Anatomy - H&n

Front 1

Anterior Cranial Fossa
What bones form it?
What are its contents?

Back 1

Formed by the frontal and ethmoid bone and parietal bones
Contents: frontal lobes, cribriform plate, foramen cecum, crista galli

Front 2

Middle Cranial Fossa
What bones form it?
What are its contents?

Back 2

Formed by sphenoid and temporal bones.
Contents: temporal lobes, pituitary, optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, carotid canal, trigeminal ganglion, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

Front 3

Posterior Cranial Fossa
What bones form it?
What are its contents?

Back 3

Formed by occipital and temporal bones
Contents: occipital lobes, brainstem, cerebellum, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal

Front 4

Foramen cecum
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 4

Frontal and ethmoid bones
Contents: Emissary vein

Front 5

Greater palatine foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 5

Palatine bone
Contents: greater palatine nerve, artery, vein

Front 6

Lesser palatine foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 6

Palatine
Contents: lesser palatine nerve, artery, vein

Front 7

Incisive canal
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 7

Maxilla
Nasopalatine nerve

Front 8

Supraorbital foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 8

Frontal
Supraorbital nerve, artery, vein

Front 9

Infraorbital foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 9

Sphenoid and maxilla
Infraorbital nerve (V2), artery, vein

Front 10

Optic canal
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 10

Sphenoid
Optic nerve (II), ophthalmic artery

Front 11

Superior orbital fissure
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 11

Sphenoid (between greater and lesser wings)
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Trigeminal V1 - lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves) and superior ophthalmic vein

Front 12

Inferior orbital fissure
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 12

Sphenoid, maxilla
V2, infraorbital vessels, ascending branches of sphenopalatine ganglion

* leads to infraorbital foramen

Front 13

Foramen rotundum
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 13

Sphenoid
V2

Front 14

Foramen ovale
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 14

Sphenoid
V3, lesser petrosal nerve

Front 15

Foramen spinosum
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 15

Sphenoid
Middle meningeal artery and vein

Front 16

Petrotympanic fissure
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 16

Temporal
Chorda tympani, anterior tympanic artery

Front 17

Foramen lacerum
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 17

Temporal and sphenoid
Greater and deep petrosal nerves (internal carotid artery runs over top)

Front 18

Internal acoustic meatus
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 18

Temporal (petrous)
VII and VIII

Front 19

Stylomastoid foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 19

Temporal
VII

Front 20

Jugular foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 20

Temporal and Occipital
Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and spinal accessory nerve (XI)

Front 21

Foramen magnum
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 21

Occipital
Medulla oblongata/spinal cord, vertebral arteries, spinal accessory nerve (XI)

Front 22

Mandibular foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 22

Mandible
Inferior alveolar nerve, artery, vein

Front 23

Mental foramen
Bone(s)?
Contents passed?

Back 23

Mandible
Mental nerve, artery, vein

Front 24

The greater wing of the sphenoid contains which 3 foramina?

Back 24

Rotundum, ovale, spinosum

Front 25

What are the components of the ethmoid bone, and what is the function of each?

Back 25

Cribriform plate --> olfactory foramina
Crista galli --> attaches to falx cerebri
Lateral plates --> contain ethmoid sinuses, lamina papyracea, superior and middle nasal conchae
Perpendicular plate --> superior part of nasal septum

Front 26

What are the components of the sphenoid bone, and what is the function of each?

Back 26

Hollow body --> sella turcica and sphenoidal sinuses
Greater wings --> lateral orbital wall and roof of infratemporal fossa
Lesser wings --> roof of orbit and superior orbital fissure (contains optic foramen)
Medial and lateral pterygoid plates --> medial ends as a hamulus (tensor veli palatini muscle hooks around this); lateral is attachment for both medial and lateral pterygoid plates

Front 27

7 bones of the orbit?

Back 27

Frontal
Maxilla
Zygoma
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Lacrimal
Palatine

Front 28

Describe the zygoma

Back 28

AKA "malar" or "cheekbone"
*located in the upper and lateral part of the face
*prominence of the cheek
*part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit
*parts of the temporal and infraorbital fossae
*articulates with the maxilla (anteriorly) and the temporal bone (posteriorly)

Front 29

Describe the zygomatic arch

Back 29

-formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone
-Temporalis muscle passes deep to zygomatic arch
-Masseter muscle originates from zygoma and zygomatic arch

Front 30

Describe the Maxilla

Back 30

-upper jaw
-consists of a body and 4 processes: zygomatic, frontal, alveolar, and palatine
-forms boundaries of 3 cavities: roof of mouth, floor and lateral wall of nose, floor of orbit
-forms 2 fossae: infratemporal, pterygopalatine
forms 2 fissures: infratemporal, pterygomaxillary

Front 31

Boundaries of the infratemporal fossa

Back 31

*anterior - posterior maxilla
*posterior - temporal bone (tympanic portion, mastoid, and styloid process)
*medial - lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid)
*lateral - mandibular ramus
*roof - greater wing of sphenoid (w/ foramen ovale --> CN V3)
*floor - medial pterygoid muscle (superior surface where inserts into mandible)

Front 32

Contents of the infratemporal fossa

Back 32

-temporalis and pterygoid muscles
-maxillary artery (and branches, i.e. middle meningeal)
-pterygoid plexus of veins
-V3
-chorda tympani (VII)
-otic ganglion (IX)

Front 33

Boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa

Back 33

*anterior - maxilla
*posterior - pterygoid plates
*medial - nasal fossa
*lateral - infratemporal fossa
*roof - greater wing of sphenoid; opens into inferior orbital fissure
*floor - pyramidal process of palatine bone; inferior end contains palatine canals

Front 34

Contents of the pterygopalatine fossa

Back 34

-pterygopalatine (3rd) part of maxillary artery and its branches
-V2
-nerve of pterygoid canal
-pterygopalatine ganglion and branches

Front 35

Pterygopalatine fossa: major communications
LATERAL

Back 35

Passageway: pterygomaxillary fissure
Contents passing: posterior superior alveolar NAV, maxillary artery
Space: infratemporal fossa

Front 36

Pterygopalatine fossa: major communications
ANTEROSUPERIOR

Back 36

Passageway: inferior orbital fissure
Contents passing: CN V2
Space: orbit

Front 37

Pterygopalatine fossa: major communications
POSTEROSUPERIOR

Back 37

Passageway: foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal
Contents passing: CN V2; nerve of pterygoid canal (formed by deep and greater petrosal nerves)
Space: middle cranial fossa

Front 38

Pterygopalatine fossa: major communications
MEDIAL

Back 38

Passageway: sphenopalatine formamen
Contents passing: sphenopalatine artery and vein, nasopalatine nerve
Space: nasal cavity

Front 39

Pterygopalatine fossa: major communications
INFERIOR

Back 39

Passageway: palatine canals
Contents passing: greater and lesser palatine NAV's
Space: oral cavity

Front 40

Bones of the neurocranium

Back 40

-frontal
-parietal (2)
-temporal (2)
-occipital
-sphenoid
-ethmoid

Front 41

Bones of the viscerocranium

Back 41

-maxilla (2, then fuse)
-nasal (2)
-zygomatic (2)
-palatine (2)
-lacrimal (2)
-inferior conchae (2)
-vomer
-mandible
-hyoid

Front 42

Except for the mandibular condyle, bones of the viscerocranium form by what type of growth?

Back 42

intramembranous

Front 43

Describe the hard palate

Back 43

The hard palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity
-maxilla are palatal processes (anterior 2/3)
-palatine bones are horizontal palates (posterior 1/3)
-pterygoid plates of the sphenoid articulate with the maxillary tuberosity (posterior palate)

Front 44

Describe the palatal foramen

Back 44

1) incisive foramen (Scarpa, midline; Stenson, lateral) --> descending palatine vessels and the nasopalatine nerves of V3 -- anterior palatal block
2) greater and lesser palatine foramen --> descending palatine vessels and anterior palatine nerve of V3 -- site of palatal anesthetic block

Front 45

Nasal cavity: boundaries and contributing structures

Back 45

floor -- hard palate
roof -- cribriform plate of ethmoid, anterior body of sphenoid, nasal spine of frontal bone, nasal bones, lateral nasal cartilages
lateral wall -- nasal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, palatine, and inferior conchae
medial wall -- nasal septum
external nose -- 2 nasal bones, cartilages (hyaline)

Front 46

Describe the sensory innervation of the nasal cavity

Back 46

*V2 --> nasopalatine, infraorbital, greater palatine
*V1 --> anterior ethmoidal
*parasympathetic to secretory glands --> branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion
*olfactory epithelium --> innervated by olfactory nerve (I)

Front 47

Blood supply of the nasal cavity

Back 47

-sphenopalatine branch of maxillary artery
-anterior ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic artery
-septal branch of superior labial branch of facial artery

Front 48

Purpose of nasal conchae and meatuses

Back 48

conchae -- increase air turbulence for warming, filtering, olfaction
meatuses -- drainage points for sinuses and nasolacrimal apparatus

Front 49

5 bones and 1 cartilage of nasal septum

Back 49

1) vertical plate of ethmoid
2) vomer
3) nasal crest of maxilla
4) palatine bones
5) nasal crest of sphenoid bones

1) septal cartilage

Front 50

What is Kiesselbach's plexus?

Back 50

Anastomosis of 5 arteries:
1) sphenopalatine
2) greater palatine (of maxillary artery)
3) superior labial (of facial artery)
4) anterior ethmoidal arteries (of ICA)
5) lateral nasal branches of facial artery

(most cases of epistaxis are from this plexus)

Front 51

4 paranasal sinuses

Back 51

-frontal
-maxillary (lined by Sniderian membrane)
-ethmoid
-sphenoid

Front 52

Where is the drainage location for the nasolacrimal apparatus?

Back 52

inferior meatus

Front 53

Where is the drainage location for frontal sinuses?

Back 53

middle meatus (hiatus semilunaris)

Front 54

Where is the drainage location for maxillary sinuses?

Back 54

middle meatus (ostium -- within hiatus semilunaris)

Front 55

Where is the drainage location for ethmoid sinuses (anterior, middle, and posterior)?

Back 55

middle meatus (within hiatus semilunaris and ethmoidal bullae)
superior meatus

Front 56

Where is the drainage location for sphenoid sinuses?

Back 56

sphenoethmoidal recess of nasal cavity

Front 57

What are the components of the external nose?

Back 57

-nasal bones
-septal cartilages
-lateral cartilages
-alar cartilages

*all cartilages of external nose are hyaline

Front 58

What is the largest and strongest bone in the face?

Back 58

Mandible

Front 59

Describe the mandibular foramen

Back 59

-located on the medial side of the ramus (just below lingula), midway between anterior and posterior borders of ramus
-it passes
1) inferior alveolar nerve (of V3)
2) inferior alveolar artery and vein

Front 60

What is Kiesselbach's plexus?

Back 60

Anastomosis of 5 arteries:
1) sphenopalatine
2) greater palatine (of maxillary artery)
3) superior labial (of facial artery)
4) anterior ethmoidal arteries (of ICA)
5) lateral nasal branches of facial artery

(most cases of epistaxis are from this plexus)

Front 61

4 paranasal sinuses

Back 61

-frontal
-maxillary (lined by Sniderian membrane)
-ethmoid
-sphenoid

Front 62

Where is the drainage location for the nasolacrimal apparatus?

Back 62

inferior meatus

Front 63

Where is the drainage location for frontal sinuses?

Back 63

middle meatus (hiatus semilunaris)

Front 64

Where is the drainage location for maxillary sinuses?

Back 64

middle meatus (ostium -- within hiatus semilunaris)

Front 65

Where is the drainage location for ethmoid sinuses (anterior, middle, and posterior)?

Back 65

middle meatus (within hiatus semilunaris and ethmoidal bullae)
superior meatus

Front 66

Where is the drainage location for sphenoid sinuses?

Back 66

sphenoethmoidal recess of nasal cavity

Front 67

What are the components of the external nose?

Back 67

-nasal bones
-septal cartilages
-lateral cartilages
-alar cartilages

*all cartilages of external nose are hyaline

Front 68

What is the largest and strongest bone in the face?

Back 68

Mandible

Front 69

Describe the mandibular foramen

Back 69

-located on the medial side of the ramus (just below lingula), midway between anterior and posterior borders of ramus
-it passes
1) inferior alveolar nerve (of V3)
2) inferior alveolar artery and vein

Front 70

Describe the mental foramen

Back 70

-located below the 2nd premolar on each side
-passes:
*mental nerve; the inferior alveolar nerve exits as the mental nerve. It suppllies skin and mucous membrane of the mental region
*incisive branch, which supplies the pulp chambers of the anterior teeth and adjacent mucous membrane