Anatomy I - Head Clinical!

Front 1

Sialocele

Back 1

a.k.a. Salivary mucocele

Submucosal accumulation of salivary secretions due to damage to salivary gland or duct

Front 2

Tracheal intubation - how?

Back 2

placement of flexible tube into trachea to maintain open airway or to serve as a conduit

Pull tongue
Push soft palate up
Hold epiglottis down
Tube between vocal cords

Front 3

blepharospasm

Back 3

Tonic blinking

Front 4

Inflammation of conjunctiva?

Back 4

Conjunctivitis

Front 5

Prolapse of 3rd eyelid?

Back 5

Cherry eye or haws

Front 6

Pharyngeal mm. driven by

Back 6

9&10 for 2nd stage of deglutition

Front 7

(CrN 4)

Back 7

Trochlear
smallest cranial n.
Somatic motor: dorsal oblique m.
Midbrain: Brain connection

Front 8

Cr N 7 Facial

Back 8

Motor to muscle of facial expression

ANS motor to lacrimal gland, salivary glands

Front 9

CrN 5

Back 9

Trigeminal n.
largest cranial nerve
Sensory to most of head & face
Motor to muscles of mastication

Front 10

CrN 8

Back 10

Vestibulocochlear
Special sensory
Hearing & equilibrium

Front 11

Causes dropped jaw

Back 11

Paralysis CrN 5 trigeminal

Front 12

Facial n. paralysis – what is most important?

Back 12

Dry eye – lacrimal & obicularis oculi not facial paralysis

Front 13

Clinical use of auriculopalpebral deficit?

Back 13

VII – paralyze eyelids – lg animals

Front 14

CrN 9

Back 14

Glossopharyngeal n – group with X

Motor: Pharyngeal mm.
Laryngeal & esophageal mm.

Front 15

CrN XII

Back 15

Hypoglossal
Somatic motor to muscles of the tongue

Paralysis of tongue… what nerve?
Hypoglossal – motor to tongue
How test? Nerve or neurotic?
Pull on tongue

Front 16

Inflammation of iris and ciliary body?

Back 16

IN Vascular tunic
Anterior uveitis

Front 17

Pupils of different size?

Back 17

Anisocoria

Front 18

Posterior malformation of eye in collies?

Back 18

Collie eye

Front 19

Palpebrae
Inversion of margins?

Eversion of margins?

Misplaced eyelash?

Inflammation of eyelid?

Back 19

Entropion

Ectropion

Ectopic cilia

Blepharitis

Front 20

Problems in Fibrous tunic
Inflammation of cornea?

Dry eye?

Absence of corneal epithelium?

Corneal ulcer think?

Back 20

Keratitis

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

Corneal ulcer

No steroids

Front 21

Problems in chamber of eye:

Increased intraocular pressure?

Opacity of lens?

Back 21

Glaucoma

Cataract

Front 22

Dilates eyes with?

Back 22

Atropine!

(by blocking Ach receptors from parasympathetic innervation of iris constrictor m.)
Paralyzes ciliary mm.

Front 23

Absence of pain perception

Back 23

Analgesia

Front 24

Weakness?

Lack of coordination or irregularitys of muscular activity

Back 24

Paresis


Ataxia

Front 25

Sensing movements & part positioning

Back 25

Proprioception?

Front 26

Where do neoplasia metastasize through lymph channels?

Back 26

Neoplasia is abnormal growth

Metastasis is spread of a disease from one organ to another, e.g. in malignant tumor cells

Through heart to lungs

Front 27

How do neck wounds reach the thorax (mediastinum)?

What IDs ventral midline of larynx?

Back 27

Fascial planes

Cricothyroid muscle

Front 28

What is the incision site of a pharyngostomy tube?

Back 28

Pyriform recess of laryngopharynx

Front 29

shortened jaw also called?

Back 29

Mandibular Brachygnathia
Parrot mouth

Front 30

Long-headed breeds

Prone to?

Back 30

Dolichocephalic

Nasal infections

Front 31

Short-headed breeds

Problems associated with them?
Anatomical reason behind problem?

Back 31

Brachycephalic

Breathing problems
Brachycephalic airway syndrome
elongated soft palate
stenotic nares, etc.

Prognathism (jaw protrudes)
Upper brachygnathia (short upper jaw)
Crowding of teeth or Malocclusion of teeth

Front 32

What is difficult breathing?

What is inflammation of nasal cavity?

Back 32

Dyspnea

Rhinitis

Front 33

Periodontal Disease

Back 33

Periodontal (gum) diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious infections that, left untreated, can lead to tooth loss. Word periodontal literally means "around tooth." Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects gums & bone supporting teeth. Periodontal disease can affect one tooth or many teeth. Begins w/bacteria in plaque causes gums to become inflamed.

Front 34

Endodontal Disease

Back 34

Disease of dental pulp

e.g. if tooth gets fractures and then infected

Front 35

parts of tooth from inside, out

Back 35

pulp cavity
dentin
cementum (below gum line and enamel above)

Front 36

incisors & all canines have how many roots?

Back 36

single

Front 37

3 tunics: of eye

Back 37

fibrous (the capsule): Sclera (DCT capsule)
and cornea

vascular (uvea) :
Iris (shutter)
Ciliary body & processes
Choroid (vessels, pigment)

nervous tunic (retina).

Front 38

conjunctiva

Back 38

mucous membrane lines inside of eye lid and also covers sclera

so coats inner surfaces of eyelids and outer surface of the eye.

Front 39

What DV skull projections good for?

Back 39

view for symmetry by comparing one side to other

Front 40

Where are the cell bodies of optic nerve?

Back 40

retina of eyeball

Front 41

Cerebral lesions

Back 41

-changed behavior
- seizures
- normal gait w/abnormal postural reactions
-loss of vision

Front 42

Diencephalon (hypothalmus + thalmus) lesions produce what signs?

Back 42

-cerebral signs (similar)
-autonomic and endocrine abnormalities (e.g. polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst), altered sleep patterns also possible

Front 43

Brainstem lesions

Back 43

-decreased levels of consiousness from R.A.S.
-deficits in CN's III-XII as they arise from brainstem

-proprioreceptive deficits and gait signs (this gets complicated)

Front 44

Brainstem includes?

Back 44

midbrain, pons, medulla obl.

Front 45

Cerebellar lesions:

Back 45

-incoordination of mov't (ataxia), initiation tremors, and abnormal mov't of head
-vestibular disease signs: including nystagmus and head tilt

Front 46

Vestibular system lesions:

Back 46

-affects posture in relation to gravity, eye mov't in relation to head
-head tilt, nystagumus, asymmetric ataxia, w/possibly circling and vestibular strabismus

IF central vestibular disease
in addition to above will have
-paresis/weakness, UMN
-depression

IF have peripheral disease, besides head tilt with NOT produce UMN signs (NO paresis)
-will have postural deficits b/c of balance NOT proprioreceptive disruption

Front 47

What is autonomic function of oculomotor nerve?

Back 47

-Motor involuntary/smooth mm. of eye (near focus lens & constrict pupil)

Front 48

With what does the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve deal ?

With what does the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve deal ?

Back 48

Special Sensory: equilibrium/ motion

Special Sensory: hearing
- so sensory to auditory portion of the inner ear.
- core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing

Front 49

polydipsia

Back 49

excessive thirst

Front 50

Outline the pathway of the sympathetic innervation to the head.

Back 50

Nerves from hypothalamus (UMN) down cervical cord to lateral (intermediolateral) gray column to T1-T4, preganglionic fibers over communicating branches & up SNS trunk to cranial cervical ganglion; Postganglionic fibers through middle ear, cranial cavity & orbit over CrNs

Front 51

Through what head structures do sympathetic fibers to the eye pass?

Back 51

Middle ear, cranial cavity & orbit

Front 52

special sensory afferent CN's?

Back 52

1 (smell), 2 (vision),8 (hearing)

(also 7,9,10 for taste)

Front 53

What are the most clinically important ANS fibers in the head?

Back 53

CrN7 to lacrimal gland & sympathetic to eye (Horner's syndrome)

~see page 483

Front 54

What does stimulation of sympathetic fibers of the eye cause?

Back 54

dilation of pupil, widening of palpebral fissure, protrusion of eyeball

~page 483

Front 55

what is main cavity of eye called?

Back 55

vitreous chamber

Front 56

inflammation of inner ear is know as?

Back 56

otitis interna

can affect balance, resulting in vestibular signs (head tilt, circling), ataxia, nystagmus

Front 57

What are the signs of Horner's Syndrome? Horner's Syndrome

The classic signs of Horner's Syndrome occur on the same side of the face as the injury, and include:

Back 57

(1)Small pupil size (miosis) (2)Protrusion of 3rd eyelid
(3)Drooping of upper eyelid (ptosis) (4)Sunken appearance to the eye (enophthalmos) (5)Dilation of blood vessels on affected side of the face, which makes the area feel warmer to the touch
>caused by loss of sympathetic innervation to eye, so parasympathetic NS takes over.
>eye constrict, muscle around eye go limp

Front 58

The classic signs of Horner's Syndrome occur on the same side of the face as the injury, and include?

Back 58

1. Ptosis (dropping eyelid)
2. Enophthalmos (sinking of eye)
3. Myosis (pupil constriction)
4. Protruding 3rd eye lid/nictating membrane

caused by loss of sympathetic innervation to eye, so parasympathetic NS takes over.

eye constrict, muscle around eye go limp