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366 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The skull consists of the bones of the ____ and the bones of the _____.
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Face and cranial cavity
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What does the occipital bone form?
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Caudal cranial cavity and caudal skull
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The cranial cavity consists of the bones surrounding what structure?
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Brain
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How does the spinal cord enter the cranial cavity?
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Foramen magnum (occipital bone)
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What forms the lateral face, part of the hard palate and holds the upper cheek teeth?
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Maxillary bone or maxilla
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The skull consists of the bones of the ____ and the bones of the _____.
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Face and cranial cavity
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What does the occipital bone form?
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Caudal cranial cavity and caudal skull
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The cranial cavity consists of the bones surrounding what structure?
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Brain
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How does the spinal cord enter the cranial cavity?
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Foramen magnum (occipital bone)
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What forms the lateral face, part of the hard palate and holds the upper cheek teeth?
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Maxillary bone or maxilla
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The skull consists of the bones of the ____ and the bones of the _____.
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Face and cranial cavity
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What does the occipital bone form?
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Caudal cranial cavity and caudal skull
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The cranial cavity consists of the bones surrounding what structure?
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Brain
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How does the spinal cord enter the cranial cavity?
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Foramen magnum (occipital bone)
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What forms the lateral face, part of the hard palate and holds the upper cheek teeth?
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Maxillary bone or maxilla
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The caudal aspect of the skull is the ____ region.
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Occipital region
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What holds the opening into the lacrimal canal?
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Lacrimal bone
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What bone forems the rostral wall of the cranial cavity?
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Ethmoid bone
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What facial part of the skull houses what two cavities?
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Nasal and oral
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What bone of the skull supports all of the lower teeth?
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Mandlible
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What forms the lateral wall of the cranial cavity, and means wall?
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Parietal
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What is the facial part of the skull?
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Bones enclosing nasal and oral cavities
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What is the orbit?
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The bony socket holding the eyeball
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What are the three types of canine skulls?
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- Mesaticephalic (average)
- Dolichocephalic (long) - Brachycephalic (short) |
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What suspends the larynx and tongue from the skull?
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Hyoid apparatus
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What unpaired hyoid bone is palpable and prominent in lateral radiographs?
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Basihyoid bone
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What bony arch froms the lateral side of the bony orbit?
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Zygomatic arch
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What is the name of the bony socket that holds the eye?
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Orbit
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What is the passageway for the optic nerve?
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Optic canal
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What hard structure is formed by the horizontal parts of the incisive, palatine, and maxillary bones?
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Hard palate
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What is the name of the paranasal sinus in the frontal bone?
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Frontal sinus
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What foramen is located on the maxillary part of the skull?
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Infraorbital foramen
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What is the largest and only mobile bone of the skull?
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Mandible
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What are the horizontal and vertical parts of the mandible?
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Body and ramus respectively
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What is the rostral opening of the mandibular canal?
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Mental foramen
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What is the articular process of the mandible?
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Condylar process
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What is the smooth bulbous enlargement on the ventral surface of the temporal bone housing the middle ear?
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Tympanic bulla / middle ear
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What is the foramen magnum?
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Opening in occipital bone for passage of spinal cord into the cranial cavity
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What scrolls of bone fill the nasal cavity?
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Nasal conchae
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What is the large opening caudal to the zygomatic arch where the external ear ataches?
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External acoustic meatus
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What cavity contains the brain, its meninges, and blood vessels?
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Cranial cavity / vault, neurocranium
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What hollow space behind the nose is surrounded by facial bones?
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Nasal cavity
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What is the median protuberance of the caudal skull?
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External occipital protuberance
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What is the depression formed by the temporal and parietal bones?
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Temporal fossa
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What extends rostrally from the external occipital protuberance?
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External sagittal crest.
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Where do the right and left halves of the mandible meet?
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Mandible symphysis
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The articular (condylar) process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form what joint?
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Temporomandibular joint
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What does the temporomandibular joint have in common with the stifle joint?
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Articular disc / meniscus
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What are the immovable fibrous joints between the skull bones?
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Sutures
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What cartilaginous joint joins the right and left mandibular bodies?
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Symphysis of the mandible
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What structures of the skull articulate with the first cervical vertebra?
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Occipital condyles
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On what elevation do the mandibular and sublingual ducts open?
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Sublingual caruncle
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What separates the respiratory and digestive passages in the head?
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Hard and soft palates
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What is the caudolateral wall of the oral cavity?
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Cheek
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What are the large, mushroom shaped papillae on the caudal part of the tongue?
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Vallate papillae
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What is the mucous membrane shich passes from the ventral surface of the free part of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
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Lingual frenulum
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What are the gross parts of the tongue?
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Apex, body, and root
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What is the motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue?
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Hypoglossal nerve (12)
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The teeth are arranged in two opposing dental _____
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Arches / arcades
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Name four substances found in teeth from inside out
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Enamel (superficial on crown), cementum (superficial on root), dentin, and pulp (inside)
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What is the hardest substance in the body?
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Enamel
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The premolars and the molars make up the ____ teeth.
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Cheek teeth
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Name the two sets of teeth
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Deciduous and permanent
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Name the three parts of low-crowned (brachydont) teeth of carnivores.
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Crown, neck, and root
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What are the shorthand representations of the number of teeth?
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Dental formulas
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What forms the bulk of the tooth and surrounds the pulp cavity?
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Dentin
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Where are nerves found in the teeth?
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Pulp cavity
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What is the socket the teeth sit in?
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Alveoli
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What holds the teeth in the alveoli? What does it connect?
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Periodontal membrane, connects cementum on root with alveolar wall
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Write the permanent dental formula of the dog?
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2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3) = 42
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Is the dental formula constant in dogs? Why?
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No, brachycephalic breeds may be missing teeth.
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What is the permanent formula for the cat?
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2 (I 3/3 C 1/2 P 3/2 M 1/1) = 30
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What is a furcation?
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Where two roots separate from the body or the tooth in multirooted teeth
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What are the deciduous formulas for the dog and cat?
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Dog: 2 (Id 3/3 Cd 1/1 Pmd 3/3) = 28
Cat: 2 (Id 3/3 Cd 1/1 Pmd 3/2) = 26 |
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What is the first step in swallowing, performed by the salivary glands?
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Lubrication and moisturizing with saliva
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List the four major salivary glands in the dog.
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Parotid, mandibular, sublingual, and zygomatic
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What is the course of hte parotid duct?
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Crosses masseter in groove, pierces cheek across from upper PM 4
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Where are the major salivary glands located?
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Parotid: below ear,
Mandibular: angle of jaw Sublingual: rostral to mandibular Zygomatic: deep to rostral zygomatic arch |
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What two glands open on the sublingual caruncle?
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Mandibular and monostomatic sublingual
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Salivarya glands are innervated by _____ and ____ nerve fibers
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic
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The mandibular salivary gland is _____ by thick connective tissue
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Encapsulated
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How are the sublingual and mandibular salivary glands related?
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Monostomatic sublingual shares a capsule with mandibular salivary gland
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The palpable mandibular salivary gland is between what two vessels?
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Maxillary and linguofacial vv.
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What is the common passageway for the digestive and respiratory systems?
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Pharynx (throat)
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What openings connect the pharynx to the middle ear?
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Pharyngeal openings of auditory tubes
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What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?
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Oro-, naso-, and laryngopharynx
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What structure separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
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Soft palate
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What part of the pharynx does food and air cross in?
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Laryngopharynx
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Name the two openings from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx?
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Caudal nares / choanae
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Describe the palatine tonsil in carnivores.
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Long cylindrical lymphoid aggregation in a tonsillar sinus, covered medially by a semilunar fold
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Name the lymphoid tissue in the lateral wall of the oropharynx.
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Palatine tonsil
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How is pharynx pronounced?
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FAIR-inks not FAIR-ninks
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How are choanae and choana pronounced?
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KOH-ay-nee or Koh-ay-nay, KOH-ay-na
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To which side of the trachea does teh esophagus incline in the middle of the neck?
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Left
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The esophagus terminates with a very short _____ at the ____ of the stomach.
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Abdominal part, cardia
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What are the three divisions of the esophagus?
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Cervical, thoracic, and abdominal
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Which side of the aorta does the thoracic esophagus normally cross?
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Right side of aortic arch
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The esophagus passes through the ____ ____ of the diaphragm
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Esophageal hiatus.
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How does the nasal cavity and nasopharynx affect the air?
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Optimally warm or cool
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What is the main means of heat regulation in the dog?
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Panting (evaporation)
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What groove in the upper lip and middle of the nose separates the nostrils?
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Philtrum
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What are the external openings into the nasal cavity?
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Nostrils (external nares)
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What divides the nasal cavity sagittally into equal halves?
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(Median) nasal septum
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What opens at the junction between the skin and mucous membrane, at base of alar fold just inside the nostril (nasal vestibule)?
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Nasolacrimal duct
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Of what is the median nasal septum composed?
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Bony, cartilaginous, and membranous parts
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What is the extensively folded structure filling the middle nasal cavity?
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Ventral nasal concha
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What is the delicate, mucosa-covered, bony scrolls in the caudal nasal cavity?
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Ethmoidal conchae, labyrinth, ethmoturbinates.
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What is the upper concha extending from the ethmoid bone's cribriform plate to the rostral nasal cavity?
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Dorsal nasal concha
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What are teh bony scrolls covered by nasal mucosa that fill each half of the nasal cavity?
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Nasal conchae
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What spaces are formed by the nasal conchae and nasal septum?
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Meatuses
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What is the largest meatus located between the ventral nasal concha and the hard palate?
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Ventral nasal meatus
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What are the two openings of the nasopharyngeal meatus into the nasopharynx, separated by the vomer bone?
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Caudal nares or choanae
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What suspends the larynx and tongue from the skull?
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Hyoid apparatus
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What strap muscle attaches to the basihyoid bone?
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Sternohyoideus muscle
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What is the unpaired hyoid bone that crosses the midline?
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Basihyoid bone
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What are the two strap muscles of the neck?
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Sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus
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"....muscles attaching to the hyoid ...although...significant in swallowing, the muscles ____ _____appear to merit description
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Do not
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List the main laryngeal cartilages.
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Single epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid, and paired arytenoid cartilages
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What is the rostral most cartilage giving structure to the epiglottis?
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Epiglottic cartilage
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What is the largest laryngeal cartilage that is opened dorsally?
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Thyroid cartilage
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What is the signet ring-shaped, laryngeal cartilage?
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Cricoid cartilage
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What are the paried, irregular, pyramid shaped cartilages hanging from the rostrodorsal edge of the cricoid cartilage?
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Arytenoid cartilages
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List three processes of the arytenoid cartilage in the dog.
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Vocal, muscular, corniculate, cuneiform
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What does the pull of cricoartenoideus dorsalis muscle on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage do?
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Swings vocal process and vocal cords laterally, thus, opening glottic cleft
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What does the articulation betwen the artytenoids and cricoid cartilage allow?
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Rotation of arytenoid cartilages to open and close glottic cleft
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What connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ventrally?
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Cricothyroid ligament
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What are the two divisions of the laryngeal muscles?
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Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
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What is the only laryngeal muscle which opens the glottic cleft?
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Circoarytnoideus dorsalis
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Of which intrinsic laryngeal muscle am I most likely thinking?
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Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
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What is the innnervation of the circoarytenoideus dorsalis?
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Recurrent laryngeal (specifically: caudal laryngeal nerve)
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What is the "bow tie" muscle?
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Cricothyroideus muscle.
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What is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity?
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Glottic cleft
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What is the entrance for air from the mouth or nose into the larynx?
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Laryngeal opening (aditus laryngis)
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What are the lateral depressions just cranial to the vocal folds?
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Laryngeal ventricles
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Of what does the eye consist?
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The eyeball and its accessory structures
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What connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilages ventrally?
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Cricothyroid ligament
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What are the two divisions of the laryngeal muscles?
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Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
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What is the only laryngeal muscle which opens the glottic cleft?
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Circoarytnoideus dorsalis
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Of which intrinsic laryngeal muscle am I most likely thinking?
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Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
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What is the innnervation of the circoarytenoideus dorsalis?
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Recurrent laryngeal (specifically: caudal laryngeal nerve)
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What is the "bow tie" muscle?
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Cricothyroideus muscle.
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What is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity?
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Glottic cleft
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What is the entrance for air from the mouth or nose into the larynx?
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Laryngeal opening (aditus laryngis)
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What are the lateral depressions just cranial to the vocal folds?
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Laryngeal ventricles
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Of what does the eye consist?
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The eyeball and its accessory structures
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Of what does the eye consist?
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The eyeball and its accessory structures
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How does sight work (path of light and impulses)?
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Light passes through transparent structures of eye to receptro organs of retina, resulting nerve impulses pass over optic nerve to visual cortex.
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What does light pass through to reach the retina?
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Transparent structures (cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor).
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What terminology is used for the animal's eye?
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Human terminology (anterior, posterior, etc)
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What are the human terms used to describe the eye and their animal counterparts?
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Anterior (rostral), posterior (caudal), superior (dorsal), inferior (ventral)
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What are the three tunics of the eyeball?
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Fibrous, vascular, and nervous tunic.
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What is the anatomical term for the eyelids?
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Palpebrae
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What is the mucous memebrane covering the inside of the eyelids?
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Palpebral conjunctiva
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Where does the palpebral conjunctiva reflect to become the bulbbar conjunctiva?
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Conjunctiva fornix
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What is the mucous membrane reflecting ontot the sclera of the eye?
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Bulbar conjunctiva
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What are the medial and lateral angles of the eye?
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Medial and lateral canthi / angles / commissures
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What is the outermost layer of the eyeball?
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Fibrous tunic
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What are the two components of the fibrous tunic?
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Corneal and sclera
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What is the transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic?
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Cornea
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Does the cornea have sensory nerve endings?
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Yes, (CrN 5, ophthalmic division)
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What is the connection between the cornea and the sclera?
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Corneoscleral junction (limbus)
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What is the "white" of the eye?
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Sclera
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What is the function of the scelra?
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Protect and support structures of eye
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What is the posterior limiting membrane of the cornea?
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Decimate's membrane
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What is the NAV term for the vascular tunic of the eye?
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Uveal tract or uvea
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What are teh three componenets of the uvea (vascular tunic)?
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Iris, ciliary body, and choroid
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What is the colored part of the eye around the pupil?
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Iris
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How is the size of the pupil controlled?
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Dilator and sphincter mm. or iris
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What is the term for dilation of the pupil?
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Mydriasia (large word = large pupil)
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What is the term for constriction of the pupil?
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Miosis (small word = small pupil)
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What structures mount the lens to the ciliary body?
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Zonular fibers or suspensory ligaments
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What contracts to change the shape of the lens for accommodation?
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Ciliary m.
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What is the specialized area of the choroid which reflects light back into the eyeball, increasing vision in low light (night vision)?
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Tapetal area (tapetum lucidum)
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What happens to the tension on the lens when the ciliary muscle contract?
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Tension is relaxed
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What is the innermost tunic of the eye?
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Nervous tunic or retina
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Where is the tapetum lucidum located?
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Superiolateral to optic disc
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Excluding the optic nerve, which nerve is sensory from the eyeball?
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Ophthalmic branch (trigeminal nerve Cn5)
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What nerves are motor to the skeletal mm. of the eye (extrinsic)?
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CrN 3 (oculomotor), 4 (trochlear), 6 (abducens)
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What are the three spaces of the eyeball and their locations?
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- Anterior chamber (between cornea and iris)
- Posterior chamber (between iris and lens) - Vitreous chamber (behind lens) |
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Where does reabsorption of the aqueous humor take place?
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Iridocorneal angle between iris and cornea
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What fills the vitreous chamber?
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Vitreous body.
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What moves the eyeball?
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Extrinsic muscles of eyeball
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List the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
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- Dorsal, lateral, medial and ventral reti
- Dorsal and ventral oblique and retractor bulbi muscles |
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What innervates the lateral rectus and thus abducts the eye?
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Abducens (CrN 6)
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What is the formula for the innervation of the extrinsic eye muscles?
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Do4 (LrRb)6 Rest3
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What innervates the orbicularis oculi muscle?
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Facial nerve (6)
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Does the lacrimal film provide the majority of nutrition to the cornea? What is its function?
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No; prevents drying of cornea
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Where is the lacrimal gland located?
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Dorsolateral to eyeball
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What are the tiny holes in the upper and lower eyelids near the medial cnathi?
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Lacrimal puncta
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What drains the lacrimal sac into the rostral end of the nasal cavity?
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Nasolacrimal duct
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What will retraction of the eye do to the third eyelid?
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Move it over cornea
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What is the accessory lacrimal gland?
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Superficial gland of third eyelid
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How are the two ways the facial nerve affects the well being of the eye?
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Innervates lacrimal gland and orbicularis oculi mm. (blink) - both prevent drying.
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What are the main producers of lacrimal film?
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Lacrimal gland and superficial gland of 3rd eyelid
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Where is the distal opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
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In nasal vestibule at base of alar fold
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What is the shape of the cartilage of the third eyelid?
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"T" shaped with cross towards edge.
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To where do tears drain?
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Lacrimal puncta on each eyelid near medial canthus.
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Name the cranial nerves.
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1. Olfactory
2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharangeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory (spinal accessory) 12. Hypoglossal |
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What cranial nerve is entirely sensory (special sensory) dealing with vision?
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Optic nerve (2)
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Whre are the cell bodies of the optic nerve (CrN 2)?
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Retina of the eyeball
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What is the motor nerve to most of the voluntary muscles of the eye?
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Oculomotor (3)
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What is the function of the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve?
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Motor involuntary / smooth muscles of eye (near focus lens and constrict pupil)
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What does the abducens nerve innervate?
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Motor to lateral rectus (abductor of eye) and retractor bulbi muscles.
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What does the trochlear nerve innervate?
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Dorsal oblique (rounds trochlea)
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What cranial nerve innervates the majority of the skin of the head?
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Trigeminal nerve (CrN 5)
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What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve? What do they innervate?
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- Ophthalmic: 5i - sensory from forehead
- Maxillary: 5ii - sensory from middle face - Mandibular: 5iii - sensory from lower face and motor to muscles of mastication |
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What innervates most of the muscles of mastication?
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Mandibular division of CrN 5 (iii)
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What type of nerves are the divisions of CrN5?
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All sensory, mandibular also motor muscles of mastication
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What nerve supples sensation from the cornea?
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Trigeminal nerve (CrN 5)
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What are the main cutaneous branches of the maxillary and mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CrN 5 (ii and iii)?
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- Infraorbital,
- Mental nn. - and auriculotemporal |
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What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
|
Facial nerve (Crn70
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What are the most important functions of the facial nerve clinically?
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Motor to orbicularis oculi muscles and lacrimal gland (dry eye)
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What clinically significant structure does the parasympathetic ANS fibers of the facial nerve innervate?
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Lacrimal gland
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What does the auriculopalpebral nerve (branch of CrN7) innervate?
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Eyelids and ear muscles
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Where are the buccal branches of the facial nerve?
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Cross masseter muscles lateraly
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What is the trigeminal / facial reflex arc?
|
Trigeminal nerve: sensory component
Facial nerve: motor component |
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With what does the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve deal?
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Equilibrium / motion
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What cranial nerve carries autonomic nerve fibers between the brain and the viscera of the thorax and abdomen?
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Vagus nerve
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What motor nerves supply the pharynx to aid in swallowing?
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Skeletal muscels of pharynx, larynx, and esophagus
Smooth and cardiac muscels of thorax and abdomen (ANS parasympathetic) |
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What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
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Motor to skeletal muscles of larynx, including cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle and part of esophagus and trachea
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What is the main innervation of the accessory nerve (CrN 11)?
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Motor to trapezius and a few other muscels in neck.
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What type of nerve is the hypoglossal (CrN 12)? What does it innervate?
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Motor nerve (somatic):
- tongue muscles. |
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How do all twelve cranial nerves leave the cranial cavity?
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Through foramina of skull
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Most of the cranial nerves are mixed nerves, what does this mean?
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They carry both sensory and motor fibers
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Sensory cranial nerves send only ____ impulses to the brain.
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Sensory
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What fibers innervate glands and smooth and cardiac muscles?
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Autonomic fibers (ANS)
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What clinically important nerves pass through the middle ear?
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Facial nerve and sypmathetic fibers
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How do ANS motor fibers reach the glands and smooth muscles of the head?
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Over cranial nerves and arteries
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What three cranial nerves are completely sensory, bringing impulses of special senses to the brain? What are those senses?
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Olfactory (1) - smell
Optic (2) - sight Vestibulocochlear (8) - hearing, balance |
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Which way does the tongue devieate in unilateral hypoglossal nerve damage initially and then after time?
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Initially: away from lesion
In time: towards lesion (atrophy) |
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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Twelve pairs
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With what does the first cranial nerve deal?
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Olfactory: entirely special sensory; SMELL
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How do the axons of the olfactory nerve enter the cranial cavity?
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Through cribriform plate (ethmoid bone)
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Both eyes send optic nerve axons to what part of the cerebrum?
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Visual cortexes in occipital lobes
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What exons of the optic nerve cross in the optic chiasm?
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From nasal (medial) sides of eyebals
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Where are the visual centers located in the cerebrum?
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Lateral geniculate, rostral colliculus and occipital lobe of cerebrum
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The optic nerve enters the cranial cavity through what foramen?
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Optic foramen
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What extrinsic muscles of the eye and eyelid does the somatic fibers in the oculomotor nerve (3) innervate?
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Dorsal, medial, and ventral rectus and ventral oblique + superior palpebral levator
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What is the functions of the ciliary and pupil sphincter muscles?
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Alter shape of lens for focusing for near objects (accommodation) and adjust pupil size
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What does cranial nerve 4 (trochlear) innervate? How can it be remembered?
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Dorsal oblique muscles (passes around trochlea)
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What is the function of the ophthalmic branch (5i) of the trigeminal nerve?
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Sensory from skin of forehead, medial eyelid, and CORNEA
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What are the Roman numeral abbreviations for the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
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Vi - Ophthalmic
Vii - Maxillary Viii - Mandibular |
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What area does the maxillary nerve innervate?
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Sensory from skin of nose (upper muzzle) and face, oral cavity and upper teeth
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Where is the infraorbital nerve found?
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Exiting infraorbital foramen
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What does the infraorbital nerve innervate?
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Sensory from skin of middle face (upper muzzle)
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What does the mandibular division (Vii) of the trigeminal nerve supply?
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Motor to muscles of mastication
Sensory from lower face, teeth and rstral 2/3rds of tongue |
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What does the mental nerve supply?
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Sensory from chin
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How do you remember one of the muscles the abducens innervates?
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Lat. rectus abducts eye laterally
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What type of nerve is the facial (7)?
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Mixed nerve
- Motor: muscles of facial expression - Sensory: from pinna - Special sensory: Chorda tymapni nerve; taste from rostral 2/3 of tongue, ANS motor fibers to lacrimal gland (major petrosal) and sublingual and mandibular salivary glands |
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What do the ANS fibers of the facial nerve innervate?
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Lacrimal gland (major petrosal) and sublingual and mandibular salivary glands
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The eighth cranial nerve is divided into what two branches?
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Vestibular and cochlear
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The cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve conveys impulses associated with _____/
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Hearing
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What type of nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
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Mixed (motor and sensory) nerve to pharynx;
Tongue: sensation including and tast to ca. 13 ANS to salivary glands |
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What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?
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Tongue: all sensory including taste to caudal 1/3
Pharynx: motor and sensory |
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Name one extrinsic muscle of the thoracic limb innervated by the accessory nerve.
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Trapezius, cleidobrachialis, omotransversarius, sternocephalicus mm. (COST)
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What 2 cranial nerves essentially carry the sensation of taste?
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- Facial (7)
- Glossopharyngeal (9) - Also Vagus (10) |
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Parasympathetic fibers are carried over what four cranial nerves?
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- Oculomotor (3)
- Facial (7) - Glossopharyngeal (9) - Vagus (10) |
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What do ANS fibers to the head innervate?
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Smooth muscles and glands of the head (no heart muscle present)
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How do sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers reach head?
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Para: over a few cranial nn.
Sym: from cranial cervical ganglion through middle ear and over cranial nerves |
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What are the most clinically important ANS fibers in the head?
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CrN 7 to lacrimal gland and sympathetic to eye (Horner's syndrome)
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What is the general pathway of parasympathetic fibers in the head?
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Preganglionic to ganglia, then postganglionic to structures
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What do parasympathetic ANS fibers of the oculomotor nerve innervate?
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Sphincter papillae (constrict) and ciliary (accomodation) muscles,
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Outline the pathway of the sympathetic innervation to the head.
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Nerves from hypothatlamus (UMN) down cervical cord to lateral (intermediolateral) gray column of thoracic segments 1-4;
Preganglionic fibers over communicating branches and up sympathetic trunk to cranial cervical ganglion; Postganglionic fobers through middle ear, cranial cavity and orbit over CrNs. |
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Through what head structures do sympathetic fibers to the eye pass?
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Middle ear, cranial cavity and orbit
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What do the sympathetic fibers to the orbit innervate?
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Dilator papillae muscels of iris and smooth muscles of periorbital fascia and eyelids
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What does stimlutaion of sympathetic fibers of the eye cause?
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Dilation of pupil, widening of palpebral fissure, protrusion of eyeball
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What higher center controls the sympathetic nervous system?
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Hypothalamus: UMN
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Where are the nuclei of the sympathetic nervous system located?
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Lateral gray column, intermediolateral horn or T1-L5 spinal cord
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Where are the sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies to the eye?
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1st 2-4 thoracic spinal cord segments
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How are the sympathetic fiberst to the eye associated with the brachial plexus?
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Preganglionic fibers pass oer communicating branches of the ventral root of brachial plexus nerves
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Where are the sympathetic fibers to the eye located in the neck?
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In sympahetic part of vagosympatheic trunk in carotid sheath with common carotid artery.
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Where do sympathetic preganglionic fibers in the vagosympathetic trunk edn?
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Synapse on postganglionic neurons in cranial cervical ganglion
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Where do postganglionic sympathetic fibers pass from the cranial cervical ganglion?
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With internal carotid artery into middle ear
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After passing through the middle ear, where do the sympathetic fibers go?
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Through cranial cavity and orbit
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With what cranial nerve do the sympathetic fibers to the eye travel through the orbit?
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Ophthalmic branch of CrN 5 (Trigeminal)
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How much value is memorizing the vasculature of the head for a practitioner?
|
"...detail far beyond the essence of value"
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What is the primary blood supply to the head?
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Common carotid arteries
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With what do the common carotid arteries ascend the neck?
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Vagosympathetic trunk
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What are the terminal branches of the common carotid arteries?
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External and internal carotid arteries
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What artery winds around the ventral border of the mandible to reach and supply the face?
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Facial artery
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What artery crosses the lateral side of the head vetral to the zygomatic arch?
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Transverse facial artery
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What artery ventral to the eyeball (in pterygopalatine fossa) supplies the orbit, teeth, chin, nose, nasal cavity, and palate?
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Maxillary artery
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What forms the arterial circle of Ithe brain (circle of Willis)?
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Internal carotid and basilar arteries
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What is the main blood supply to the dog brain?
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Internal carotid arteries
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What is the vein on the ventral surface of the tongue?
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Lingual vein
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List two arteries of the face where a pulse is commonly taken in the horse?
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Transverse facial and facial arteries
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What forms the external jugular vein?
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Joining of maxillary and linguofacial vv.
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What vein is on the ventral surface of the tongue?
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Lingual vein
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How metabolically active is the brain?
|
One of most active organs in body.
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Why must glucose be continuously supplied to the brain?
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Limited carbohydrate storage in brain and high metabolism
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What is the main supply to the brain?
|
Cerebral arterial circle (circus arteriosus cerebri), Circle of Willis
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Where is the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) located?
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Ventral to hypothalamus around infundibular stalk
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What is the main blood supply to the circle of Willis in the dog?
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2 internal carotid arteries and basilar artery
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What vessels supply the dura mater?
|
Meningeal arteries and veins
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What are channels for venous blood between the two layers of dura mater?
|
Dural sinuses
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|
List the lymph nodes of the head
|
Parotid, mandibular, medial and +/- lateral retropharyngeal lnn.
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Where are the major lymph nodes of the head located?
|
Parotid: rostral to parotid gland
Mandibular: angle of jaw Medial retropharyngeal: doral to pharynx |
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What do the lymph nodes of the head drain?
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Parotid: orbit, dorsal head
Mandibular: superficial structures Med. retropharyngeal: deep structures of head |
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What lymph nodes of the head are palpable?
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Mandibular always,
Parotid if enlarged, Lat. retropharyngeal: if present Med. retropharyngeal: not palpable |
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What efferent vessels drain the medial retropharyngeal lymph node?
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Tracheal ducts
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Where do the tracheal ducts empty?
|
Directly or indirectly into venous angle
- Left: into thoracic duct - Right: in right lymphatic duct |
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What is the venous angle?
|
Veins cranial to heart (cranial vena cava, brachiocephalic, external jugular veins)
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Describe the lymphatics of the central nervous tissue
|
There isn't any
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What cover and protects the brain?
|
3 meningeal layers
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Name the three meningeal layers.
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Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
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With what are all three cranial meninges continuous at the foramen magnum?
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Spinal meninges
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What is the tin meninx that is tightly adhering to the brain?
|
Pia mater
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What is the delicate, web-shaped membrane between the dura and pia mater?
|
Arachnoid
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What space between the arachnoid and pia mater is filled with CSF?
|
Subarachnoid space
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What is the enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the caudal cerebellum and the medulla, just insid the foramen magnum?
|
Cisterna magna or large cistern.
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|
Name a common site for a cerebrospinal fluid tap?
|
Large cistern (cisterna magna), lumbosacral junction
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|
The cranial dura mater is composed of how many layers?
|
Two
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In some areas, the two layers of the dura separate, the inner layer extending between parts of hte brain, forming partition and ____ ____
|
Dural sinuses
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|
What fills the dural sinuses?
|
Venous blood
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|
What are the three major anatomical parts of the brain?
|
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
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|
How is the brain divided functionally?
|
Cerebrum / diencephalon (forebrain), brain stem, vestibular system, and cerebellum
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|
Which parts of the brain are mainly concerned with movement?
Which with posture? Which with coordinating movement? |
- Movement: cerebrum, basal nuclei (ganglia)
- Posture: vestibular system - Coordination: Cerebellum |
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How are motor neurons divided by location?
|
Upper motor neurons (UMN), Lower motor neurons (LMN)
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How are the extensor and flexors of the limbs affected by UMNs when voluntary movement is desired?
|
Flexors: facilitated
Extensors: inhibited |
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How are the extensor and flexors of the limbs affected by UMNs to maintain posture agains gravity?
|
Extensor: facilitated
Flexors: inhibited |
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What are the higher brain functions carried out by the cerebrum?
|
Interprets sensroy input, initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movements, stores memory, mentation, behavior
|
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|
The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into two ____ ____
|
Cerebellar hemispheres
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|
What body muscles does each cerebral hemisphere control?
|
Opposite side
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|
What does contralateral and ipsilateral mean?
|
Contralateral: opposite side
Ipsilateral: same side |
|
|
What are the two principle divisions of the diencephalon?
|
Thalamus, hypothalamus
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|
What part of hte brain serves as an intermediate between the nervous and endocrine systems?
|
Hypothalamus
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|
How does the hypothalamus regulate the viscera?
|
Controlling and integrating the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
|
|
|
How does the hypothalamus regulate the endocrine system?
|
By its effects on the pituitary gland.
|
|
|
What is the small gland of internal secretion attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?
|
Pituitary gland or hypophysis
|
|
|
What is the function of they thalamus?
|
All senses, except smell, including tough, nociception (pain), proprioception
|
|
|
What functions of the thalamus are of clinical significance?
|
Behavior, postural reaction, vision
|
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|
What functionally makes up the brain stem?
|
Midbrain, pons and medulla, (not diencephalon)
|
|
|
What is the locomotor / gait center function of the brain stem?
|
Maintain normal gait
|
|
|
Which part of the brain stem affects strength of limb muscles?
|
Upper motor neurons
|
|
|
What is responsible for consciousness and arousal?
|
Reticular activation system (RAS)
|
|
|
Without the reticular formation, an animal would remain _____ or unaware
|
Unconscious
|
|
|
List three clinically significant parts of the brainstem?
|
Cranial nn. 3-12, gait centers, and RAS
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|
|
What is the medulla oblongata or medulla?
|
Caudal brain stem, it continues caudally as the spinal cord
|
|
|
Name the three vital reflex centers in the medulla
|
Cardiac
Vasomotor Respiratory |
|
|
What is the function of the cerebellum?
|
Coordinate movements, maintain equilibrium, and maintain posture
|
|
|
What information does the cerebellum evaluate to carry out its functions?
|
Proprioception (sensing body position)
|
|
|
How does the cerebellum affect movement?
|
Coordinate, not initiate
|
|
|
What type of fibers carry the awareness of position of one body part to another?
|
Proprioceptive fibers
|
|
|
What besides proprioceptors help in sensing body positions?
|
Vestibular receptors (inner ears) and visual receptors (eyes)
|
|
|
How would an animal present if its cerebellum was removed?
|
Jerky, uncoordinated voluntary movement
|
|
|
What is the function of the vestibular system?
|
Maintain posture with respect to gravity and coordinating eye and head movements
|
|
|
Where is the vestibular system located?
|
In inner ear (peripheral part) and brain stem (central part)
|
|
|
What are the components of the peripheral vestibular system?
|
Inner ear (labyrinth, receptors, vestibular nerve (8))
|
|
|
What are the central components of the central vestibular system?
|
Vestibular nuclei in brain stem
|
|
|
How is the inner ear divided?
|
Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
|
|
|
What makes up the vestibular system?
|
- Peripheral (receptors, vestibular nerve of 8)
- Central (vestibular nuclei) |
|
|
What is nystagmus?
|
Involuntary sudden jumping and slow backward motion of eye.
|
|
|
When is nystagmus abnormal?
|
When not related to head movement
|
|
|
How does normal nystagmus occur?
|
As head rotates, eyes must rotate in opposite direction to remain fixed on an object then jump in direction of head rotation to fix on another object and then rotate slowly backward
|
|
|
What are the interconnected cavities of the brain containing CSF?
|
Ventricles
|
|
|
Where does the CSF leave the ventricles?
|
Apertures in 4th ventricle
|
|
|
Where does CSF go on leaving the ventricle?
|
Into subarachnoid space
|
|
|
What is the capillary networks extending into the ventricles from their walls?
|
Choroid plexuses
|
|
|
What do the choroid plexuses secrete?
|
CSF
|
|
|
What fills the ventricle and subarachnoid space and acts as a shock absorber for the CNS?
|
CSF
|
|
|
List the parts of the ventricular system and their location.
|
- Lateral ventricle: paired, cerebral hemisphere
- Interventricular foramen: connect lateral and 3rd ventricles - Third ventricle: in the diencephalon around interthalamic adhesion - Mesencephalic canal / cerebral aqueduct: connects 3rd and 4th ventricles - Fourth ventricle: between brainstem and the cerebellum - Apertures in 4th ventricle: from 4th into subarachnoid space - Central canal: spinal cord |
|
|
The CSF in the subarachnoid space is absorbed by what structures, which return it to the general circulation?
|
Subarachnoid villi into the dural sinuses.
|
|
|
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
|
Protect brain cells from harmful substances
|
|
|
List two substances that pass through the blood brain barrier.
|
O2, CO2, glucose, certain ions (Na, K), water
|
|
|
What substances don't pass the blood-brain barrier?
|
Large proteins and most antibiotics
|
|
|
What may cause a break down of the blood-brain barrier?
|
Injury (trauma, inflammation, toxins)
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