Anatomy Head

Front 1

bony structures of the head

skeleton of the head composed of...

Back 1

the skull, the mandible or lower jaw bone, the hyoid apparatus, the ossicles of the middle ear, and the cartilages of the external ear, nose, and larynx

Front 2

head shapes (3)

Back 2

brachycephalic: short, wide-headed (shihtzu, boston terrier)
mesaticephalic: medium-headed (beagle, lab)
dolichocephalic: long, narrow-headed (greyhound, collie)

Front 3

cat head shape

Back 3

shorter in the face than mesaticephalic

Front 4

bones of the braincase (cranium)

general description

Back 4

bones surrounding the brain, forming the cranial cavity

Front 5

frontal bone

Back 5

cranial roof

Front 6

parietal bone

Back 6

cranial roof

Front 7

temporal bone

-3 parts

Back 7

caudolateral walls of braincase
1.zygomatic process:caudolateral part of zygomatic arch
2.tympanic bulla:location middle ear
3.external acoustic meatus

Front 8

ethmoid bone

-1 part

Back 8

rostral wall
1.cribiform plate, cribiform foramina (holes that allow passageway of olfactory nerves to brain)

Front 9

sphenoid bone

Back 9

floor of braincase

Front 10

occipital bone

location

Back 10

most caudal bone in braincase; has 6 parts

Front 11

occipital bone
1. sagittal crest

Back 11

can be replaced by paired temporal lines in brachycephalic dogs

Front 12

occipital bone
2. external occipital protuberance

Back 12

meeting point of sagittal and nuchal crests

Front 13

occipital bone
3. nuchal crest

Back 13

caudal crest

Front 14

occipital bone
4. occipital condyle

Back 14

articulates with C1

Front 15

occipital bone
5. paracondylar process

Back 15

attachment point for digastricus m. (muscle of mastication)

Front 16

occipital bone
6. foramen magnum

Back 16

opening for spinal cord, see from caudal view

Front 17

facial bones

general information

Back 17

the bones enclosing the nasal and oral cavities. Face can be divided into oral, nasal, and orbital regions.

Front 18

nasal bone

1 part

Back 18

with frontal bone, forms roof of nasal cavity
-nasal aperture:opening into nasal cavity

Front 19

maxillary bone or maxilla
4 descriptors
1 part

Back 19

lateral part of face, forms hard palate, holds upper cheek and canine teeth
-infraorbital foramen opens up into infraorbital canal

Front 20

incisive bone

Back 20

rostral bone, holds upper incisors, forms hard palate

Front 21

palatine bone

Back 21

forms hard palate

Front 22

zygomatic bone

Back 22

cranial surface of orbit, rostral portion of zygomatic arch

Front 23

lacrimal bone

Back 23

medial surface of orbit

Front 24

pterygoid bone

Back 24

caudal part of nasopharynx

Front 25

vomer

Back 25

osseous part of nasal septum

Front 26

mandible (lower jaw)
general information 4

Back 26

-only mobile bone of mammalian skull
-bears the lower teeth and articulates with the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
-the two mandibles join rostrally at the mandibular symphysis
-each mandible can be divided into a body, the horizontal part bearing lower teeth, and ramus, the vertical part bearing no teeth

Front 27

masseteric fossa

Back 27

attachment site for masseter m.

Front 28

coronoid, condylar*, angular processes

Back 28

*condylar process articulates with skull in temporomandibular joint

Front 29

mandibular notch

Back 29

motor br. of mandibular n. to masseter m. passes over this

Front 30

mandibular foramen and canal

Back 30

inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve travel through to supply lower teeth

Front 31

mental foramina

Back 31

mental nerves travel through

Front 32

mandibular symphysis

Back 32

common site of fracture

Front 33

temporomandibular joint

Back 33

between condylar process and the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Front 34

hyoid apparatus
general information

Back 34

-composed of hyoid bones, which stabilizes the tongue and larynx by suspending them from the skull
-Sick Elephants Can Be Treated

Front 35

hyoid apparatus

SECBT

Back 35

-tympanohyoid cartilage-most cranial, only part of apparatus that is not bone
-stylohyoid
-epihyoid
-ceratohyoid(karatohyoid)
-basihyoid unpaired, palpable (ID)
-thyrohyoid most caudal

Front 36

teeth
general info

Back 36

-perform the principle function of mastication
-arranged into two opposing upper and lower arches, lower arch is narrower

Front 37

domestic animals have two types of teeth:

Back 37

brachydont-low-crowned teeth, the simple teeth of man, carnivores, and pig; consists of crown, neck, and root
hypsodont-high-crowned teeth, no distinct neck

Front 38

dental formula:
deciduous teeth

Back 38

upper I-3 C-1 P-3

lower I-3 C-1 P-3

total 28

Front 39

dental formula:
permanent teeth

Back 39

upper I-3 C-1 PM-4 M-2 (10)

lower I-3 C-1 PM-4 M-3 (11)

total 42

Front 40

teeth
vestibular surface

Back 40

surface facing outward toward vestibule and lips

Front 41

teeth

lingual surface

Back 41

surface facing inward toward tongue

Front 42

teeth

contact surface

Back 42

surface adjacent to neighboring tooth in same arch
mesial-closer to midline
distal-away from midline

Front 43

teeth

occlusal or masticating

Back 43

surface facing teeth of opposite arch

Front 44

carnassial (sectorial) teeth

Back 44

large, shearing teeth of both dog and cat. they are upper 4th premolar, and lower 1st molar

Front 45

tooth

crown

Back 45

above gum

Front 46

tooth

neck

Back 46

at gum line

Front 47

tooth

root

Back 47

below gum line

Front 48

tooth

enamel

Back 48

covers the crown; hardest substance in body

Front 49

tooth

dentin

Back 49

hard substance similar to bone, bulk of the tooth

Front 50

tooth

pulp cavity

Back 50

central space containing nerves, vessels

Front 51

tooth

cementum

Back 51

thin bone like covering of root

Front 52

tooth

peridontal membrane

Back 52

fibrous connective tissue connecting well of alveolus with cementum

Front 53

tooth

gingiva

Back 53

gum

Front 54

philtrum

Back 54

median groove on nasal plane, extends down to upper lip

Front 55

nasal plane

Back 55

external nose, nonhaired skin, covers nostrils

Front 56

nasal aperture

Back 56

bony entrance into nasal cavity

Front 57

(median) nasal septum

Back 57

partition on midline, separates two nasal cavities

Front 58

nasal cartilage

Back 58

give form to nasal plane

Front 59

alar fold

Back 59

cranial opening of nasolacrimal duct
bulbous structure attach to nostrils then to concha

Front 60

choanae

Back 60

caudal openings of nasal cavities

Front 61

nasolacrimal duct

Back 61

tears/mucous to external nose

Front 62

nasal concha

description and 3 types

Back 62

bony scrolls covered by nasal mucosa and fillinf each half of the nasal cavity

dorsal nasal concha, ventral nasal concha, and ethmoidal concha

Front 63

nasal passages

4

Back 63

dorsal nasal meatus
middle nasal meatus
ventral nasal meatus
common nasal meatus (space common to other three)

Front 64

paranasal sinuses - "beside nasal cavities"

description and function

Back 64

diverticula of the nasal cavity which excavate the skull, lined by a mucous membrane and communicate with nasal cavity
function-obscure, some thermal and mechanical protection to orbit, nasal, and cranial cavities, reduce weight of skull

Front 65

paranasal sinuses

2

Back 65

frontal sinus-dorsal to frontal bone
maxillary recess(sinus)- above P4 to M2

Front 66

muscles of the face (5)
function
innervation

Back 66

function: open, close, or move lips, eyelids, nose, and ear

innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)

Front 67

platysma m

Back 67

cutaneous muscle, adhere to skin on neck

Front 68

orbicularis oris m.

Back 68

circular muscle, makes up free border of lips

Front 69

buccinator m.

Back 69

cheek wall muscle, blends with orbicularis oris

Front 70

levator nasolabialis ,

Back 70

fibers rostral/ventral
function: lift upper lip/nose

Front 71

orbicularis oculi

Back 71

circular muscle around eye

Front 72

muscles of mastication and related (4)
innervation
function

Back 72

innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal n. (CN V)

all except digastricus function to close jaw

Front 73

temporalism

Back 73

dorsal part of skull attach to coronoid muscle of mandible

Front 74

masseter m

Back 74

lateral surface, attaches to masseter fossa

Front 75

pterygoid m

Back 75

deep, medial side

Front 76

digastricus m

Back 76

opens jaw, under lower jaw to pterygoid process

Front 77

tongue
latin and greek

Back 77

latin=lingua

greek=glossa

Front 78

tongue parts 3

Back 78

root body apex

Front 79

median groove (sulcus)

Back 79

middle of tongue

Front 80

lingual frenulum

Back 80

mucosa fold, anchors tongue to floor or oral cavity

Front 81

sublingual fold

Back 81

lies over salivary ducts on floor of oral cavity

Front 82

sublingual carnucle

Back 82

'bump' @ most rostral point where ducts open

Front 83

lyssa

Back 83

fibrous spicule spike on midline under tongue

Front 84

lingual papillae
location
function

Back 84

-the dorsal surface of tongue
-they have protection and mechanical functions as well as perception of taste (some**)

Front 85

filiform p

Back 85

cover body and apex of tongue, point caudally

Front 86

fungiform p **

Back 86

small round white dots

** have taste buds

Front 87

vallate p

Back 87

big, at junction of body and root, surrounded by sulcus

** have taste buds

Front 88

foliate p

Back 88

leaf like lateral edge, parallel lines

** have taste buds

Front 89

conical p

Back 89

on base of tongue, point caudal, one tip

Front 90

marginal p

Back 90

hair like, on apex, PUPPY only

Front 91

cat tongue

Back 91

highly cornified filiform p

Front 92

innervation of the tongue

taste

Back 92

rostal 2/3 of tongue=chorda tympani (branch of CN VII-facial n.)
caudal 1/3 of tongue= glossopharyngeal n (CN IX)

Front 93

innervation of tongue

sensation (pain, temp, tactile)

Back 93

lingual nerve, mandibular branch of CN V (trigeminal nerve), and CN IX

Front 94

innervation of tongue

motor innervation

Back 94

all lingual muscles (intrinsic and extrinsic) CN XII hypoglossal nerve

Front 95

lingual muscless
innervation
function

Back 95

-innervated by hypoglossal n (CN XII)
-function: to control precise movement of tongue such as lapping water, food prehension, mastication, swalling, and prevention of accidental biting of tongue

Front 96

intrinsic group of lingual muscles

Back 96

the many muscular bundles running in diverse directions to form the bulk of the tongue. function: protrude tongue, prevent tongue from being bitten
bulb of tongue

Front 97

lingual muscles extrinsic group
3

Back 97

paired muscles anchoring the tongue to the skeleton

Front 98

lingual muscles-extrinsic

styloglossus

Back 98

anchors to stylohyoid bone to middle of tongue (passes lateral to palatine tonsil)
function: retracts and elevates

Front 99

lingual muscles-extrinsic

hyoglossus

Back 99

anchors to thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones to root of tongue
function: retracts and depresses

Front 100

lingual muscles-extrinsic

genioglossus

Back 100

"chin to tongue" anchors to mandibular symphysis to tongue basihyoid, ceratohyoid bones
function:protrude retract apex

Front 101

hyoideus muscles
attach
function
innervation

Back 101

-all attach to the hyoid apparatus, which suspends the larynx and anchor the tongue
-function in swallowing, lolling, lapping, and retching
-innervated by CN V, IX, XII and first few cervical n.

Front 102

sternohyoideus

Back 102

sternum to basihyoid bone
f: pull basihyoid and tongue caudally

Front 103

thyrohyoideus

Back 103

thyroid cartilage to thyrohyoid bone
f: draw hyoid apparatus caudally

Front 104

mylohyoideus

Back 104

fills intermandubular space, to basihyoid bone and midline raphe, sling for tongue, most ventral from medial side of mandible
f: raise floor of mouth and draw hyoid apparatus cranially

Front 105

geniohyoideus

Back 105

chin to basihyoid
f: draw hyoid apparatus cranially(swallow) and maintain airway

Front 106

ceratohyoideus

Back 106

thyrohyoid bone to ceratohyoid bone
f: decrease angle formed by to hyoid bones

Front 107

salivary glands

description

Back 107

these glands secrete products into the oral cavity that moisten food and aid in digestion, secretions can be serous mucous or mixed

Front 108

mandibular salivary gland
*mandibular lymph node

Back 108

duct opens at sublingual carnucle
singular, encapsulated, located and caudal angle of jaw
*mandibular lymph nodes: palpable, 2-4 nodes rostroventral to salivary glands, drain ventral surface of head

Front 109

sublingual salivary gland
mono
poly

Back 109

monosomatic gland and major sublingual duct-duct opens at sublingual carnucle,encapsulated with mandibular salivary gland
polystomatic glands-diffuse clusters of glandular tissue on eighter side of tongue, ducts open directly into oral cavity

Front 110

parotid gland
*parotid lymph node

Back 110

duct opens at the 4th upper PM uncapsulated, lobular gland, located below auricular cartilage
parotid lymph node-small rostal edge of salivary gland drains orbit and dorsal struct of head.

Front 111

translocation of parotid duct

Back 111

move parotid duct to lateral canthus of eye to treat dry eye in dog. eye salivates

Front 112

salivary mucosele

Back 112

gland secretes/accumulates

Front 113

salivary ranula

Back 113

saliva collects on floor or oral cavity

Front 114

pharynx

system, 3 parts

Back 114

passageway that is in part, common to both respiratory and digestive systems
oropharynx,nasopharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 115

1. oropharynx

2 features

Back 115

part of digestive channel, ventral to soft palate to base of epiglottis; extends from palatoglossal arch to caudal border of soft palate and base of epiglottis
-palatine tonsil: caudodorsal wall of oropharynx
palatoglossal arch- marks division betw oropharynx and oral cavity, mucosal fold extends betw body of tongue to beginning of soft palate

Front 116

2. nasopharynx

2 features

Back 116

dorsal to soft palate
paryngeal opening of the auditory tube (ear tube)
palatopharyngeal arch: extends caudally on each side from the caudal border of the soft palate to the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx, marks division betw nasopharynx and laryngopharynx

Front 117

3. laryngopharynx

2 features

Back 117

part of respiratory channel and digestive channels, caudal to soft palate, the part of pharynx where air from nasopharynx crosses to reach the larynx and food/H20 from oropharynx crosses into esophagus
-piriform recess: continuation of floor of oropharynx on either side of larynx, bones/foreign bodies may lodge here, pharyngostomy(site for), aryepiglottic fold
pharyngoesophageal limen: marks division betw laryngopharynx and esophagus, annular constriction

Front 118

clincial correlate
endotracheal tube (larynx, trachea)

Back 118

into oral cavity, press down epiglottis into trachea

Front 119

clinical correlate
nasogastric tube (to stomach)

Back 119

into nasal cavity ventral nasal meatus, through nasopharynx into esophagus

Front 120

pharyngeal muscles - make up walls of pharynx
innervation
function

Back 120

innervated by CN IX, X
function-aid in swallowing; most constrict the pharynx except the stylopharyngeas m which dilates the pharynx

Front 121

cricopharyngeus m.

Back 121

from cricoid cartilage most caudal

Front 122

thyropharyngeus m.

Back 122

from thyroid cartilage

Front 123

hyopharyngeus m.

Back 123

from thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid bones

Front 124

palatopharyngeus m.

Back 124

from soft palate

Front 125

stylopharyngeus m

Back 125

dilator, from stylohyoid, most cranial bc dilator before food comes in

Front 126

larynx
description
function

Back 126

musculocutaneous organ (tube connecting the laryngopharynx and trachea) guarding the entrance to the trachea
-serves as an air passageway, aids vocalization and prevents the inspiration of foreign material

Front 127

laryngeal cartilages:
4

Back 127

1. epiglottic-u-closes when swallow, open in inspiration
2.thyroid-u-open plate, palpable adams apple
3.arytenoid-p-corniculate process, cuneiform process, vocal process
4.cricoid-u-complete ring wider on dorsal side

Front 128

glottis

Back 128

the vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of vocal folds, the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages, and the rima glottidis(passageway into glottis)

Front 129

laryngeal ventricle-lateral

Back 129

lateral diverticulum

Front 130

vestibular fold

Back 130

rostal to ventricle

Front 131

vocal fold or vocal cord

Back 131

mucosa covered vocal ligament and muscle caudal to the ventricle, vocalis muscle

Front 132

muscles of larynx 2

Back 132

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

cricothyroideus

Front 133

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
location
function
recurrent laryngeal n = ?

Back 133

from dorsolateral surface of cricoid cartilage to lateral s of muscular process
the only intrinsic muscle abducting (pulling apart) the vocal folds to open the glottis
caudal laryngeal n.= recurrent laryngeal n.

Front 134

cricothyroideus

Back 134

the only laryngeal muscle innervated by cranial laryngeal n. ventrally bowtie from ventral side of cricoid to lateral side of thyroid cartilage

Front 135

roarer clinical correlate

Back 135

get info

Front 136

external ear
passageway
3 parts

Back 136

-passageway from pinna to ear drum
1. auricula or pinna
2. EXTERNAL ear canal=external acoustic (auditory) meatus: vertical and horizontal parts
3. auricular cartilages

Front 137

middle ear

description

Back 137

part of ear inside of and including the tympanic membrane

6 parts

Front 138

middle ear

tympanic membrane
tympanic cavity
tympanic bulla

Back 138

tympanic membrane-ear drum
tympanic cavity-space inside middle ear
tympanic bulla- bone

Front 139

middle ear
auditory ossicles

3 part

Back 139

malleus (hammer)
incus(anvil)
stapes(stirrup)

Front 140

middle ear

auditory (eustachian) tube

Back 140

in tympanic cavity, also seen in nasopharynx
pharyngeal opening of auditory tube opens externally into nasopharynx
potential path for spread of infection

Front 141

middle ear

vestibular (oval) window

Back 141

see diagram

Front 142

inner ear
development
fluid within labyrinth
bone that surrounds labyrinth

Back 142

-develops in the embryo as an invagination of the optic placode that cavitates to form interconnected series of fluid filled ducts and chambers, called the mebranous labyrinth within an otic capsule
-the fluid within this labyrinth is a clear dialsylate of blood called endolymph
-the bony (osseous) labyrinth surrounds the membranous labyrinth

Front 143

inner ear

2parts

Back 143

semicircular ducts
cochlear duct

Front 144

middle ear

cochlear (round) window

Back 144

see diagram