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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mediastinum?
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-central area of the thorax, located between the two pleural cavities
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oblique pericardial sinus
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-reflection of serous pericardium onto the pulmonary veins
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transverse pericardial sinus
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-two reflections form a passage behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk
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What is the proper examination of the heart?
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-visual inspection
-palpation -percussion -auscultation (need to know which chamber and which valve you are listening) |
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What are the heart borders?
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Upper limit:
-3rd costal cartilage on R -2nd intercostal space on L Right margin: -R 3rd costal cartilage --> R 6th costal cartilage Left margin: -2nd intercostal space (near sternum) to 5th intercostal space (mid-clavicular line) Lower margin: -R. 6th costal cartilage @ sternum to 5th intercostal space near mid-clavicular line |
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Calcific Aortic Stenosis
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primarily age related
-"wear & tear" -will occur earlier and more aggressively in someone w/ congenital valve malformation May cause: -systolic murmur, L. ventricle hypertrophy, angina, syncope, heart failure, arrhythmia |
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What arteries supply the myocardium? (heart as an organ)
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coronary arteries
-left coronary artery -right coronary artery |
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Angina pectoris
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intermittent chest pain caused by reversible cardiac ischemia
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack
-localized area of myocardial necroses induced by local ischemia (no blood flow to area, so part of heart muscle dies) |
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CAD: coronary artery disease
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-most common cause of death in the US
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What are the 3 most common sites of coronary artery occlusion?
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-anterior interventricular branch (40-50%)
-RCA (30-40%) -circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (15-20%) |
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What are some treatment options for coronary artery blockage?
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-angioplasty
-coronary artery bypass surgery |
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What is the cardiac skeleton?
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-dense, fibrous connective tissue
-sits on a plane between atria and ventricles -forms a ring around each of the 4 valves |
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What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?
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-maintains structural integrity of the openings
-provides a point of attachment for the valve cusps -electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles |
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Cephalic portion of the tube (arterial end) bends...
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ventrally (anteriorly) caudally (inferiorly)
-to the right |
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Atrial or caudal portion of tube (venous end) shifts...
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dorsally (posteriorly) and cranially (superiorly)
-to the left |
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Dextrocardia
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heart tube loops to the L instead of the R and so heart is located on the right side of thorax
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Situs inversus
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-dextrocardia coincides with this
-complete reversal of asymmetry in all organs -occurs in 1 in 7,000 individuals |
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Atrial septal defects (ASDs)
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-can be due to excessive resorption of the septum primum or inadequate development of the septum secundum
-significant L to R shunting of blood (higher pressures on L side after birth) |
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ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
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-most common form involves malformation of membranous part of interventricular septum
-isolated lesions or associated with abnormalities in partitioning of conotruncal region -small VSDs may close spontaneously |
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TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
(KNOW!!!) |
-most frequently occurring abnormality of conotruncal region
-results from anterior displacement of conotruncal septum -4 malformations ventricular septal defect pulonary stenosis overriding aorta R ventricular hypertrophy -results in R-->L shunting of blood w/ cyanosis near time of birth BOOT-SHAPED HEART ON XRAYS |
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Transposition of the Great arteries
(aorta and pulmonary trunk) |
-failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral as it descends
-aorta originates from R ventricle -pulmonary artery originates from L ventricle -incompatible with postnatal survival unless accompanied by another defect to allow oxygenated blood to enter the aorta -occurs in 4.8 in 10,000 births |
