Anatomy Final Part 4

Front 1

What are the major components of blood plasma?

Back 1

Water – 91%

Proteins – 7%

All other solutes – 2%

Front 2

Antibodies on each blood type:

A

B

AB

O

Back 2

B

A

none

both

Front 3

Antigens on each blood type

A

B

AB

O

Back 3

A

B

both

none

Front 4

structure of RBC

Back 4

- Biconcave discs

- Contractile proteins – help a red blood cell contract

- No nucleus – anucleaus

Front 5

What are the differences between the pulmonary and systemic blood circuits?

Back 5

Pulmonary - carries blood to the lungs, from the heart is deoxygenated

Systemic - goes to the body

Front 6

Five WBC and functions -

Back 6

1. Neutrophil - phagocytize bacteria

2. Eosinophil - they digest parasitic worms

3. Basophil -histamine and heparin which are important in inflammatory process;

4. Monocytes - phagocytize everything

5. Lymphocytes - produce T and B cells

Front 7

• If NFP is positive,

if NFP is _negative,

Back 7

- fluid is driven out of the capillary

• fluid is drawn back into the capillary

Front 8

Green dots -

top green line -

red line -

blue line -

Back 8

Baroreceptors/ chemoreceptors

- sensory receptors

vagus nerve

cardiac nerves

Front 9

What effect does aldosterone have on blood pressure?

Back 9

lowers blood pressure by water and sodium reabsoprtion

Front 10

What are the name and the basic characteristics of the heart's pacemaker?

Back 10

a. Sinoatrial (SA) node

70-80 bpm

Front 11

How does blood move within veins toward the heart?

Back 11

blood is drained into cardiac veins, which join to form the coronary sinus, this leads to the right atrium

Front 12

Short-term BP controls work more on _________ while long-term BP controls work on __________.

Back 12

- peripheral resistance

- blood volume

Front 13

What is the vasomotor center and how does it work?

Back 13

– cluster of Sympathetic neurons in medulla oblongata

- • vasomotor nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle of small arteries and arterioles• these fibers release Norepinephrine, which cause vasoconstriction => rising BP

Front 14

What happens to blood flow with temperature change, anemia and polycythemia?

Back 14

Higher temperature - higher blood flow

anemia - low blood flow

polycythemia - low blood flow

Front 15

What structure filters blood to remove pathogens and also breaks down dead/damaged RBC’s?

Back 15

spleen

Front 16

What are the major functions of dendritic cells, reticular cells, lymphocytes and macrophages in the lymphatic system?

Back 16

dendritic - foreign antigen recognition

Reticular - supports other cell types.

Lymphocytes - make B and T cells - immune resp

Macrophages - ; surveillance for foreign cells

Front 17

What is the correct sequence of structures in the flow of lymph from smallest to largest?

Back 17

Lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks, ducts.

Front 18

How does lymph enter and remain in lymph vessels?

Back 18

Enter in lymph vessels and only flow in one direction

Front 19

What is the equation for cellular respiration that explains the importance of the respiratory system?

Back 19

C6H12O6+ 6 O2 <-->6 CO2+ 6H2O + 36ATP’s

Front 20

What pressure change occurs in our chest to cause inhalation?

Back 20

• Pressure in the intrapleural space and lungs drops by 1 cm H2O;pressure inside the lungs becomes negative compared to outside (atmospheric) air

Front 21

Under what conditions would O2 normally be bonded tightly to Hemoglobin so it will NOT move into body cells?

Back 21

decreasing temperature

decreasing H+ in blood (higher pH)

decreasing Pco2

decreaseing BPG in blood

Front 22

What is the “respiratory membrane” where gas exchange occurs

Back 22

Alveolus

Front 23

What are the meanings of deglutition, mastication, peristalsis and segmentation?

Back 23

swallowing

chewing

rhythmic contraction of food in the GI tract

mixing of food backwards and forwards in small intestine

Front 24

What nervous systems control digestion

Back 24

enteric and autonomic

Front 25

Reactions that occur as nutrients are chemically digested are essentially _______ reactions.

Back 25

metabolic

Front 26

How do the products of digestion: lipids, amino acids and monosaccharides, enter capillaries?

Back 26

amino and mono - by facilitated diffusion

lipids - simple diffusion, then out by exocytosis

Front 27

What ions are involved with each phase of cardiac muscle contraction?

Back 27

Depolarization - voltage Na open, voltage K close, and voltage Ca start to open

Platuea - voltage Na close, some voltage K open, Ca still open

Repolarization - More voltage K open, Ca close

Front 28

what are their functions: sarcolemma, SR, T tubule, mitochondria and nucleus.

Back 28

- muscle contraction

- SR - stores calcium

- even contractions by allowing action potential

- makes ATP

- stores DNA

Front 29

What is the role of calcium in excitation-contraction coupling in a cardiac muscle cell?

Back 29

Ca+ binding to troponin, causing exposure of binding sites on actin, cross bridge pulling of myofilaments (power stroke), and contraction

Front 30

Nervous stimulation causes the contraction of the appropriate muscles, which causes the size of the chest cavity to ____, and the lungs then change in size the same way. This size change causes the pressure in the lungs to _____, so the pressure inside the lungs becomes ________ with respect to outside air. This pressure difference causes air to rush in and fill the lungs, thus causing inhalation. Exhalation occurs when the nerve stimulus to the relevant muscles stops, thus allowing these muscles to relax. The chest cavity returns to its normal size, and therefore the pressure in the lungs _____; it becomes ______ with respect to outside air. This allows air to rush out of the lungs - you exhale.

Back 30

increase

decrease

negative

increase

positive

Front 31

Name the two MOST IMPORTANT types of phagocytic cells that participate in the body’s immune responses.

Back 31

Neutrophils

Macrophges

Front 32

. List five examples of nonspecific barriers in the 1st line of immune defense

Back 32

1. Intact skin and mucous membranes

2. Secretions from glands in the skin

3. Saliva and tears

4. Muco-ciliary escalator system in the respiratory tract

5. Acidic fluid in the stomach and vagina; urine is acidic.

Front 33

Identify the specific immune response which targets body cells that are infected or abnormal and the immune system cells responsible.

Back 33

cell-mediated immune response

Front 34

List the anterior pituitary hormone(s) released by these hypothalamic hormones and their target gland or organ:

CRH

GHRH

TRH

PRH

GnRH

Back 34

- Adenocorticotropic hormone - adrenal cortex

- Growth Hormone - bones and muscles

- Thyroid stimulating hormone - thyroid gland

- Prolactin - mammary glands

- Follicle -stimulating hormone/ Lutinizing hormone- gonads/gonads

Front 35

Thyroid hormone acts through __________________ feedback on the release of hormones by the ________________________ pituitary and hypo______________________.

Back 35

negative

anterior

hypothalamus

Front 36

State how the half-life of a hormone may be increased.

Back 36

binds to Tyroid-binding globulin;TBG

Front 37

The endocrine system communicates with target cells by way of __________________messengers in the ______________________________.

Back 37

chemical

bloodstream

Front 38

Sensory receptors for smell are classified as ________________receptors.

Back 38

olfactory

Front 39

Differentiate between rods and cones by shape, location on the retina and by function.

Back 39

rods - rod shaped/surrounding blind spot/dim light

cones - cone shapped/ontop of blind spot/ color vision/acuity

Front 40

What Cranial Nerves relay taste information [Fig. 15.7]?

Back 40

5, 7, 9, 10

Front 41

The hair cells for hearing are stimulated due to vibration of the ___________________Membrane.

Back 41

tympanic