Anatomy I - Pelvic Limb Radiology / Clinical

Front 1

Why can the acetabular rim be mistaken for a chip in a radiograph?

Back 1

Because it is an accessory ossification area.

Front 2

What is a normal remnant of the closed physis?

Back 2

Physeal scar.

Front 3

How does the fovea capitis of the femur appear in radiographs?

Back 3

Normal flattening of the femoral head

Front 4

How is a dog placed for a hip dysplasia view?

Back 4

Place in dorsal recumbency with the limbs pulled caudally and rotated slightly medially to place the feumrs parallel to each other, the patellas (or patellae) centered in the trochlea of the femur. Superimpose the femur and the ischiatic tuberosity similarly on both sides.

Front 5

What bones should the hip dysplasia VD view include?

Back 5

From below the stifle to just above the hip bones.

Front 6

How must the pelvis be place in a hip dysplasia view? Why?

Back 6

Must be level (no rotation), Rotation will make one acetabulum look very deep and one very shallow, therefore, one joint will appear better.

Front 7

How do you check for rotation of the pelvis in a hip dysplasia view?

Back 7

Compare the symmetry of the obturator foramen and symmetrical sacroiliac joints.

Front 8

How does the "up" obturator foramen compare to the "down" one in a unleveled pelvic VD film?

Back 8

Rounder and larger, "down" side appears smaller and more elliptical

Front 9

Besides the obturator foramen, what else appears different if the VD pelvic view is not level?

Back 9

Width of the wings of the ilium, sacroiliac joints.

Front 10

How does the head of the femur and the dorsal rim of the acetabulum appear in a normal VD film?

Back 10

50-60% of the head should be inside the rim

Front 11

How should the head of the femur and the acetabular cup relate in a normal VD film?

Back 11

Show congruency (parallel lines) between the head and the cup, expecially in the cranial third.

Front 12

How should the edge of the cranial acetabular cup be related to the axis of the skeleton?

Back 12

A tangential line drawn along it should be as clse as possible to perpendicular to the axis.

Front 13

List the sesamoid bones of the stifle.

Back 13

Patella, two sesamoids in heads of gastrocnemius muscle (fabellae), and sesamoid bone in the popliteal tendon.

Front 14

In young dogs, what has a growth plate which looks like a fracture?

Back 14

Tibial tuberosity

Front 15

How is a skyline view of the stifle taken?

Back 15

Sternal recumbency, flex the stifle and place the animal on its knees. Shoot tangentially across the patellar surface of the trochlea.

Front 16

What does a skyline / tangential view of the stifle show?

Back 16

Depth of the trochlear groove, the patella and the femoropatelar joint space.

Front 17

What dogs have shallow trochlear grooves?

Back 17

Dogs that have patellar luxation.

Front 18

On the mediolateral profection of the stifel what is the radiolucent (fat) density seen in the triangle formed by the femur, tibia, and distal patellar ligament?

Back 18

Subpatellar fat pad.

Front 19

What is the small gray area in the stifle joint apex, just behind the subpatellar fat pad?

Back 19

Synovial fluid of the stifle.

Front 20

What is the most frequently fractured bone of the body?

Back 20

Femur

Front 21

What structure is second to the femur in occurrence of fractures?

Back 21

Hip bones (ossa coxae)

Front 22

Whe do the ossification centers of the hip bone close?
- ilium, ischium, pubis and acetabular?
- ischiatic tuberosity?
- crest of ilium?
- Pelvic symphysis?

Back 22

ilium, ischium, pubis and acetabular: 6 months
Ischiatic tuberosity: 1 year
Crest of ilium: 2.5 years
Pelvic symphysis: 5-6 years

Front 23

When do the ossification centers of the femur fuse?

Back 23

By 1 year old (6-13 months)

Front 24

Where is the distal fragment found in mid shaft fractures of the femur?

Back 24

Displaced caudally (pull of caudal mm).

Front 25

What is the radiographic position for evaluating hip dysplasia?

Back 25

Dog on back, pelvis level, hind limbs extended and medially rotated so patella in center of femur.

Front 26

How is a hip dysplasia radiograph evaluated for correct positioning?

Back 26

Obturator foramen equal, see fovea capitis on both heads.

Front 27

List a few radiographic findings in dysplasia.

Back 27

Shallow acetabulum, flattened and distorted heads of the femur, thickened neck.

Front 28

What is the most common dislocation of the hip?

Back 28

Dorsocranial luxation

Front 29

What are the signs of dorsocranial luxation of the hip?

Back 29

Shorter in caudal extension and laterally rotated

Front 30

How do you palpate for dorsocranial luxation of the hip?

Back 30

With thumb between greater trochanter and ischiatic tuberosity, rotate femur laterally: thumb forced out if hip is OK; not if hip luxated or head / neck fractures of femur.