3 classification of bowed tendons, depending on location?
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Low, middle or high bow
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What 3 structures commonly "bow"?
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SDF, suspensory ligament and DDF
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What is strain and tearing of the suspensory ligament?
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Suspensory desmitis
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List 3 sites of suspensory desmitis in order of occurrence.
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Branches > body > origin (proximal)
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What is often the cause of desmitis of the body of the suspensory ligament?
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2* to "splints" or fractures of the splint bones
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What is the hardest of the 3 sites of suspensory desmitis to diagnose?
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Origin of the suspensory ligament
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What nerve block helps localize desmitis to the origin of the suspensory ligament?
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Block deep branch of the lateral palmar n.
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For what type of lameness is ultrasound especially useful?
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Bowed tendons & suspensory desmitis
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What is infection of a digital synovial sheath?
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Septic tenosynovitis
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Is septic tenosynovitis a serious problem?
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Yes, often leads to permanent debilitation
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Severance of what flexor tendon is indicated by the following deformity of the limb?
- Dropped fetlock, toe on ground? - Dropped fetlock, toe off ground? - Fetlock on ground, toe in air? |
- Dropped fetlock, toe on ground: SDF
- Dropped fetlock, toe off ground: DDF +/- SDF - Fetlock on ground, toe in air: SDF + DDF + Suspensory ligament |
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What is the #1 fracture of racehorses?
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Chip fractures of the carpus
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What causes chip fractures of carpus?
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Overextension at speed
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Where are chip fractures of carpus?
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Dorsomedial side
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What is the best radiographic view of chip fractures of carpus? Why?
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DLPMO; silhouettes dorsomedial side of carpus
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Do not confuse the _____ carpal bone on a radiograph for a carpal chip.
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1st
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What is the 2nd most common fracture of the carpus in racehorses?
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Slab fractures
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What are slab fractures of the carpus?
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Through both proximal and distal surfaces of a carpal bone
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To which carpal bones of racehorses are slab fractures most common?
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3rd carpal bone, followed by intermediate
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List 4 common clinical problems of the horse's carpus.
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Synovitis, angular limb deformities, chip fractures, hygroma, DJD, physitis, septic arthritis, slab fractures, soft tissue damage
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What are some names for capsulitis or synovitis (inflammation) of the carpus?
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Sore knee, carpitis, pooped knee, osteitis
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What is nonspecific carpal lameness?
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Lameness with no localizing signs except soundness on carpal joint blocks
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What is a rare condition causing compression of the neurovascular bundle in the carpal region?
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Carpal canal (tunnel) syndrome
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How is carpal canal syndrom treated?
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Cut flexor retinaculum
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What is a synovial swelling on the dorsal surface of the carpus caused by repeated trauma?
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Capped knee or carpal hygroma
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What are deviations of the bones distal to a joint?
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Valgus & varus, or angular limb deformities
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What can cause carpal valgus or varus deformities?
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Differential growth rates of distal physis of radius, deformities of carpus
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What is lateral deviation of the bones distal to a joint?
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Carpal valgus
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How is the direction of valgus or varus remembered?
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"L" in vaLgus for lateral deviation
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What is medial deviation of the bones distal to a joint?
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Carpal varus
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To what 2 joints are angular limb deformities most common in foals?
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Carpus > fetlock
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What problems does premature closure of the distal growth plate of the radius or ulna cause in horses?
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Deformities of bones distal to carpus & joint problems in elbow
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What results if opposite sides of the distal growth plate of the radius grow at different rates?
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Angular limb deformities
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How are angular limb deformities treated surgically?
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Periosteal stripping &/or physeal bridging
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How does physeal bridging correct angular limb deformities in foals?
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Stops growth on 1 side of the physis to allow the other side to catch up
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How is periosteal bridging done?
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Device (staple or 2 screws & a wire) on either side of the physis
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What must be done when physeal bridging has straightened a limb?
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Must be surgically removed or deviates the other way.
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What is periosteal stripping to correct angular limb deformities?
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Cutting of the periosteum on the slow growing side of the physis - speeding growth on opposite side to catch up.
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When is physeal bridging or periosteal stripping used for angular deformities?
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Depends on when the physis will close, if time: strip; if not: bridge or both
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How does periosteal transection / stripping correct deformities?
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Speeds up growth on one side
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List 2 problems of the forearm, elbow or arm.
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Capped elbow, humeral fractures, radial n. paralysis, ulnar fractures
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What is an inflammation of the subcutaneous olecranon bursa?
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Capped elbow, "shoe boil"
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What are other names for capped elbow?
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Shoe boil, olecranon bursitis, hygroma of elbow
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What causes a shoe boil?
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Repeated trauma (lying w/ elbow on shoe)
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What kind of prognosis is there for an olecranon fracture and why?
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Excellent for athletes because not weight bearing
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What can a fractured olecranon be mistaken for? Why?
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Radial nerve paralysis, dropped elbow
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What can cause a dropped elbow?
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Radial nerve paralysis or olecranon fractures
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What surgical principle is used when immobilizing an olecranon fracture?
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Tension band principle (screws and figure 8 wire)
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What is the prognosis for humeral fractures? Why?
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Guarded for foal, grave for adult - weight bearing
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What is a common nerve problem after recumbent surgery on a horse in a field?
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Radial &/or facial n. paralysis
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What is the prognonsis in radial nerve paralysis?
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Poor if severe, only guarded if mild
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What is inflammation of the intertubercular bursa?
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Bicipital bursitis, rare
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What will cause a horse to stand with the affected shoulder abducted?
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Bursitis of the infraspinatus bursa
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How common is shoulder lameness in horses?
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Relatively rare
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List 2 causes of shoulder lameness
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Soft tissue injury, OCD / subchondral bone cyst, fractures, Sweeney, bicipital bursitis, infraspinatus bursitis
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Name 2 conditions commonly misdiagnosed as shoulder problems?
|
High suspensory desmitis, navicular disease, synovitis of digital joints, elbow or carpal problems, splints
|
|
|
List 3 sites of OCD in horse in order of incidence.
|
Stifle (60%) > tarsus (15%) > fetlock (10%) = shoulder (10%)
|
|
|
What is fistulous withers?
|
Inflammation of the supraspinous bursa
|
|
|
What agent dangerous to man can cause fistulous withers?
|
Brucella abortus
|
|
|
Where can the pulse of the horse be felt in the thoracic limb?
|
Brachial and palmar digital aa.
|
|
|
Where can the brachial artery be palpated in the horse?
|
Through superficial pectoral m. just cranial to medial collateral ligament of elbow
|
|
|
Where can the palmar digital arteries be palpated in the horse?
|
As they cross the abaxial surface of proximal sesamoids
|
|
|
What is the placing of a needle into a vein in order to withdraw blood or inject a substance called?
|
Venipuncture
|
|
|
What is the most common site of venipuncture in large animals? In dogs?
|
Large animals: External jugular; cephalic
Dogs: External jugular |
|
|
Summarize the clinically significant branches of the brachial plexus?
|
- Radial (n.) paralysis: #1 ("high" radial: no weight bearing, "low" radial: knuckling over)
- Suprascapular: "Sweeney" - Brachial plexus avulsion: flaccid limb, dragged - Lateral thoracic: no cutaneous trunci reflex |
|
|
What are the only nerves of the thoracic limb that show any appreciable clinical signs if they are damaged?
|
Radial and Suprascapular nerves
|
|
|
What does injury of suprascapular nerve cause?
|
"Sweeney" or "shoulder slip"
|
|
|
What is first seen with suprascapular nerve damage?
|
"Shoulder slips" laterally with each stride (abduction of shoulder joint)
|
|
|
What eliminates the shoulder slip first seen with damage to the supraspinatus nerve?
|
Rapid atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles tightens joint
|
|
|
What is the classical sign of chronic Sweeney?
|
Prominent spine of the scapula
|
|
|
What is the most common and clinically significant nerve problem of the forelimb?
|
Radial (n.) paralysis
|
|
|
What causes inability to bear weight, dropped elbow, knuckling, insensitive lateral forearm?
|
High radial nerve damage
|
|
|
What causes the following signs: knuckling over, insensitive lateral forearm, but still maintains ability to bear weight?
|
Low radial nerve damage?
|
|
|
Why does dropped elbow develop in high radial nerve paralysis?
|
Lax triceps
|
|
|
What is a common cause of low radial nerve paralysis?
|
Recumbency on nerve (surgery)
|
|
|
What is the prognosis of radial nerve paralysis that develops during surgery?
|
Poor
|
|
|
What is the enlargement of the scapular spine in the horse and pig?
|
Spinal tuber (tuber spinae)
|
|
|
What is the scapular cartilage?
|
Broad, thin structure capping dorsal border of scapula
|
|
|
What forms the point of the shoulder in the horse?
|
Cranial part of greater tubercle (humerus)
|
|
|
What is between the lesser and greater tubercles of the horse's humerus?
|
Bicipital (intertubercular) groove and intermediate tuberosity
|
|
|
The intermediate tubercle fits into a depression of the ____ ____.
|
Bicipital tendon (biceps brachii)
|
|
|
How does the greater tubercle differ in the horse from the dog?
|
Divided into cranial and caudal parts
|
|
|
What happened to the styloid process of the ulna in the horse?
|
Distal ulna fuses with radius = lateral styloid process of radius
|
|
|
What are the grooves on the distal cranial end of the radius for?
|
Tendons of extensor muscles
|
|
|
All bones and joints distal to the carpus are similar to those distal to the _______ in the horse.
|
Tarsus
|
|
|
What are the common names for the small and large metacarpals?
|
Small = splints, large = cannon bone
|
|
|
What are the other names for the splint bones of horses?
|
Metacarpals 2 & 4
|
|
|
Which is the only metacarpal to articulate with the digit in horses?
|
Cannon bone (Mc3)
|
|
|
What does the only digit of the horse support?
|
Mc3 and thus body
|
|
|
What is the long pastern?
|
Proximal phalanx (P1)
|
|
|
What is the short pastern?
|
Middle phalanx (P2)
|
|
|
Where does the digital extensor tendon insert on the distal phalanx?
|
Extensor process
|
|
|
What is the surface of the pedal bone facing the ground?
|
Solar surface
|
|
|
What is the canal between the solar foramina for the terminal arch?
|
Solar canal
|
|
|
Between what 2 connective tissue structures are the proximal sesamoid bones located?
|
Suspensory lig. and distal sesamoidean ligg.
|
|
|
How does the navicular bone's location differ from other sesamoid bones?
|
Not embedded in a tendon
|
|
|
What surfaces and borders does the navicular bone?
|
Articular and flexor surfaces, proximal and distal borders
|
|
|
The horse's foot consists of the _____ and the structures it encloses.
|
Hoof
|
|
|
What type of tissue is the hoof?
|
Modified skin (integument)
|
|
|
What is another name for the dermis of the hoof?
|
Corium
|
|
|
List the parts of the foot of the horse inside the hoof?
|
P2 & 3, navicular bone, coffin joint, cartilages of hoof (ungual), liggs. and common / long digital extensor and DDF tendons
|
|
|
What is the visible part of the standing horse's hoof?
|
Wall (paries)
|
|
|
How thick are the walls of the hoof?
|
Thickes at toe, gradually thins toward heels
|
|
|
What is the dorsal part of the wall of the horse's hoof?
|
Toe
|
|
|
What are the medial and lateral wall parts of the horse's foot?
|
Quarters
|
|
|
What wall parts are on either side of the frog seen on the ground surface?
|
Bars
|
|
|
What is the soft horn a few millimeters thick adjacent to the coronet?
|
Periople
|
|
|
Why is the frog called the "heart of the horse's foot"?
|
Its compression forces blood out of foot back toward body
|
|
|
List 2 parts of the frog.
|
Apex, central sulcus, crura
|
|
|
What is the proximal part of hoof overlying the coronary corium sometimes called?
|
"Coronary band", coronary band is coronary corium
|
|
|
What bone is embedded in the hoof (coffin)?
|
Distal phalanx (coffin / pedal bone / P3) and navicular bone
|
|
|
What forms the coffin joint with the distal phalanx?
|
Middle phalanx / short pastern of P2
|
|
|
What redirects the direction of pull of the deep digital flexor tendon?
|
Distal sesamoid bone or "navicular" bone
|
|
|
What is the function of the navicular bursa?
|
Reduce friction between DDF & navicular bone
|
|
|
What is the articulation between P2 and P3 embedded in the hoof?
|
Distal interphalangeal (DIP / coffin) joint
|
|
|
What is the highly vascular and neural part of the integument of the foot?
|
Corium and dermis
|
|
|
List 2 functions of the corium of the foot?
|
Nourish hoof, attach hoof in place
|
|
|
Where does the horn of the hoof develop?
|
Layer of germinal epithelium over corium and around dermal (corial) pegs
|
|
|
How does the tubular horn of the hoof develop?
|
As epidermis around corial pegs grows out
|
|
|
From what does the intertubular horn of the hoof develop?
|
Germinal epithelium between corial papillae
|
|
|
What attaches the corium (dermis) to the periosteum of the distal phalanx?
|
Vascular subcutis
|
|
|
What is the thin band of dermis that is continuous proximally with the dermis of the skin?
|
Perioplic corium
|
|
|
Describe the perioplic corium
|
Thin band of dermis continuous with dermis of skin
|
|
|
What is the thick band of dermis just distal to the perioplic corium?
|
Coronary groove
|
|
|
What papillae provide the template for tubular and intertubular horn of the wall's bulk?
|
Coronary corium
|
|
|
What connects the corium's deep surface to the ligaments and cartilages of the distal phalanx?
|
Cornary cushion
|
|
|
What is the nonpigmented dermis suspending the distal phalanx's lateral and dorsal sides (parietal surface) to the hoof wall?
|
Laminar corium (sensitive laminae)
|
|
|
With what do the dermal laminae interdigitate?
|
Laminae of epidermis of hoof
|
|
|
What is the dermis underlying and nourishing the horny sole?
|
Corium of sole
|
|
|
What is the pigmented dermis under the horny frog?
|
Corium of frog.
|
|
|
What is the part of the integument overlying the dermis (corium) of the foot?
|
Epidermis or hoof
|
|
|
What are the layers of the hoof wall?
|
Outer (stratum tectorum / externum), middle (stratum medium) and inner (stratum internum, bears lamellae)
|
|
|
What happens continously to the cells fo the germinal epithelium of the hoof?
|
Divide and push away form dermis & harden to form hard hoof
|
|
|
From what does the periople arise?
|
Germinal epithelium on surface of perioplic corium
|
|
|
What does the peroplic corium nourish?
|
Thin, shiny, external layers of wall
|
|
|
Faults in conformation are not unsoundness in themselves (except sickle hock), but can _____ a horse to different unsoundness.
|
Predispose
|
|
|
Conformation should be evaluated while standing and __ _______.
|
In motion
|
|
|
At what gaits should conformation be evaluated?
|
Walking and trotting gaits
|
|
|
What points should a line pass through in a lateral view of a forelimb of good conformation?
|
Tubercle of scapular spine, center of elbow, carpus and fetlock and caudal to heels
|
|
|
Why is a sloping shoulder better than a straight shoulder?
|
Allows freer motion and thus less strides per distance and absorbs concussion better.
|
|
|
Why is a sloping shoulder better than a straight shoulder?
|
Allows freer motion and thus less strides per distance and absorbs concussion better
|
|
|
The angle of the shoulder should equal the angle of the _______.
|
Hoof-pastern (foot-pastern)
|
|
|
A straight shoulder is associated with a straight _____ angle.
|
Pastern
|
|
|
From the cranial view the distance between the feet should equal what other distance?
|
Between limbs as they arise from body.
|
|
|
The foot conformation is reflected in the conformation of the _______
|
Limb
|
|
|
What is the foot axis or hoof axis?
|
Line drawn through coffin joint parallel to dorsal surface of hoof wall (lateral view)
|
|
|
The foot (hoof) axis should be continuous and at the same angle as the _____ axis.
|
Pastern
|
|
|
What is a line drawn through the center of the pastern joint?
|
Pastern axis
|
|
|
The hoof-pastern axis should be ______ and the same angle as the angle of the _____ _____.
|
Straight; dorsal hoof wall
|
|
|
What is a broken foot-pastern axis?
|
Unequal angle of dorsal foot wall & slope of pastern
|
|
|
What relationship of the lengths of the toe and the heel will cause the foot axis angle to be less than the pastern axis?
|
Long toe - low heel
|
|
|
What relationship of the lengths of the toe and the heel will cause the hoof axis to be greater than the pastern axis/
|
Short toe - high heel
|
|
|
An imaginary line passing through the coffin, pastern and fetlock in the front view of a level foot should be at a _____ angle to an imaginary line across the ground surface (level foot),
|
Right
|
|
|
What does "stride" and "way of going" refer too?
|
How feet travel during motion
|
|
|
Where is the foot at is zenith during a normal stride?
|
As passes other limb
|
|
|
What is a normal appearance to the ground surface of a forefoot?
|
Round and wide at heels
|
|
|
What should be the normal appearance of the bars of the foot?
|
Well developed
|
|
|
The wall fo the foot should be thickest at the _____ and thin toward the _____
|
Toe, heels
|
|
|
Which (inside, outside) wall of the foot should be straighter?
|
Inside (medial) wall straighter
|
|
|
The angle of heel should equal the angle of the _____
|
Toe
|
|
|
How is the conformation of the hindfoot different than the forefoot?
|
More pointed, steeper foot axis (50*-55*)
|
|
|
How many heads does the brachiocephalicus have in the horse?
|
3 name for insertion (look up)
|
|
|
Describe the omotransversarius in the horse?
|
Fused to dorsocaudal side of the brachiocephalicus mm.
|
|
|
Why is the omotransversarius fused with the brachiocephalicus in the horse?
|
No acromion to attach to.
|
|
|
Where does the transverse part of the superficial pectoral muscle insert in the large animals and the cat?
|
Upper forearm (antebrachium) as wel as arm
|
|
|
What is the pectoral muscle over the cranial border of the supraspinatus muscle in the horse and goat?
|
Subclavius m.
|
|
|
What is another name fo the suspensory ligament?
|
Interosseous m.
|
|
|
What forms the jugular groove in the large animals?
|
Brachiocephalicus and sternocephalicus mm.
|
|
|
Since the horse has nothing that can misconstrued as a thumb, what is another name for the abductor pollicis longus muscle?
|
Oblique carpal extensor
|
|
|
What are the number of ligaments binding down the proxiaml sesamoid bones, counteracting the pull of the suspensory ligament?
|
Distal sesamoidean ligg.
|
|
|
What are the distal sesamoidean ligaments?
|
- Straight (Y)
- Oblique (V) - Cruciate (X) or X,Y,V ligg |
|
|
How does the stay apparatus allow standing for long times without fatigue?
|
Redirecting tension away from muscles over tendons, and ligaments to bones
|
|
|
Is the stay apparatus more efficient in the forelimb or hind limb?
|
Forelimb
|
|
|
What is the 1st step in figuring how the stay apparatus works?
|
Figure joints tendency when bearing weight
|
|
|
What action needs to be prevented by the stay apparatus for each of the following joints when bearing weight?
- Shoulder joint - Elbow joint - Carpus - Fetlock - Pastern - Coffin |
- Shoulder: Prevent flexion
- Elbow joint: Prevent flexion - Carpus: Prevent both flexion and extension - Fetlock: Prevent hyperextension - Pastern: Prevent hyperextension and buckling - Coffin: Prevent hyperflexion |
|
|
What connective tissue structure runs from the superglenoid tubercle down to insert on the radius crossing the shoulder joint?
|
Tendon through biceps brachii m.
|
|
|
What connects the tendon of the biceps brachii to the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle, bypassing the latter's muscle belly?
|
Lacertus fibrosis
|
|
|
The tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle crosses the carpus to insert on the ____ ____
|
Cannon bone
|
|
|
What is the stay apparatus function of the triceps brachii muscle?
|
Initiate by extending elbow to bear weight
|
|
|
Why does the placement of the collateral ligaments behind the break over axis prevent passive flexion of the elbow joint?
|
Must be stretched first before flexion.
|
|
|
What prevents hyperextension of the carpus at rest?
|
Block shape of carpal bone, palmar fibrocartilage and check ligg of SDF and DDF
|
|
|
What are the X,Y,V ligaments?
|
Distal sesamoidean ligaments: straight (Y), oblique (V), cruciate (X).
|
|
|
What prevents hyperextension of fetlock?
|
Suspensory apparatus, DDF and SDF and check ligg.
|
|
|
What are the deepest pair of distal sesamoidean ligaments attaching to the proximal end of the proximal phalanx (P1)?
|
Cruciate ligaments
|
|
|
What part of the biceps brachii is part of the horse's stay apparatus?
|
Fibrous band or internal tendon
|
|
|
What structures make a connective tissue continuum from the supraglenoid tuberosity to the metacarpal tuberosity past the carpus?
|
Tendon of biceps, lacertus fibrosis and tendon of extensor carpi radialis
|
|
|
What maintains the carpus in extension when the horse is standing?
|
Tendon of biceps, lacertus fibrosis and tendon of extensor carpi radialis.
|
|
|
What is the "pastern joint"?
|
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
|
|
|
What is the "coffin joint"?
|
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints
|
|
|
What is the fetlock joint?
|
Metacarpo / metatarsophalangeal joint (MP)
|
|
|
What bones make up the coffin joint?
|
P2, P3 and distal sesamoid (navicular) bone
|
|
|
What bones make up the "fetlock" / metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint?
|
Mc/Mt 3, P1 and palmar sesamoid bones
|
|
|
What is the extension of the joint capsule under the extensor tendon?
|
Dorsal pouch
|
|
|
What is the large outpocketing of the joint capusles on the palmar aspect of the fetlock and pastern?
|
Palmar pouch
|
|
|
What is the function of the distal sesamoidean ligaments?
|
Anchor "sesamoids", counteracting pull of suspensory lig.
|
|
|
What role do the distal sesamoidean ligaments play?
|
Suspensory apparatus and stay apparatus
|
|
|
Where do the extensor branches of the suspensory ligament attach?
|
Extensor tendon on dorsal digit
|
|
|
Give the name (common and NAV) and insertion of the distal sesamoidean ligaments.
|
Straight sesamoidean (Y) lig.: to P2
Oblique sesmaoidean (V) lig.: to distal P1 Cruciate sesamoidean (X) ligg.: prox. P1 Short sesamoidean Collateral sesamoidean |
|
|
What suspend the abaxial sides of the navicular bone to the phalanges?
|
Collateral (suspensory) ligg. of navicular
|
|
|
What connects the distal sesamoid bone to P3?
|
Distal sesamoidean (impar) lig.
|
|
|
What does the navicular bursa protect the DDF tendon from?
|
Navicular bone
|
|
|
What encases the SDF and DDF tendons in the digital areas?
|
Common digital synovial sheath
|
|
|
What is the manica flexoria?
|
SDF tendon at fetlock froms a sheath for DDF to pass through
|
|
|
Where does the DDF become superficial to the SDF?
|
Fetlock as it passes through manica flexoria
|
|
|
What allows the DDF to attach distally to SDF?
|
Manica flexoria
|
|
|
What are the shiny, ring-like ligaments holding the digital flexor tendons against the palmar side of the digits?
|
Proximal and distal digital annular ligg.
|
|
|
With what is the term volar synonymous?
|
Palmar
|
|
|
WHat is the joint between the radius and the proximal carpal bones?
|
"Radiocarpal" or antebrachiocarpal joint
|
|
|
What joint between the proximal and distal row of carpal bones?
|
Middle carpal
|
|
|
Which joint of the carpus communicate?
|
Middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints
|
|
|
What joint is between the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones?
|
Carpometacarpal joint
|
|
|
What is any joint between individual carpal bones?
|
Intercarpal joint
|
|
|
What bones make up the antebrachiocarpal in the horse?
|
Radius and proxiaml row of carpal bones thus "radiocarpal" joint.
|
|
|
Do the horse and ox have a proximal radioulnar joint?
|
No, bones fused
|
|
|
Where are the collateral ligaments of the elbow located in the horse?
|
Caudal to break over point of joint
|
|
|
What causes the elbow joint of a horse to be called a "snap" joint?
|
Collateral ligg. "behind" (caudal to) break over point of joint
|
|
|
What are the branches of the median artery in the horse?
|
Proximal radial, radial and palmar branch
|
|
|
What forms the deep palmar arch?
|
Radial and palmar branches of median a.
|
|
|
What arises from the deep palmar arch?
|
Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal aa.
|
|
|
Where are the palmar metacarpal arteries located?
|
Next to metacarpal bones, deep to flexor tendons.
|
|
|
How does the medial palmar artery terminate?
|
Divides just proximal to fetlock into medial and lateral digital arteries.
|
|
|
What is the common names for medial and lateral proper digital arteries in the horse?
|
Medial and lateral digital arteries
|
|
|
Describe the distribution (branches) of the medial and lateral digital arteries?
|
Numerous dorsal and palmar branches, end as terminal arch
|
|
|
Compare the lateral and medial palmar artery in the horse?
|
Lateral palmar smaller
|
|
|
What are the 2 main arteries in the cannon region of the horse?
|
Medial (large) and lateral (small) palmar arteries
|
|
|
Where are the medial and lateral palmar arteries located?
|
Side of flexor tendons in metacarpus
|
|
|
Describe the location of "medial" and "lateral digital arteries".
|
Sides of digital flexors between digital v. and nerve (VAN)
|
|
|
What is the main arterial supply to the digit of the horse?
|
Medial palmar via med. and lateral digital aa.
|
|
|
What do the medial and lateral digital arteries terminate as?
|
Terminal arch.
|
|
|
What are teh 2 sets of veins of the thoracic limb in all species?
|
Superficial and deep vv.
|
|
|
What connects the superficial cephalic vein and the deeply located brachial veins over the flexor surface of the elbow?
|
Median cubital v.
|
|
|
How does the anastomoses of the cephalic and accessory cephalic vein of the horse compare to the dog and ox?
|
More proximally, near cubital joint
|
|
|
What superficial cervical lymphocenter is present in all species?
|
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
|
|
|
Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes located?
|
Cranial to shoulder under superficial neck mm.
|
|
|
What do the superficial cervical lymph nodes drain?
|
Superficial neck, dorsal thorax and proximal forelimb
|
|
|
How does the distribution of the horse's brachial plexus compare to the other domestic species?
|
Roughly the same except to digits
|
|
|
What are the roots of the suprascapular nerve?
|
C6-7
|
|
|
What are the roots of the radial nerve?
|
C7-T1
|
|
|
Describe the median nerve in the horse's arm.
|
Not joined to ulnar but to musculocutaneous
|
|
|
`What does the musculocutaneous nerve end at distal end of arm?
|
Divides into a branch to brachialis and medial cutaneous antebrachial n.
|
|
|
Describe the musculocutaneous nerve in the axilla of ungulates?
|
Loops around axillary a. to join median n. forming one structure
|
|
|
Describe the musculocutaneous nerve in the arm of ungulates?
|
Proximal and distal muscular branches arise from fused median and musculocutaneous.
|
|
|
Where is the medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve be palpated in the horse?
|
Where crosses lacertus fibrosis
|
|
|
What is the motor innervation to the flexors of the carpus and digits?
|
Median and ulnar nerves
|
|
|
What is sensory to the palmar surface of the manus and the dorsal surface of the digit and foot?
|
Median and ulnar nerves
|
|
|
What nerves travel down either side of the flexor tendons in the metacarpus?
|
Medial and lateral palmar nn.
|
|
|
What forms the lateral palmar nerve?
|
Palmar branch of ulnar n. + median n.
|
|
|
Where do the median and ulnar nerve bifurcate to form the palmar nerves and the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve?
|
Medial: median n. fibers
Lateral: median and ulnar nn. fibers |
|
|
Medial and lateral palmar nerves arise above the carpus and at the fetlock give off ____ ____ and continues as the _____ ____ nerves.
|
Dorsal branches, med. and lat. palmar digital
|
|
|
Describe the course of the palmar digital nerves and arteries?
|
Abaxial to "sesamoid", then on sides of flexor tendons under lig. of ergot
|
|
|
What do the medial and lateral digital nerves innervate?
|
Heel region of foot, including navicular area
|
|
|
What innervate the toe region of the foot of the horse?
|
Dorsal branches of digial nn.
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What are the direct continuation of the palmar nerves?
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Medial and lateral palmar digital nn.
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What do the palmar digital vein, artery and nerve form in the digit?
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Triad or neurovascular bundle
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Describe the course of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve?
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Emerges between extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris tendons, pass lateral to accessory carpal and manus down to fetlock
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How does the medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve differ in the horse from other domestic species?
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Passes carpus to exstend to fetlock
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What is the cutaneous branch of the musculocutaneous nerve?
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Medial cutaneous antebrachial n.
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What nerve dives deep to the suspensory ligament in the proximal metatarsus?
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Deep branch of lateral palmar n.
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How does the deep branch of the lateral palmar nerve terminate?
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Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn.
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Where are the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves?
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Deep in junctions of splint and cannon bones.
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Which palmar nerve is entirely median fibers and which is mixed ulnar and median fibers?
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Medial palmar: median
Lateral palmar: ulnar and median |
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What are the 2 distal branches of the ulnar nerve?
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Dorsal and palmar branches of ulnar
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What does the ulnar nerve divide into just proximal to the carpus?
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Dorsal and palmar branches
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The "deep ulnar" or deep branch of the lateral palmar nerve arises from the ____ ____ nerve.
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Lateral palmar n.
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Where does the horse's superficial branch of the radial nerve end?
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Above the carpus
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What is "plaiting"?
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Placing of forefoot directly in front of the other
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What is backwards (palmar) deviation of the carpal joints called?
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"Calf or sheep knees"
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What is forward (dorsal) deviation of the carpal joints called?
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"Bucked knees" or "Knee sprung"
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Would "knocked knees" be carups varus or carpus valgus?
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Carpus valgus
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Which way do the bones distal to the joint effected deviate in valgus and varus deformities?
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VaLgus - lat.
Varus - med |
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What is claudication?
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Lameness
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How does a coon-footed conformation affect the structures of the limb?
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Stresses flexor tendons, sesamoid bones and distal sesamoid ligg.
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How is coon-footed conformation treated?
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Trim heel to straighten foot pastern axis
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What is a contracted foot pinching the P3 causing lameness?
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"Hoof bound"
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What is a term for a dry hoof due to atmospheric and soil dryness?
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Brittle feet
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What is a draining tract up the sensitive laminae and out the skin above the coronet from an abscess of a crack in the white line?
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"Gravel"
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What are 4 considerations in sole penetration?
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Site, Direction, Depth, Duration
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Where will the infection be trapped in a puncture wound of the sole in front of the frog (area 1)?
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Between sole and P3
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How would you flush the navicular bursa in street nail disease?
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Needle between bulbs of heel
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How much problem is a puncture wound to area 3 (heels)?
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Not much because it goes into digital cushion
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What is the worst location for a puncture wound to the foot?
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Into the frog, can be disastrously
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What can be invaded with puncture wound to area 2 of the foot?
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Navicular bursa, DDF and coffin joint
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What is a common lameness of the distal sesamoid bone and/or the deep digital tendon passing over it?
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"Navicular" disease
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Describe the lameness caused by navicular syndrome?
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Chronic, progressive, intermittent
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Where is the incision for a palmar digital neurectomy performed?
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Midway between coronary band and fetlock
- dors. edge of SDF tendon |
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When doing a palmar digital neurectomy, which nerve do you cut and which don't you cut?
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Cut - palmar digital nerve
Don't - its dorsal branch |
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Why can the digital artery be mistaken for the digital nerve in a palmar digital neurectomy?
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Tourniquet makes both white
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What is bone deposition around the distal interphalangeal joint?
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Low ringbone
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What is foot swelling at the dorsal coronary band called?
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Buttress or pyramidal disease
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List the 3 of six classifications of P3 fractures
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- Nonarticular oblique palmar process
- Oblique palmar fractures into coffin joint - Midsagittal - Extensor process - Comminuted - Chip |
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On which sides of the left and right P3 would you expect to see oblique palmar fractures on American race horses?
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Lt. - lateral
Rt. - medial |
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Is a midsagittal fractures of P3 more common in the fore or hind limb? Why?
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Hind - kicking stall
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What clinical sign are expect 4 hours after an articular fracture of P3?
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Increased digital pulse
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What is required to diagnose a P3 fracture?
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Radiographs
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What kind of shoes are used for P3 fractures?
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Bar shoes with 1/4 clips
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If extensor process fractures of P3 are due to trauma what happens?
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Extensor tendon avulses process
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Why is it hard to get a caudal eminence fracture of P2 reduced?
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Pull of SDF
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Can you arthrodese the coffin joint?
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No
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What is a swelling of the dorsal coronet due to tears of the extensor tendon's attachment, extensor process fractures, or to low ringbone?
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Buttress foot, pyramidal disease
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Why is flexural deformities a better name than contracted tendons?
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Because tendons can't contract
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How is a mild case of flexural deformities treated?
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Conservative trimming feet and exercise to stretch ligaments may be enough
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Where does the SDF tendon attach?
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Either side of pastern joint
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What may be necessary to treat moderate cases of flexural deformities?
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SDF +/- DDF check lig. desmotomy
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When is suspensory ligament desmotomy performed in a flexural deformity?
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As a salvage procedure only
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To what does suspensory ligament desmotomy predispose a horse?
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PIP luxation (straight sesamoidean lig)
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Give 2 causes of nonweight bearing leading to flexural deformities?
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OCD, hoof infection, septic arthritis, soft tissue wounds, OCD, physitis
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What results when the DDF tendon is shortened to cause a club foot?
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Pulls toe back
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What treatment may be required in moderate cases of club foot?
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Distal (DDF) check ligament desmotomy
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How do you ensure that the scalpel cut inferior check ligament is completely severed?
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Extend foot
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When (type exercise) is lameness due to ring bone more apparent?
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When cutting (barrel racers)
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Would a horse with low ringbone go sound with a digital nerve block?
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No, may improve because palmar / plantar aspect of coffin blocked but not dorsal
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Would a horse with high ringbone go sound with an abaxial sesamoid nerve block?
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Yes, blocks digital and their dorsal branches
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What must be avoided when putting lag screws between P1 and P2 to arthrodese the pastern joint?
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Going through P2 into DDF, coffin joint or navicular bursa
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What is bone disposition around the proximal interphalangeal joint?
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High ringbone
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What is done for fractures of P2 that go through the pastern joint?
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Lag screw and arthrodese pastern joint
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List an uncommon problem of the pastern joint.
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Desmitis of distal sesamoidean ligg., middle phalanx fxs, rupture of distal sesamoidean ligg.
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What are the most common fratrues of the proximal sesamoid bone? Which have the best prognosis?
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Apical fractures, also apical
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What type of injury are fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones?
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Traumatic racing injury
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How is a horse transport with suspected proximal sesamoid fracture?
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Board splint fetlock in extreme flexion
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How much of the proximal sesamoid bones can be remove and why?
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Up to a 1/3, still some suspensory lig.
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How is a horse manipulated when palpating the palmar pouch?
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Standing on limb, if flex it will disappear
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What sign indicates a proxiaml sesamoid bone fracture involving the joint?
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Swelling of fetlock joint, hemorrhage in joint.
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What is cut to open the fetlock up more in a palmar approach?
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Collateral sesamoidean lig.
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When would you expect a fetlock injury to a racing horse?
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End of race - supporting structures fatigued.
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What can the cruciate ligaments avulse?
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Proximal palmar eminences of P1
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How is an avulsed proximal palmar eminence fracture of the proximal phalanx (P1) reached?
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Through palmar pouch
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What may be seen on plain film radiography of villindolular synovitis?
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Indent of dorsal, distal cannon
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What does osselets mean?
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Little bone
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What is the term for ringbone around the fetlock?
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Osselets
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What horses are prone to osselets or ring bone?
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Cutting & polo horses
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Around which limbs can ring bone occur?
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Any
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When must fetlock varus be treated? Why?
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1st month of life before physis closes
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What can be mistaken for distention of the palmar pouch of the fetlock joint, both of which can be called windpuffs?
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Distention of digital flexor sheath at fetlock.
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Give 2 conditions that predisposes the fetlock to injury?
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Heavy loading, lack of fitness
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What causes chip fractures of P1?
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Overextension when fatigued
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How are chip fractures of the proximal dorsal lip of P1 treated?
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Arthroscopic removal & rest in support bandages
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What problems are seen in the area where the 2 curvatures of the distal end of the cannon bones meet?
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OCD
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How do you diagnose OCD on the sagittal ridge of the cannon bone?
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Flexed lateral radiograph with hot light
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Where is villinodular synovitis seen in the fetlock joint?
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Dorsal proximal usually, maybe palmar
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WHat helps diagnose a possible incomplete fracture of P1?
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Swelling of palmar pouch of fetlock & hemorrhage in joint - NOT nerve blocks
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Why is a suspected incomplete fracture of P1 radiographed before blocking?
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Exercise might make it complete
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What is a "bucked shin"?
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Inflammation (periostitis) of dorsal Mc3
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What is the usual cause of bowed tendons in the horse?
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Racing stress
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What is the common name for tenosynovitis?
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Bowed tendons
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How is the agreed upon treatment for bowed tendons?
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No agreement on treatment
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What is healing of bowed tendons monitored?
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Ultrasound
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Where in the SDF does bowed tendons most commonly occur?
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Middle of metacarpus
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Where is a low bow located?
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At or below fetlock
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What tendon is usually involved in a low bow?
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Deep digital flexor
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What is the most common site of suspensory desmitis?
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Suspensory branches (attach to "sesamoids")
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What is the least common site of suspensory desmitis?
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Origin of suspensory ligaments
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What is the use of sound waves to image internal body parts?
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Ultrasound
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What is a common digitial extensory problem may be part of a congenital complex with flexural deformities?
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Rupture of common digital extensor
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What is seen physically with rupture of the common digital extensor?
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Swelling over dorsolateral carpus
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What can trauma to the synovial sheaths of the extensor tendons crossing the carpus result?
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Extensor tenosynovitis: uncommon
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Where is the periosteum incision in a periosteal transection?
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Over metaphysis
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What type of incision is made in hemicircumferential periosteal transection?
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Inverted T shaped into periosteum
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What is done to the periosteum after it is cut with an inverted T shaped periosteal transection incision?
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Elevate the 2 periosteal flaps
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How is a hemicircumferential periosteal transection operation closed?
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Routinely close subQ and skin and apply a padded bandage
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In what species is Sweeney commonly seen?
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Horse
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Where may the suprascapular nerve be damaged?
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As it crosses the neck of the scapula
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When was Sweeney more common?
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When plow horses wore collars (pressed on nerve as it crosses scapula)
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What is another cause of Sweeney besides plow horse collar trauma?
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Stumbling with limb stretched back
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Why does suprascapular nerve damage cause shoulder slip at first?
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Loss of lateral stabilizers of shoulder (infraspinatus & supraspinatus mm)
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What are the signs of low radial nerve damage?
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Knuckling, insensitive lateral forearm, Can bear weight
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What causes inability to bear weight, drooped elbow, knuckling, insensitive lateral forearm?
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High radial nerve damage
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What are used to locate the site of pain when diagnosing lameness in horses?
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Nerve blocks & intrasynovial anaesthesia
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If another limb is also affected to a lesser degree, what will blocking the worse limb result?
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Other limb to appear lame
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What is a line block?
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Laying down anesthetic in a line
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What is a ring or field block?
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Laying a line of anesthetic that rings the limb
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What is the perineural anesthesia?
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Point block, blocking a specific n. directly at 1 site
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Why are nerve blocks done bilaterally?
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Pain doesn't know where the midline is
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Where is the lameness if 2 or more blocks are required for the horse to go sound?
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Problem between the last 2 blocks
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What does and doesn't cause soundness by nerve blocks tell you?
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Location of source of lameness, not a definitive diagnosis
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What are used to anaesthetize an area for a short surgery or for diagnosing lameness?
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Nerve blocks
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What is infiltration of a specific nerve to locate a potential source of unsoundness (pain)?
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Diagnostic nerve blocking
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When performing nerve blocks, infuse anaethetic as close as possible to specific nerves to produce a ______ ____ of anaesthesia.
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Limited field
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What nerve block anesthetises the toe area of the foot?
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"Toe block" or dorsal branch of digital nn.
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What structures are anesthetized with a toe block?
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Most of laminar corium (laminitis), front of coffin bone, extensor tendons
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How is a "toe" block done?
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Ring block around the dorsal aspect at pastern cranial to site of "heel" block
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Are toe blocks commonly done?
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No, abaxial sesamoid block usually follows heel block
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When is an abaxial sesamoid block done and what area does it evaluate?
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After heel or toe block if still lame; pastern joint and structures distally
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How is an abaxial sesamoidean block different than a combined "heel" and "toe" block?
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Same nn. blocked but at level of fetlock instead of pastern so blocks pastern
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Why is the abaxial sesamoidean block done just distal to where the nerves can be palpated?
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Prevents anesthetic from reaching fetlock
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How many nerves are blocked with the low palmar nerve block?
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4 to 6 nerves at 4 sites
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What nerves emerge from beneath the buttons of the splints?
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Med. and lat. palm. metacarpal nn.
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How is the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve blocked in a fetlock block?
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Line block as pull out from lateral palmar metacarpal n.
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How is the medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve (musculocutaneous) blocked when doing a 4 point fetlock block?
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Line block as pull out from doing medial palmar metacarpal n.
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It is critical to stay in the ____ when blocking the palmar nerves in a 4 point block, so you don't inject into the ____ _____
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SubQ; tendon sheath
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Where are the communicating branch between medial and lateral palmar nerve be palpated?
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Palmar side of SDF in mid cannon region
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What area does the medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve innervate?
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Skin on medial limb to fetlock
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How many nerves are blocked with the low plantar nerve block?
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8
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How are the dorsal metatarsal nerves blocked in a low plantar nerve block?
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1/2 ring block around dorsal cannon to get cutaneous brs. (Caudal cutaneous sural and saphenous)
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What blocks the palmar metacarpal nerves deep to the flexor tendons on the palmar side of the metacarpus?
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High metacarpal block
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What does a high palmar and metacarpal nerve blocks anesthetize?
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Structures in metacarpal region
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Why are blocks in the mid cannon region not done?
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Communicating br. between med. and lateral palmar nn.
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Where can the communicating branch be palpated?
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Palmar side of SDF in mid cannon region
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What block can be done to anesthetize the metacarpal structures?
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High palmar and high metacarpal blocks
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What nerves are blocked in a high palmar nerve block?
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Medial and lateral palmar nn on sides of flexor tendons
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What is the location of the navicular bursa?
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Between navicular bone and DDF tendon
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What clinical entity is associated with the navicular bone?
|
Navicular disease
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What is an alternate to the bulb of the heals approach to the navicular bursa?
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Needle in above the lateral cartilages, angle toward opposite heel w/ radiographic control
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Fetlock dorsal pouch block: ______ the fetlock and insert needle laterally and under digital _______ _____ and pass obliquely into pouch.
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Flex, extensor tendon
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To access the dorsal pouch of the pastern joint, flex the pastern and insert needle proximal to joint and _____ ___ and under extensor tendons.
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Lateral to
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To inject the dorsal pouch of the coffin joint, insert needle just above the _____ down lateral to and under the extensor tendons
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Coronet
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The pastern and coffin can only be accessed____.
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Dorsally
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Which joint of the carpus communicate?
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Middle and carpometacarpal joints
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Why is access to the joint spaces of the carpus limited in the standing animal?
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Cube shaped carpal bones, so flex
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What is the joint between the radius and the proximal carpal bones?
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"Radiocarpal" or antebrachiocarpal joint
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What are the 2 approaches to the antebrachiocarpal joint?
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Dorsal and palmarolateral pouch
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What are the boundaries of the palmarolateral approach to the antebrachiocarpal joint?
|
Accessory carpal bone - distal
Tendon of lateral ulnar m. to Mc 4 - caudal Radius - dorsal |
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What are the approaches to elbow injection?
|
Lateral and caudolateral approaches
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What are the boundaries of the caudolateral approach to the elbow?
|
- Lateral epicondyle
- Olecranon - Lateral digital extensor |
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Where is the needle inserted in a caudolateral approach to the elbow?
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Into soft spot between olecranon and lateral epicondyle
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Where is the needle inserted to access the bicipital bursa?
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At level of deltoid tuberosity
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How is the bicipital bursa reached once the needle is inserted into the skin at the level of the deltoid tuberosity?
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Needle up (proximally) on cranial surface of humerus.
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