Anatomy Final Section 2

Front 1

what are the four broad categories of tissues?

Back 1

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular

Front 2

what is an organ?

Back 2

a structure with a discrete boundary composed of two or more tissue types

Front 3

what is tissue?

Back 3

a group of similar cells and cell products

Front 4

what do the four primary tissue types differ in?

Back 4

functions, cell type, types of extracellular matrix, and the amount of space occupied by cells as opposed to the ECM

Front 5

what is the extracellular matrix composed of?

Back 5

ground substance, tissue fluid, tissue gel, interstitial proteins, ECF, and fibrous proteins

Front 6

what are the 3 primary germ layers?

Back 6

ectoderm-outer layer
mesoderm-middle layer
endoderm-inner layer

Front 7

which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis?

Back 7

the ectoderm

Front 8

what does histological sectioning do?

Back 8

reduces 3D structure to a 2D slice

Front 9

when is a cross section used?

Back 9

with blood vessel, gut, and other tubular organs

Front 10

when is a longitudinal section used?

Back 10

sweat glands

Front 11

longitudinal section

Back 11

tissue cut along the long direction of an organ

Front 12

cross/transverse section

Back 12

tissue cut perpendicular to the length of an organ

Front 13

oblique section

Back 13

tissue cut at an angle between the cross and longitudinal section

Front 14

What does epithelial tissue depend on for nourishment/waste removal?

Back 14

the blood vessels below it

Front 15

what is the basement membrane of epithelial tissue?

Back 15

the layer between the epithelial and the connective tissue below it

Front 16

what is the basal surface?

Back 16

the surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane

Front 17

what is the apical surface?

Back 17

the surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

Front 18

simple epithelial tissue

Back 18

has one layer of cells, named by shape, all cells touch basement membrane

Front 19

stratified epithelial tissue

Back 19

has more than one layer of cells, named by apical shape, not all cells touch the basement membrane

Front 20

what are the 4 kinds of simple epithelial tissue?

Back 20

simple cuboidal, simple squamous, simple columnar, and pseudostratified

Front 21

simple squamous epithelium

Back 21

single row of thin cells, permits rapid diffusion, secretes seroud fluid, in alveoli, endothelium, and serosa

Front 22

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 22

single layer, square or round cells, absorption and secretion, mucus and movement, liver thyroid, mammary, bronchioles

Front 23

simple columnar epithelium

Back 23

single row of tall narrow cells, has a brush border of microvilli, may possess goblet cells which secrete mucus

Front 24

pseudostratified epithelium

Back 24

looks multilayered but all cells touch basement membrane, secretes and propels mucus, male reproductive, respiratory tract

Front 25

in which type of tissue is the bottom layer constantly undergoing mitosis?

Back 25

stratified epithelial tissue

Front 26

what is the most widespread epithelium in the body?

Back 26

stratified epithelium

Front 27

what are the two kinds of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 27

keratinized and nonkeratinized

Front 28

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 28

skin surface, abrasion resistant, palms and soles, becomes flat and scaly at surface, retards water loss through skin

Front 29

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 29

same as keratinized epithelium without the layer of dead cells at the surface that contain keratin, tongue, oral mucosa, vagina

Front 30

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 30

two or more cell layers that are square or round, sweat gland ducts, overian follicles, seminiferoud, secretes sweat, sperm production

Front 31

transitional

Back 31

multilayered epithelium surface cells, urinary tract-part of kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, umbilical cord

Front 32

what is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

Back 32

connective tissue

Front 33

connective tissue

Back 33

highly vascular, binds organs to each other, supports and protects organs, most cells are not in direct contact with each other, movement, storage, heat production, transport, immune and physical protection

Front 34

what are the 4 broad categories of connective tissue

Back 34

1) fibrous connected
2) adipose
3) supportive connective (bone and cartilage)
4) fluid connective (blood)

Front 35

What are 6 cells found in connective tissue?

Back 35

1)fibroblasts
2)macrophages
3)leukocytes (white blood cells, attack bacteria)
4) plasma cells
5) mast cells-secrete heparin to inhibit clotting
6) adipocytes-store fat molecules (triglycerides)

Front 36

what 3 fibers are found in connective tissue?

Back 36

1) collagenous-most abundant
2) reticular-form framework of organs like spleen
3) elastic-made of elastin, stretch and recoil

Front 37

what is ground substance of connective tissue?

Back 37

the filler-gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from 3 classes of large molecules

Front 38

what are the 3 large molecule classes that result in ground substance for connective tissue?

Back 38

1) glycosaminoglycans
2) proteoglycan
3) adhesive glycoprotein

Front 39

what are the three components of glycosaminoglycans?

Back 39

1) chondroitan sulfate
2) hyaluronic acid
3) heparin

Front 40

what are the two types of fibrous connective tissue?

Back 40

loose connective and dense connective

Front 41

what are the two types of loose connective tissue?

Back 41

alveolar and reticular

Front 42

what are the two types of dense connective tissue?

Back 42

dense regular connective and dense connective

Front 43

alveolar tissue

Back 43

loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, underlies all epithelia

Front 44

reticular tissue

Back 44

mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts, forms supportive stroma (framework for lymphatic organs)

Front 45

dense regular connective

Back 45

densely packed, elastic tissue/fibers, wavy sheaths (tendons and ligaments)

Front 46

dense irregular connective

Back 46

densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visble cells, withstands unpredictable stresses

Front 47

what is adipose tissue?

Back 47

a type of connective tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type-the space between adipocytes is areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries

Front 48

what is the body's primary energy reservoir?

Back 48

FAT

Front 49

what does adipose tissue provide for the body?

Back 49

thermal insulation, cushioning of organs, body contours

Front 50

what kind of fat is most adult fat?

Back 50

white fat

Front 51

what is the fat found in babies, infants, children?

Back 51

brown fat

Front 52

what are the two types of supportive connective tissue?

Back 52

bone and cartilage

Front 53

what is cartilage tissue?

Back 53

supportive CT with flexible, rubbery matrix

Front 54

what cells produce cartilage?

Back 54

chondroblasts

Front 55

what do the chondroblasts of cartilage tissue become trapped in?

Back 55

cavities known as lacunae

Front 56

perichondrium

Back 56

dense irregular CT that covers elastic and hyaline tissue, contains chondroblasts, and lacks blood vessels

Front 57

what are the three types of cartilage?

Back 57

hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic

Front 58

elastic cartilage

Back 58

contains elastic fibers, covered with perichondrium, provides flexible support (external ear and epiglottis)

Front 59

hyaline cartilage

Back 59

clear and glassy appearance, usually covered with perichondrium (articular and costal cartilage), eases joint movement, moves vocal cords during speech

Front 60

fibrocartilage

Back 60

cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers, never has perichondrium, results compression and absorbs shock (pubic symphysis, menisci, intervertebral discs)

Front 61

what is another work for bone tissue?

Back 61

osseous bone

Front 62

osteon

Back 62

the central canal of bone surrounded by lamellae

Front 63

lamellae of bone

Back 63

the concentric circles surrounding the osteon

Front 64

osteocytes

Back 64

the cells in bones

Front 65

canaliculi

Back 65

connections that radiate from the lacunae and help osteocytes connect

Front 66

what is the covering of a bone (made of fibrous CT) called?

Back 66

periosteum

Front 67

what are the two forms of osseous tissue?

Back 67

spongy bone and compact bone

Front 68

spongy bone

Back 68

spongy appearance, has trabeculae, covered by compact bone

Front 69

trabeculae

Back 69

the pieces of bone sticking out of spongy bone

Front 70

compact bone

Back 70

denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces, a more complex arrangement

Front 71

what kind of osseous tissue is bone marrow?

Back 71

spongy bone

Front 72

what are some other words for central canals in bones

Back 72

haversian/osteonic

Front 73

what is blood tissue?

Back 73

fluid connective tissue that transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place

Front 74

what is plasma?

Back 74

blood's liquid ground substance

Front 75

what are some formed elements in blood tissue?

Back 75

erythrocytes (most abundant cell type in blood smear)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets

Front 76

what are neutrophils?

Back 76

multilobe nucleus lymphocytes where nucleus takes up most of the cell (both kinds of white blood cells)

Front 77

what are also known as excitable tissues?

Back 77

nervous and muscular tissue

Front 78

what does excitability mean?

Back 78

capable of responding to stimuli-a characteristic of all living cells that is developed to the highest degree in nervous and muscle tissue

Front 79

what is membrane potential?

Back 79

electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the plasma membrane-the basis for the excitability of nervous/muscle tissue

Front 80

nervous tissue

Back 80

tissue that is specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

Front 81

what does nervous tissue consist of?

Back 81

neurons (nerve cells)-detect stimuli and neuroglia (glial cells)-housekeepers of nervous system

Front 82

what are the parts of a neuron?

Back 82

neurosome (cell body), dendrites (receives signals), and axon (nerve fiber that sends signals)

Front 83

muscular tissue

Back 83

exert physical force on other tissues and organs, creates movements, body heat

Front 84

what are the 3 types of muscle?

Back 84

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Front 85

skeletal muscle

Back 85

long, threadlike cell called muscle fibers (cells)---is not found in the tongue, upper esophagus, facial muscles, and sphincter muscles as they are not attached to bone

Front 86

what are some characteristic features of skeletal muscle?

Back 86

multiple nuclei, striated, and voluntary

Front 87

cardiac muscle

Back 87

limited to the heart, myocytes and cardiocytes, one centrally located nucleus, intercalated discs, striated and involuntary

Front 88

smooth muscle

Back 88

lacks striations, involuntary, fusiform cells, one centrally located nucleus, visceral muscle

Front 89

what is the function of cell junctions?

Back 89

to resist stress and communicate with each other

Front 90

what are the 4 types of cell junctions

Back 90

1) tight junctions
2) desmosomes
3) hemidesmosomes
4) gap junctions

Front 91

tight junction

Back 91

adjacent cells are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins

Front 92

desmosome

Back 92

patch that holds cells together, resists mechanical stress, not continuous, hooklike J shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton

Front 93

hemidesmosome

Back 93

half desmosomes, epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues

Front 94

gap junction

Back 94

communicating junction, formed by ringlike connexion that looks like an orange, surround water filled pores, ions, glucose, amino acids, solutes

Front 95

what is a gland?

Back 95

a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body (secretion) or releases them for elimination from the body (excretion)

Front 96

exocrine gland

Back 96

releases product via ducts

Front 97

endocrine gland

Back 97

releases product directly into bloodstream (no ducts)

Front 98

what are some examples of exocrine glands in the body?

Back 98

sweat, mammary, tear

Front 99

what are some examples of endocrine glands in the body?

Back 99

hormones, thyroid, adrenal, pituitary

Front 100

what in the body has both endocrine and exocrine glands?

Back 100

gonads, pancreas, liver

Front 101

capsule

Back 101

connective tissue covering of most glands

Front 102

parenchyma

Back 102

cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion

Front 103

stroma

Back 103

connective tissue framework of the gland (like its skeleton)

Front 104

what does it mean for an exocrine gland structure to be simple or compound

Back 104

simple is to have unbranched ducts and compound is to have branched ducts

Front 105

what are the 3 shapes of exocrine glands?

Back 105

1) tubular-duct part and secretory part, same diameter
2) acinar-duct part and secretory part, not same diameter
3) tubuloacinar-secretory cells not segregated from the ducts as in tubular

Front 106

what are 4 glands classified by types of secretions?

Back 106

1) serous gland
2) mucous gland
3) mixed glands (salivary)
4) cytogenic glands (whole cell sperm and eggs)

Front 107

what are 3 glands classified by mode of secretion?

Back 107

1) merocrine glands (eccrine)-have vesicles that release secretions by exocytosis
2) holocrine glands-cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates
3) apocrine glands-primarily merocrine mode, axillary sweat glands, mammary, develop strong odor when mixed with bacteria

Front 108

what do membranes do?

Back 108

they line body cavities and cover their viscera (soft internal organs of the body)

Front 109

what are 4 types of membranes?

Back 109

1) cutaneous-the skin, largest body membrane
2) mucous- lines passages that open to the external environment
3) serous-internal membrane that covers organs and lines walls of body cavities
4) synovial-lines joint cavities

Front 110

what are the 3 layers of the mucous membrane?

Back 110

epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

Front 111

endothelium of serous membranes

Back 111

lines blood vessels and heart

Front 112

mesothelium of serous membranes

Back 112

lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, pleura)

Front 113

what is tissue growth?

Back 113

the increase in size of cells or number of cells

Front 114

hyperplasia

Back 114

increase in number of cells

Front 115

hypertrophy

Back 115

increase in size of cells

Front 116

neoplasia (neoplasm)

Back 116

new growth in number of cells, can be benign or malignant, composed of abnormal nonfunctional tissue-TUMOR

Front 117

what is differentiation in tissue development?

Back 117

unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types of tissue

Front 118

metaplasia

Back 118

changing from one type of mature tissue to another

Front 119

what is a major feature of embryonic stem cells?

Back 119

they can become any kind of cell-stem cell research!

Front 120

people who smoke change their bronchial epithelium from what tissue to what tissue?

Back 120

from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelial tissues

Front 121

what are embryonic stem cells

Back 121

undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function

Front 122

embryonic stem cells are either totipotent or pluripotent. what does this mean?

Back 122

totipotent-have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell, pluripotent-can develop into any type of cell in the embryo

Front 123

pluripotent stem cells

Back 123

can develop into any type of cell in the embryo

Front 124

adult stem cells

Back 124

undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults-some are multipotent (bone marrow) but most are unipotent

Front 125

what are the two ways in which damaged tissues can be repaired?

Back 125

1) regeneration-replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before
2) fibrosis-replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue

Front 126

atrophy

Back 126

shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number

Front 127

what are the two types of tissue atrophy

Back 127

senile atrophy-old age
disuse atrophy-not using it-bedridden, astronauts

Front 128

necrosis

Back 128

premature pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections (gangrene and necrosis)

Front 129

infarction

Back 129

sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

Front 130

gangrene

Back 130

any tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply

Front 131

decubitus ulcer

Back 131

bed sore or pressure sore resulting from reduced blood flow

Front 132

gas gangrene

Back 132

anaerobic bacterial infection

Front 133

apotosis

Back 133

programmed cell death

Front 134

tissue engineering

Back 134

artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body

Front 135

stem cell controversy

Back 135

possible treatment for diseases caused by loss of functional cell types by embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells are not useful

Front 136

what is the most vulnerable and largest organ in the body?

Back 136

the skin!

Front 137

what are 7 functions of the skin?

Back 137

1) resistance to trauma and infection
2) other barrier functions
3) vitamin D synthesis
4) sensation
5) thermoregulation
6) nonverbal communication
7) transdermal absorption

Front 138

what are the two layers of the skin?

Back 138

epidermis and dermis (connective tissue)

Front 139

what is underneath the dermis?

Back 139

the hypodermis, which is not considered a layer of skin, it is a layer of connective tissue

Front 140

thick skin

Back 140

palm, soles, nonkeratinized

Front 141

thin skin

Back 141

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial

Front 142

what are 5 cell types found in the epidermis?

Back 142

1) keratinocytes (living-nuclei, nonliving-no nuclei)
2) melanocytes-determines skin color
3) stem cells-deepest layer
4) tactile cells-(merkel cells)-touch
5)dendiritic cells-immune cells of the skin

Front 143

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis from bottom layer to top layer?

Back 143

1) stratum basale-stem cells (replace keratinocytes)
2) stratum spinosum-active mitosis until closer to surface
3) stratum granulosum-keratohyalein granules-first gives rise to eleidin then gives rise to keratin
4) stratum lucidum-ONLY IN THICK SKIN
5) stratum corneum-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 144

dermal papillae

Back 144

upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis (fingerprints)

Front 145

papillary layer

Back 145

superficial zone of dermis

Front 146

reticular layer

Back 146

deeper and much thicker layer of dermis

Front 147

what are striae/stretch marks

Back 147

breaks in collagen fiber

Front 148

what are hair follicles and nail roots embedded in?

Back 148

the dermis

Front 149

what are the muscles that cause goosebumps?

Back 149

piloerector muscle

Front 150

where are injected drugs often injected and why?

Back 150

in the hypodermis as it is highly vascular

Front 151

melanin

Back 151

the most significant factor in skin color-produced by melanocytes

Front 152

where does melanin accumulate?

Back 152

in the keratinocytes of stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Front 153

what are the two forms of melanin?

Back 153

eumelanin-brownish black pigment
pheomelanin-reddish yellow sulfur containing pigment

Front 154

what is the difference in people of different skin colors in terms of melanin?

Back 154

they have the same number of melanocytes, but more melanin spread out in the cell

Front 155

hemoglobin

Back 155

red pigment of blood cells

Front 156

carotene

Back 156

yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange veggies

Front 157

blue

Back 157

lack of oxygen

Front 158

cyanosis

Back 158

blueness of skin from deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood

Front 159

erythema

Back 159

abnormal redness of skin, dilated cutaneous vessels

Front 160

pallor

Back 160

pale or ashen color when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of dermal collagen is visible

Front 161

albinism

Back 161

genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair, pale skin, pink eyes

Front 162

jaundice

Back 162

yellowing of skin and sclera due to loss of bilirubin in blood

Front 163

hematoma

Back 163

bruise-mass of clotted blood showing through skin

Front 164

what are the accessory organs of the skin and what are they mostly composed of?

Back 164

hair, nails, and cutaneous glands-composed of mostly of dead keratinized cells

Front 165

pilus

Back 165

hair

Front 166

hair is what kind of keratin?

Back 166

soft keratin

Front 167

nails are what kind of keratin?

Back 167

hard keratin

Front 168

what are the three different types of hair

Back 168

1) lanugo-fine downy unpigmented hair
2) vellus-fine pale hair that replaces lanugo by time of birth
3) terminal-longer, coarser, usually more heavily pigmented

Front 169

what are the three zones of hair?

Back 169

1)bulb-tounded part, swelling, cells live here
2) root-from bulb to skin
3) shaft-above skin (what we see)

Front 170

dermal papillae

Back 170

blood vessels and connective tissue in the bulb

Front 171

hair matrix

Back 171

the hair's growth center

Front 172

hair color

Back 172

due to varying concentration of pigment granules in cells of cortex (eumelanin and pheomelanin)

Front 173

gray/white hair

Back 173

results from scarcity or absence of melanin in the cortex and the presence of air in the medulla

Front 174

what are the three developmental stages of the hair cycle

Back 174

1) anagen-90% of hair follicles, old hair dies, new hair grows
2) calogen
3) telogen

Front 175

alopecia

Back 175

thinning of hair/baldness

Front 176

what are the 5 cutaneous glands of the skin

Back 176

1) melocrine sweat
2) apocrine sweat
3) sebaceous glands (oil, scalp)
4) ceruminous glands (earwax, external ear)
5) mammary glands

Front 177

what causes skin cancer?

Back 177

UV rays of the sun

Front 178

what are the 3 types of skin cancer?

Back 178

1) basal cell carcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma
3) malignant melanoma

Front 179

basal cell carcinoma

Back 179

most common type, rarely metastasizes, forms from cells in stratum basale

Front 180

malignant melanoma

Back 180

arises from melanocytes, often in mole, most deadly form, treated with surgery if caught early on, metastasizes rapidly

Front 181

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 181

arise from keratinocytes from stratum spinosum, tends to metastasize

Front 182

burns

Back 182

leading cause of accidental death, results from fluid loss, infection and toxic effects of eschar

Front 183

eschar

Back 183

burned, dead tissue

Front 184

debridement

Back 184

removal of eschar

Front 185

1st degree burn

Back 185

sunburns, penetrates epidermis

Front 186

2nd degree burn

Back 186

blistering, can lead to scars, penetrates dermis

Front 187

3rd degree burn

Back 187

reaches hypodermis, usually requires skin graft

Front 188

what are 2 types of skin grafts?

Back 188

autograft-tissue taken from another location on same person's body
isograft-skin from twin

Front 189

what are the two temporary types of skin grafts?

Back 189

homograft (allograft)-unrelated person
heterograft (xenograft)-from another species