Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
pelvis
|
bony landmarks
- acetabulum - obturator foramen - ischial ramus - ischial body and ischial tuberosity - ischial spine - greater sciatic notch - lesser sciatic notch - pubic bocy - sup. and inf. pubic rami - pectineal line along pubic sup. ramus |
|
|
parts of the ischium
|
- ischial spine
- body of ischium - lesser sciatic notch - ischial tuberosity - ramus of the ischium - makes up part of the obturator foramen |
|
|
pubis
|
- inf. pubic ramus
- obturator crest - pubic tubercle - obturator crest - superior pubic ramus |
|
|
ileum
|
- ant. inferior illiac spine
- asis - wing (ala) of ileum - outer lip of iliac crest - post. superior iliac spine - post. inferior iliac spine |
|
|
pelvic joints
|
- lumbosacral joint
- amphiarthrosis joint - spanned by fibrocartilage intervertebral disc - sacrococcygeal joint - amphiarthrosis joint (symphysis) with fibrocartilage intervertebral disc - sacroiliac joint - arthroidal joint reinforced with strong ant. and post. sacroiliac lig. - pubic symphysis - - amphiarthrosis jt. betwn. pubic bones, spanned by fibrocart. disc - acc. lig. - sacrotuberous lig. runds from sacrum to ischial tuberosity - sacrospinous lig. runs from sacrum to ischial spine - these two lig. turn the notches into the gr. sciatic and lesser sciatic foramen. |
|
|
male vs. female pelvis
|
female
- inlet - oval - outlet - circular - cavity - circular, 3d - arch - half oval male - look at picture - outlet - smaller oval and upright - circular top and square bottom - arch - triangle |
|
|
pelvic muscles
|
- piriformis
- passes thru sciatic foramen with sciatic nerve and sup.inf. gluteal NAV |
|
|
location of sacrospinous ligament
|
- deep and perpendicular to sacrotuberous ligament.
|
|
|
pelvic muscles continued
|
- obturator internus - originates over internal margin of obturator foramen
- passes thru lesser sciatic foramen to deep gluteal region |
|
|
pelvic diaphragm
|
- levator ani
- r and L levator ani nearly horizontal in pelvic floor, seperated by a hiatus for urethra, vagina and anal canal. - runs from pubic sup. ramus to ischial spine and obturator fascia, also attaches to coccyx and median raphe and rectum. - ax - elevate pelvic floor, functions to hold insides in - innervated by sacral plexus |
|
|
coccygeus
|
- runs from ischial spine to lat. margin of sacrum and coccyx
- post. to levator ani and ant. to sacrospinous lig. - actions - elevate pelvic floor, functions to support viscera - innervated by sacral plexus. |
|
|
pelvic diaghragm
|
- levator ani, coccygeus, and ass. conn. tissue
- anal canal, vagina and urethra all lie in the pelvic diaphragm - obturator internus - levator ani too. |
|
|
external rotators of the hip
|
piriformis
gemellus sup. gemellus inf. quadratus femoris obturator internus |
|
|
things that come out of the greater sciatic foramen
|
- piriformis
- sciatic nerve - sup. gluteal nerve - inf. gluteal nerve - sup. gluteal artery - inf. gluteal artery |
|
|
things on the pelvic diaphragm
|
- pelvic flloor muscles
- sacrospinous ligament - sacrotuberous ligemant - sacrum - piriformis - coccygeous muscles - rectum - vagina - urethra - pubic symphysis |
|
|
lateral view structurs
|
- piriformis muscle
- greater sciatic foramen - ischial spine - illiooccygeus muscle - pubococcygeus muscle - urethra - vagina - rectum - sacrospinous lig. - coccygeus muscle |
|
|
arteriole supply
|
pelvic artery - int. iliac branches
- sup. gluteal artery - to sup. gluteal region - in. gluteal artery - to inf. gluteal - pudendal artery - ext. genitalia - lat. sacral artery - much of sacrum - obturator artery - around and thru obturator foramen - branches of bladder - supe. and inf. vesicle artery - uterus, prostate, seminal vesicle and vagina - obliterated umbilical artery - termination of int. iliac artery |
|
|
branching off the int. iliac
|
- lateral sacral
- sup. gluteal artery - inf. gluteal artery |
|
|
pelvic viscera
|
- urinary bladder
- post. to pubic symphysis - sup. to urogenital diaphragm in female, prostate gland in male - ureters enter posteroinf. - drained by urethra - supported by levator ani - urogenital diaphragm - several ligg. |
|
|
functions of urinary bladder
|
- stores urine
- excretes urine thru urethra - urethral sphincters - int. urethral sphincter - smooth muscle in bladder - neck controlled by autonomic system - micturition reflex - ext. urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle in urogenital diaphragm so voluntary control once nerve finish myelinating by 2 or 3 years old. |
|
|
rectum and anus
|
- rectal sigmoid boundary not exact
- at 3rd sacral ligament or where sigmoid colon loses its mesentary - anus starts about where rectum pierces levator ani - anal sphincters - int. anal sphincter - smooth muscle - defecation reflex, parasympathetic - ext. anal sphincter - voluntary control - venous plexus drains region thru sup. rectal V. of inf. mesenteric v. and inf. rectal v. of IVC |
|
|
hemorrhoids
|
- abnormally enlarged V. in rectum/ anus; mainly due to a persistent increase in venous pressure.
- may result from blockage on portal side due to ... - liver cirrhosis - stenosis of hepatic portal or hepatic v. - pregnancy - chronic constipation - wall weakness of rectal v. |
|
|
rectal exams
|
- in both sexes can palpate
- coccyx and inf. sacrum - ischial tuberosities - lat. pelvic walls - in females can palpate - post vaginal wall, cervix - in males - prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland - check for tumors, appendicitis or other abd. pain, fecal incontinence or neurologic problems, hemorrhoids gynecological problems. |
|
|
male genital system
|
- testis - produce sperm and androgens
- epididymus - sperm stored and finish maturing - ductus deferens - transport sperm from epididymus to prostate - seminal vesicle - produce much of semen - prostate gland - produce part of semen; contracts for orgasm and to ejaculate sperm and semen - ejaculatory duct of prostate - receives contents from ductus deferens and seminal vesicle; empties into prostatic urethra. |
|
|
blood supply of male genital system
|
- blood supply - testicular artery and int. iliac branches
- nerve supply - mainly sacral plexus branches - urethra - prostatic, membranous and spongy - erectile tissue of penis - corpus spongiosum - in bulb, ventral shaft of penis and glans - corpus cavernosum - erectile tissue of crura and dorsal shaft of penis; note 2 separate tubes. |
|
|
female genital system
|
- ovaries
- fx - produce eggs and sex hormones - uterine tubes - transport eggs and sperm - uterus - womb - fundus, body, cervix - broad ligament, round ligament, and ovarian ligament - vagina - birth canal and receptor for penis and ejaculate - blood supply - ovarian artery, branches of internal iliac arteries - nerve supply - mainly sacral branches of sacral plexus. |
|
|
female genital system
|
- external genitalia -
- vestibule with urethral orifice and vaginal orifice - labia minora and majora - glans of clitoris - erectile tissue similar to that of the male; has one of the nerve pathways for orgasm. |
|
|
pathways of an egg getter sperm
|
- testis --> epididymus --> vas deferens --> prostatic urethra --> membranous urethra --> spongy urethra of penile bulb, shaft and glans --> vagina --> body of uterus --> oviduct
|
|
|
perineum; bony landmarks
|
- ant. - inf. pubic symphysis
- lat. - ischiopubic rami and ischial tuberosities - post. - end of coccyx |
|
|
females is the dominant sex; anything male derived from that -
|
then it gives a diagram about the structures of the female genitalia and how it turns into the male genitalia.
|
|
|
general info. on autonomic system
|
- function - regulate and control visceral activity, maintain homeostasis (internal stability relative to demands of the body) the center for coordinating function of the ans is the hypothalamus
|
|
|
types of functions of ANS
|
- heart rate - cardiac muscle
- respiration - smooth muschel - blood vessel diameter - smooth muscle - digestion - gi motility smooth mus. - sweat glands - salivary glands - pupillary diameter (smooth muscle ) - sexual dysfunctions - smooth muscle |
|
|
iris
|
symp. effect
- dilates the pupil para symp. - constricts the pupil |
|
|
lacrimal gland
|
symp. effect
- little or no effect on secretions para symp. effect - stimulates secretions |
|
|
salivary glands
|
symp. effect
- secretion reduced in amount and viscid parasymp. effect - secretion increased in amount and watery |
|
|
sweat glands of head, neck trunk and extremities
|
symnp. effect
- stimulates secretion parasymp. - little or no effect |
|
|
bronchii
|
symp
- dilates lumen para - constricts lumen |
|
|
heart
|
symp.
- accelertates rate, augments ventricular contraction para - decreases heart rate |
|
|
gi motility and secretion
|
- symp.
- inhibits para - relaxes |
|
|
GI sphincters
|
symp - constricts
para - relaxes |
|
|
sex organs
|
symp
- constriction of ductus deferens, semnal vesicle, prostatic and uterine musulature; vasoconstriction para - vasodialtion and erection |
|
|
urinary bladder
|
symp - little or no effect on bladder
para - contracts bladder wall, promotes emptying |
|
|
adrenal medulla
|
symp - stimulates secretion
para - little or no effect |
|
|
blood vessels of trunk and extremities
|
- constricts
para - no effect |
|
|
afferents (sensory)
|
- afferents - visceral reactions and functions are initiated by internal changes that activate visceroreceptors. these are innervated by visceral afferent fibers. visceral afferent fibsers have their cells of origin in the spinal dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia. In this way, the CNS can receive info. regarding visceral conditions.
|
|
|
afferents
|
- cells which receive central processes conveying visceral and somatic pain are closely ass. with each other in the dorsal gray of the spinal cord. there is some confusion or overlap between viscera and somatic pain within the CNS from teh dorsal gray of the cord on up. therefore, visceral pain is often felt in the corresponding segment of the external body wall. this is known as "referred pain"
|
|
|
visceral efferents
|
- response to changes in visceral conditions occurs through visceral efferent fibers. Visceral efferent systems originate in the spinal cord and brain. However, visceral efferent or motor responses use a 2 neuron chain. Visceral efferents innervate 1. smooth muscle 2. cardiac muscle 3. glands
|
|
|
anatomy of the autonomic efferents
|
- 2 neuron chain -
1. preganglionic chain - lives in CNS, sends a fiber out to synapse with a postganglionic cell 2. postganglionic cell - lives in various ganglia located throughout the body, recieves a preganglionic fiber and sends a fiber to 1. smooth muscle 2. cardiac muscle 3. glands |
|
|
location of preganglionic efferents
|
- sympathetic
- spinal cord, levels y1 - l2 - called thoracolumbar parasympathetic - brain, autonomic nuclei for cranial nerves 3,7,9 and 10 - spinal cord, levels s2-s4 (autonomic nucleus of intermediate grey) - called craniosacral |
|
|
location of postganglionic fibers
|
- sympathetic
- paravertebral or sympathetic chain - connected to spinal nerves on both sides of vertebral column by a white ramus and gray ramus. white rami are only ass. with nerves t1-l2 and gray rami are ass. with all spinal nerves. |
|
|
location of postganglionic efferents
|
- sympathetic ganglia
- paravertebral or sympathetic chain - connected to spinal nerves on both sides of vertebral column by a white ramus and gray ramus. white rami are only ass. with nerves T1-L2 and gray rami are ass. with spinal nerves - prevertebral - located ant. to vertebral columns and are UNPAIRED - adrenal medulla - cells are modified postganglionic cells which secrete epinepherine into blood stream |
|
|
parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
|
- cranial ganglia -
cilia - (CN 3) - sphincter of pupil, ciliary muscle - pterygopalatine CN7 - lacrimal gland, small glands of nasal and oral cavities - submandibular gland - CN 7 - submandibular and sublingual salivary glands - otic (CN 9) - parotid salivary glands. |
|
|
terminal ganglia
|
0 these postganglionic cells actually live within the organ innervated by the preganglionic fiber. They send short postganglionic fibers to the cell of the organ (ass. with organs innervated by cranial nerve X and pelvic nerves)
|
|
|
pathways
|
- sympathetic - 4 variations refer to diagram
- to peripheral vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles - to viscera via visceral rami - to viscera via splanchnic nerves - to adrenal medulla via splanchnic nerves. |
|
|
upper limb
|
muscles
|
|
|
muscles of upper limb; shoulder girdle
|
- deltoid - abducts shoulder
- pectoralis major - attaches to humerus - flexes shoulder to elevate it - horizontal adduction - medially rotation (with latissimus dorsi) - lattisumus dorsi - attaches to humerus - extends shoulder - horizontal abduction of shoulder - medial rotation |
|
|
muscles of upper limb; rotator cuff
|
- 4 total - stabilize shoulder joint
- hold head of humerus in glenoid --> necassary for arm elevation 4 muscles - supraspinatus - abduct - infraspinatus - lateral rotation - teres minor - lateral rotation - subscapularis - medial rotation |
|
|
muscles of upper limb ; trapezius
|
- goes all the way down back, attached along spine of scapula and vertebral column.
- elevates, depress and retract scapula. - laterally rotates scapula with complete elevation at the shoulder. |
|
|
arm
|
- biceps - 2 heads- superficial; flexes elbow and also supinates
- brachialis - deep to biceps; flexes elbow ( most powerful elbow flexor) - triceps - 3 heads and extends elbow |
|
|
forearm
|
flexors - flexing wrists and fingers (joints of the digits) --> attach to medial epicondyle
- pronators - rotate to back - extensors - extend wrist and fingers (joints of the digits) --> attach to lateral epicondyle - supinator - rotate forward; biceps is the most powerful supinator. |
|
|
hand
|
18 muscles in the hand, 3 on flexor side and 6 on extensor side in addition.
- thenar - on the thumb side - hypothenar - on little finger side - intermediate group - in between. |
|
|
vascular supply of upper limb
|
- arteries - axillary - supplies the upper extremities; a continuation of the subclavian
- becomes branchial after it passes through the teres major muscle - branchial - continuation of the axillary that passes to the elbow. - radial - branchial splits at the telbow into the radial and ulnar; supplies the forearm and hand; pulse is found underneath the tendon the thumb side - ulnar - branch of the branchial; continuation into the forearm and hand - supplies deep muscles of the hand. |
|
|
veins of the upper limbs
|
- deep - correstpond to the arteries with blood flow in the reverse direction
- superficial - - cephalic - begins around area at the base of the thumb and continues up the lateral forarm and empties into axial - basilic - runs along medial forearm and dives deep into the brachail vein - median cubital - diagonal vein connects basilica and cephalic; good place to take blood samples |
|
|
radial pulse
|
- tense muscles and go to lateral big tendon (flexor carpi radialis)
- Brachial pulse - find biceps tendon and go medially |
|
|
post horns
|
- dorsal columns that handle somatic and visceral sensory (afferent) impulses
|
|
|
ant. horns
|
- ventral columns that handle somatic and visceral motor (efferent) impulses
|
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
- boluntary or conscious control
|
|
|
autonomic (visceral) nervous system
|
- autonomic or involuntary control
- spinal and some cranial nerves - involuntary functions; heart rate, breathing, digestion, salivation, perpiration and urination - visceral sensory afferent: senses from visceral organs: distension, pain, CO2 and O2 Levles, glucose levels, arterial pressure. - visceral motor; sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. - visceral motor - symp. and parasymp. systems |
|
|
visceral branchial motor division
|
- cranial nerves
- muscles derived from pharyngeal gill arches i.e. innervated by cranial nerve |
|
|
enteric nervous sytem
|
- intestinal tract, can act without ans or cns jelly fish nerves
|
|
|
vertebrates have 2 major body wivisions with seperate innervations
|
- tube within a tube inside tube is visceral and outside tube is somatic
- visceral nerves - jaws, pharynx, gut and assoc. parts - somatic n. - nerve cord, notochord, intervert. discs), trunk wall, tail and skeletal muscles. |
|
|
branchial arch formation and
|
- trigeminal n. v innervates 1st branchial (gill) arch
- facial nerve innervates 2nd pharyngeal arch - |
|
|
structures in teh 1st and second arch
|
- malleus and inces
- alisphenoid |
|
|
structures ass. with 2nd branchial arch
|
- stapes
- stylohyoid ligament |
|
|
arch 4 structures
|
- thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
|
|
|
arch 3 structures
|
- hyoid body.
|
|
|
Branchiomeric nerves; special visceral efferents
|
- SVE -
trigeminal 1st arch - facial - 2nd arch - glossopharyngeal - 3rd arch - vagus nerve - 4th arch - spinal accessory nerve - might have both SVE and GSE - all of these nerves innervate striated muscle of branchial arch origin; i.e. that all contain sve fibers, as well as other ocmponents |
|
|
GSE
|
- skeletal muscle 3,4,6 and 12
|
|
|
GVE
|
autonomic control
- 3, 7, 9 and 10 |
|
|
SVE
|
- branchiomeric muscles
- 5,7,9, 10 and 11 |
|
|
GSA
|
touch, pain, heat, loss/ gain and proprioception
- 5,7,9 and 10 |
|
|
general visceral afferent
|
- mechanical, pain, heat, loss/ gain and visceroception
- 5,7,9, and 10 |
|
|
ssa
|
- vision, hearing and equilibrium 2 and 8
|
|
|
SVA
|
- olfaction and taste
- 1,7,9 and 10 |
|
|
motor efferents of trigeminal nerve
|
- SVE - skeletal muscle branchiomeric - 5,7,9 and 10
sensory afferents - - GSA - tactile, pain, heat loss/ gain and proprioception 5,7,9 and 10 - GVA - visceroception, mechanical pain heat loss and gain5,7,9, and 10 |
|
|
tregeminal n. 3 functional components
|
- sensory info. travels from head to cerebral cortes, cerebellum and reticular formation. The primary afferent fibers distribute peripherally in 3 divisions of trigeminal nerve
- these 3 parts unite at trigaminal ganglion in depression of petrous portion of temporal bone and fibers synapse in nuclei of the midbrain, pons, medulla and sup. cervical spinal cord. - afferent sensory portion is the largest; trigeminal portio majog - efferent portion is portio minor and is carred by Mand. n. V3 |
|
|
the efferent part of the trigeminal nerve is carried by ?
|
the mandibular branch.
|
|
|
General somatic afferents of cn v
|
proprioceptive fibers from m. innervated by cn. v
- also sensory fibers from the face and ant. scap, conjunctiva of the ey and sinus mucous membranes, oral cavity, indluding tongue and teeth, part of external tympanum and meninges of ant. and middle cranial fossae |
|
|
GSA nverves of opthalmic divsion of cn v
|
- lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary and branches
|
|
|
GSA nerves of maxillary branch of CN V
|
- Middle meningeal, zygomatic branches, greater and lesser palatine, pharyngeal, nasopalatine, and nasal branches, and infraorbital; alveolar branches and cutaneous palpebral, sup. labial and ext. nasal
|
|
|
GSA nerves of mand. branch of trigeminal
|
buccal, masseteric, temporal branches, lat. pterygoid, auriculotemporal, lingual, inf. alveolar, mylohyoid, dental branches, incisive branches and mental
|
|
|
location of GSA from C.N. V
|
- opthalmic - sensory info. from ant. scalp and forehead, upper eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea of ey, nose, nasal mucosa, frontal sinuses, and parts of meninges
- maxillary - sensory info. from lower eyelid, cheek, nares, upper lip, upper teeth and gums, nasal mucosa, palate, roof of pharynx, the maxillary and ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses and parts of meninges - mand. - sensory from lower lip, lower teeth and gums, chin and part of jaw, part of ext. ear adn parts of meninges. |
|
|
SVE of CNV
|
- from motor nuceus of V at midpons level at attachment of trigeminal n.
- fibers emerge as seperate motor root distributed peripherally thru mand. nerve - multipolar neurons that innervate - mastication muscles and temporalis and masseter; lat. pterygoid and med. pterygoid - mylohyoid and ant. belly of digastricus - tensor tympani and tensor valli palitini |
|
|
how the motor trigeminal nucleus works
|
- between the medulla and pons
- it recieves, proprioception, touch, pain and temp. inputs and sends motor outputs via mand. branch. - 2nd order synapse in the thalamus - 3rd order to sensory cortex |
|
|
central connections in brain and upper cervical spinal cord
|
- 1 trigeminal n. motor component
- motor nucleus of CNV - 3 trigeminal sensory components - mesencephalic nucleus of CN V - spinal tract and nucleus of CN v - principal sensory nucleus of CN V |
|
|
origination of CN.
|
prosencephalon - forebrain - CN 1 and 2 originate here
- mesencephalon - midbrain - cn 3 and 4 originate here - rhombencephalon - hindbrain - pons, medulla oblongottaand cerebellum - CN 5 to 8 |
|
|
3 sensory nuclei fo trigeminal nerve
|
- principal sensory nucleus, spinal nucleus and mesencephalic nucleus, form a long column of cells
- extends from upper cervical spinal cord to ant. midbrain. - principal sensory nucleus forms an enlargement in this column in the midpons, slightly lateral to trigeminal motor nucleus. - spinal nucleus extends caudally from midpons. - mesencephalic nucleus is very slender and extends anteriorly from midpons. |
|
|
GSA fibers with cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion do one of 3 things
|
- most bifurcate and send a short ascending branch into main sensory nucleus and a longer descending branch into spinal trigeminal tract
- or don't bifurcate and terminate directly in main sensory nucleus. - or terminate in spinal tract after turning caudally. |
|
|
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
|
- in midbrain and upper pons
- its cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion but in mesencephalic nucleus - fibers entering carry proprioceptie infto. from muscle spindles and from mechanoreceptors of gums, teeth and hard palate - its cells are pseudounipolar (analogous to dorsal root ganglion cells) primary sensory neurons - most central processes end in prinicipal sensory nucleus and a few other brainstem sites. - some end in motor nucles of V, completing a monosynaptic reflex for controlling things such as bite force. |
|
|
spinal tract and nucleus
|
- tract conveys pain and temp. to the spinal nucleus of V; 2nd order neurons send info. to thalamus, an 3d order to sensory cortex
- prinicpal sensory nucleus - in midpons, 1st order neurons synapse in principal sensory nucleus; the 2nd order neurons transmit sensations of touch discrimination and pressure to thalamus via 2 pathways; ant 3rd order to sensory cortex. |
|
|
pain and temp. contralateral pathway
|
- 1st order neurons to spinal trigeminal nucleus
- 2nd order neurons cross midline in brainstem - ant. trigeminothalamic tract - runs with med. lemniscus to thalamus - 2nd order synapse with 3rd order in VPM nucleus of thalamus - 3rd order synapse in primary sensory cortex of postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe. |
|
|
pain and temp. pathway
|
sensory nerves on the face of the person --> trigeminal ganglion --> spinal trigeminal nuclei --> brainstem and spinal cord --> crosses midline in ant. trigeminothalamic tract --> VPM nucleus of thalamus --> 3rd order neurons and primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe.
|
|
|
discriminatory touch and pressure
|
1st order neurons thru trigeminal ganglion to principal sensory nucleus in pons
- 2nd order neurons travel ipsilaterally thru post. trigeminothalamic tract and contralaterally thru ant. trigeminothalamic t - 2nd order neurons synapse with 3rd order neurons in corresponding right or left VPM nucleus of thalamus - 3rd order neurons synapse in primary sensory cortex of postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe. |
|
|
motor nucleus to trigeminal n. branchiomeric muscles.
|
motor nucleus recieves bilateral (mainly crosses) cerebral connections, as well as reflex connections from teh mesencephalic nuclues
- because of the bilateral cortical representation, it is unusual for chewing to be paralyzed following a cerebrovascular accident - mesencephalic nucleus - proprioception - besides motor nuclesu of V, connects to other cranial N motor nucleand to cerebellum for coordination. |
|
|
facial nerve innervates which branchial arch
|
- 2nd
|
|
|
pathway of 7
|
emerging at the juncture of the cerebellum and pons, the 2 roots of the facial nerve exit the post. cranial fossa thru the internal acoustic meatus of the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
|
|
|
pathway continued
|
- within the acoustic meatus, the facial nerve enters the facial canal.
|
|
|
first branch of VII,
|
the greater petrosal nerve, branches from the geniculate ganglion and exits into themiddle cranial fossa. It continues with the sympathetic deep petrosal as N. of pterygoid canal.
|
|
|
2nd branch of the facial nerve
|
- the stapedial N., which exits into the middle ear to innervate the stapedius
|
|
|
3rd branch of CN 7
|
- chorda tympani, also enters the middle ear, it then passes thru the petrotympanic fissure to the infratemporal fossa where it passes thru to hitch a ride with the lingual nerve.
|
|
|
descending portion of CN 7
|
- exits the facial canal at the stylomastoid foramen and this parotid plexus branches out to remaining branchiomeric muscles.
|
|
|
cranial N. 7 - functional component summary
|
- SVE - motor to branchiomeric muscles of 2nd branchial arch
- GVA - sensory from visceral mechanoreceptors, temp. and pain - SVA - taste - GVE - autonomic motor innervation to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands and small salivary glands of oral cavity as well as mucosal glands of nose and hard and soft palate. GSA - sensory from somatic touch, temp. and pain around skin of ear. |
|
|
chorda tympani
|
- GVE - parasympathetic innervation thru submandibular ganglion to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
- SVA - taste from ant. 2/3 of tongue - facial nerve proper terminal portion - SVE - facial muscles, stylohyoid and post. belly of digastrics. - post. auricular nerve - - GSA - provides sensations from skin around the ear and part of ext. tympanum. |
|
|
greater petrosal nerve
|
- GVA - touch and temp. from teh soft palate and part of nasal cavity
- GVE - parasympathetic innervation thru sphenopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland and mucous glands of naal and oral cavities SVA - taste from the hard and soft palates |
|
|
stapedial nerve of facial n. proper
|
- SVE - to stapedius muscle f teh stapes bone dampens the amplifier bone to prevent inner ear damage from loud sounds.
|
|
|
GSA of 7
|
- only in post. auricular nerve
- touch, temp. pain from skin around ear to spinal nucleus of V; 2nd order cross midline thru anterior trigeminothalamic tract to VPM nucleus and 3rd order to sensory cortex. |
|
|
GVE of 7
|
parasympathetic to lacrimal and glands of nasal and oral cavities, including submand. and subling. glands. efferents from salivatory nucleus.
|
|
|
SVE of 7 -
|
to branchiomeric muscles; efferents from facial motor nucleus upper facial muscles of bilateral innervation; lower facial muscles contralateral innervation from cerebral motor cortex.
|
|
|
SVA of 7
|
- taste tongue and soft and hard palates
- 1st order to solitary nucleus; 2nd order to contralateral to thalamus and severly hypothalamic nuclei; 3rd order to sensory cortex of postcentral gyrus. |
|
|
GVA of 7
|
- sensations from soft palate and part of nasal cavity.
- 1st order to spinal nucleus of V - just like trigeminal afferents 2nd order cross midline thru ant. trigeminothalamic tract to VPM nucleus. |
|
|
sensory components of facial nerve
|
- solitary nucleus - 1st order afferent sensory for taste reside in geniculate ganglion and synapse in solitary nucleus; 2nd order contralateral to thalamus and hypothalamus
|
|
|
spinal nucleus of V
|
- GVA and GSA of 7 synapse here and follow the same path as trigeminal afferents: contralateral to VPM nucleus.
|
|
|
GVE of cn 7
|
- parasympathetic fibers derive from the sup. salivatory nucleus and pass viea the nervus intermedius to the glands and mucuous membranes of the palate and nasal and paranasal sinuses; to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands; and to the lacrimal gland. also called parasymp. or lacrimal nucleus. nucleus receives afferent fibers from hypothalamus and also olfactory and gustatory systems.
|
|
|
SVE
|
- from facial motor nucleus in the ventrolateral lower pons to the facial muscles including platysma, post. digastricus stapedius of middle ear and stylohyoidus.
|
|
|
facial motor nucleus
|
- ventral facial motor nucleus
- innervates muscles of the lower face - receives corticobulbar fibers from the contralateral motor cortex of the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. |
|
|
dorsal facial motor nucleus
|
- innervates muscles of the upper face
- receives corticobulbar fibers bilaterally |
|
|
bi lateral efferent signals to dorsal ficial motor nuclei
|
- yellow and orange lines to upper ficail muscles; only contralateral to lower facial muscles.
|
|
|
pathologies of the facial nerve
|
- 3 major lesions
- supranuclear or central lesions - nuclear or central leasions - infranuclear or peripheral lesions or bells palsy, the most common type. |
|
|
central lesions
|
- damage to corticobulbar fibers
- bentral facial motor nucleus for lower face muscles receives corticobulbar fibers from contralateral motor cortex of the precentral gysur of the frontal lobes. - dorsal facial motor nucleus for upper face receives corticobulbar fibers bilaterally - if one side is damaged, both sides of the face will still have working efferents - patients with central lesions can still utilize these Muscles during emothional stimuli. |
|
|
central lesion
|
- lesions of the corticobulbar tract between cerebral cortex and facial motor nucleus destroy or reduce input to ventral division, but ipsilateral input to dorsal division is retained.
- so, central facial palsy is characterize by hemiparalysis or hemiparesis of the contralateral muscles of the facial expression, but not he muscles of the forehead. - classic sign of stroke is weakness of lower face. |
|
|
rare central lesions - lesion of the facial motor nucleus itself; produces ipsilateral damage (hemiplegia to upper and lower face muscles)
|
- bells palsy - caused by lesion or neuritis of the facial n. itself; symptoms depend on site of insult.
- at stylomastoid foramen - facial muscles compromised - distal to geniculate nucleus - stapedial nerve compromised - hyperacusis - hypersensitivity to sound - chorda tympani compromised - taste sensation affected and or some salivation. |
|
|
bells palsy proximal to geniculate ganglion
|
- affect sensory root; loss of lacrimation much of salivation
- affect motor root; hyperacusis and all ipsilateral facial muscles compromised. |
|
|
hip movements
|
flex, extend, abduction, adduction, medial, and lateral rotation and circumduction
- ilium - articulates with sacrum - ischium - muscle attachment - ischial tuberosity --> when you sit down its what you sit on. can develop ulcers when blood supply is compromised - pubis - socket = acetabulum --> head of femur articulates where the three bones fuse. - thigh - femur - bone of thigh - head - articulates with acetabulum - neck - connects with shaft - place for fractures - greater and lesser trochanter - muscle attachmetn point for gluteus medius and minimus - shaft - linea aspera - ridge for muscle attachment on post. aspect - medial and lateral condyles - articulate with the knee - patellar surface - smooth surface in between condyles. |
|
|
patella
|
- sesamoid bone - bone with a tendon
|
|
|
leg
|
tibia - medial and thick = weight bearing bones
- medial and lateral condyles - recieves the tibia - tuberosity - shaft - lateral malleolus - outside the ankle |
|
|
fibula
|
lateral and thin; not part of the knee joint
- head - small joint articulates with tibia - shaft - lateral malleolus - outside of ankle |
|
|
tarsals - 7 don't need to know all the names
|
metatarsals = 5
|
|
|
phalanges
|
- big toe has 2, other toes have 3 --> starts at knuckle
|
|
|
articulations
|
- Hip - acetabulum with head of femur
- enarthroidal or ball and socket - ligaments are very strong - problem - arthritis = inflammation of joint, osteoarthritis = cushioning between bones wears down. - actions - abduction, adducion, flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation |
|
|
knee
|
condyles of femur and tibia
- ginglymus or hinge actions - flexion and extension small amount of rotation - ligaments - medial collateral - femur to tibia - lateral collateral - femur to fibula - anterior cruciate - internal stability - post. cruciate |
|
|
cartilages of knees
|
- seperate from femur from tibia (doesn't completely cover tibia) fibrocartilage
- medial meniscus - medial collateral ligament is attached --> tear 1 usually tear the other - lateral meniscus - attached to transverse ligement |
|
|
ankle
|
- tibula and fibula with talus
- ginglymus or hinge joint |
|
|
actions of ankle joint
|
ginglymus or hinge
actions - articuladorsiflexion and plantar flexion motion in one plane |
|
|
foot
|
- complex - action at the foot involves subtalar and 2 parts of the transverse tarsal joint
- actions - inversion (sole of foot in) and eversion (sole of foot out) |
|
|
muscles of lower limb
|
gluteal region
- maximus - hip extension is primary function - medius and minimus - abduction adn stabilization |
|
|
hip flexors
|
psoas major - flex thigh
- iliacus - flex thigh |
|
|
ant. thigh
|
- quadriceps - extensors for knee joint
- rectus femoris - flexes hip - vastus medialis - extends leg at knee joint, medial border of patella - vastus lateralis - extends leg at knee joint, lateral border of patella - vastus intermedius - extends leg at knee joint. - all of these insert into quadriceps femoris tendon. |
|
|
medial thigh
|
guardians of virginity
- adductor longus - adducts and medially rotates thigh and hip - adductor brevis - adducts thigh and hip - adductor magnus - deep, adducts and medially rotates thigh and hip. |
|
|
post. thigh
|
knee flexors
- long and short biceps - hamstrings - semitendinosus - flexes knee and extends thigh at hip, medial rotation - semimembranosus - flexes leg at knee and extends thigh at hip, medial rotation |
