Anatomy Heart Test

Front 1

Which of the following pacemakers has the greatest effect on heart rate?

Back 1

SA Node

Front 2

Which of the following is associated with intercalated discs?

Back 2

gap junction

Front 3

What term is used to describe contraction of the heart?

Back 3

systole

Front 4

What structures prevent back-flow through the AV valves?

Back 4

papillary muscles

Front 5

What pacemaker goes through the right atrium?

Back 5

SA Node

Front 6

Which ventricle has a thicker myocardium? (larger & thicker muscle)

Back 6

left

Front 7

What part of the conduction system supplies the ventricular myocardium?

Back 7

purkinje fibers

Front 8

What term refers to uncoordinated heart contraction and ineffective heart contraction?

Back 8

Fibrillation

Front 9

Nerves of the parasympathetic system innervate the SA and AV nodes. Do they slow heart rate or increase heart rate?

Back 9

slow heart rate

Front 10

What neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic system to slow heart rate?

Back 10

ACh

Front 11

What can be treated with balloon angioplasty?

Back 11

Atherosclerosis

Front 12

Which of these factors that affect peripheral resistance can be quickly altered to change systematic BP?

Back 12

vessel diameter

Front 13

What type of vessel has lowest velocity of blood flow?

Back 13

capillaries

Front 14

Premature atrial contraction are what wave ECG occurs too often?

Back 14

P wave

Front 15

What force has the greatest influence that retain blood volume in capillaries?

Back 15

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 16

What part of the ventricular mass first conducts an action potential with each cardiac cycle?

Back 16

interventricular septum

Front 17

What channels in a cardiac cell membrane open to create the plateau in the action potential (i.e. why are cardiac muscle cells so much "slower twitch" than skeletal muscle cells?

Back 17

slow calcium channels

Front 18

What is the effect of acetylocholine on cells of SA node "slow down"?

Back 18

opens potassium channels

Front 19

Shock can occur when arterioles and capillaries systematically dilate, thus having what effect on BP? Name for this type of shock? Cause at molecular level? (what's a molecule that causes capillaries to dilate?)

Back 19

decreases; BP falls; "circulatory (anaphaletic)" molecular level- histamine

Front 20

Which of the following occurs as a result of a loss of fluid from capillaries and thus fluid build up in peripheral tissues?

Back 20

edema (may cause shock)/swelling

Front 21

Which of the following will DECREASE the end-systolic volume?

Back 21

systole heart contraction; how much blood is left; decrease amount= INCREASING CONTRACTILE STRENGTH

Front 22

Why are people with HBP often told to avoid salt in their diet?

Back 22

more salt in the body; more water

Front 23

If cells of the SA node are killed, what part of the heart has the autorhythmicity to establish a new (slower) heart rate?

Back 23

AV node

Front 24

An increase in venous return of blood to the heart will increase the EDV. Which of these will also occur?

Back 24

increase in stroke volume

Front 25

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Back 25

measurement of pressure exerted within the cardiovascular system by proteins found in blood plasma

Front 26

capillary exchange involves what 3 processes?

Back 26

1. Filtration
–Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) provides driving force
–Water and small solutes leave capillaries
–Larger molecules (like plasma proteins)
remain in blood
2. Diffusion
3. Osmosis

Front 27

Diffusion

Back 27

•Net movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
•Occurs most rapidly when 1. Distances are short 2. Concentration gradient is large 3. Ions or molecules involved are small
•Occurs continuously across capillary walls but transport mechanism varies for different substances

Front 28

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Back 28

is highest near arteriole (HP occurs in a garden hose, too)
•Causes water and small solutes to enter interstitial fluid

Front 29

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Back 29

increases:
•Water leaves capillary and plasma proteins remain
•CHP decreases along capillary length
CHP > BCOP = fluid forced out of capillary

Front 30

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is

Back 30

difference between capillary hydrostatic and blood colloid osmotic pressure
– NFP=CHP–BCOP • Is positive at beginning of capillary (= filtration) • Becomes negative by end of capillary (=
reabsorption)

Front 31

Shock

Back 31

Acute cardiovascular crisis marked by: Low blood pressure (hypotension) Inadequate peripheral blood flow

Front 32

Three causes of shock

Back 32

Three causes A. hemorrhage B. heart damage (cardiogenic) C. anaphylaxis
If Normal homeostatic mechanisms cannot compensate The result is Circulatory shock Positive feedback loops beginning when blood loss <35%

Front 33

Atherosclerosis (athero-, fatty degeneration)

Back 33

–
Formation of lipid deposits in tunica media associated with tunica intima damage

Front 34

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

Back 34

1) continuous- epithelial tissue, no holes in or between
2) fenestrated- "windows"
3) sinusoid- gaps between cells so proteins can get through

Front 35

Myocardial infarction is often referred to as "heart attack"

Back 35

Atherosclerosis may occur in arteries A blocked coronary artery may cause M.I.
(Blood flowing through atria and ventricles doesn‟t nourish heart)

Front 36

Valvular heart disease (VHD)

Back 36

is when valve function has deteriorated to where heart cannot maintain adequate blood flow
• Can be due to:
–Congenital malformations
– Heart swelling (carditis)

Front 37

Right Heart failure

Back 37

• Congestion of blood throughout body
• Starts in feet, to ankles, to legs, to
abdomen, and liver
• i.e. edema
• One treatment: diuretics to reduce amount of fluid

Front 38

Left Heart failure

Back 38

• Congestion in lungs
• Breathing difficult, wheezing
• Pink tinged froth in mouth
• Pale skin

Front 39

The heart is stimulated by the

Back 39

Sympathetic NS

Front 40

The heart is inhibited by the

Back 40

Parasympathetic NS

Front 41

Heart is stimulated by the sympathetic NS with Norepinephrine
which increases Ca++ inflow

True or False?

Back 41

True

Front 42

heart is inhibited by the parasympathetic NS with ACh, which opens K+ channes and hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells

Back 42

True