Anatomy Final Exam Flashcards

Front 1

coronal plane

Back 1

divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Front 2

transverse plane

Back 2

divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Front 3

sagittal plane

Back 3

divides the body into left and right halves

Front 4

midsagittal

Back 4

centered

Front 5

parasagittal

Back 5

offset from the center

Front 6

anterior/ventral

Back 6

front

Front 7

posterior/dorsal

Back 7

back

Front 8

superior

Back 8

above

Front 9

inferior

Back 9

below

Front 10

medial

Back 10

towards the middle

Front 11

lateral

Back 11

away from the middle (towards the outside)

Front 12

proximal

Back 12

closest to the point of attachment

Front 13

distal

Back 13

furthest from the point of attachment

Front 14

superficial

Back 14

toward the surface

Front 15

deep

Back 15

away from the surface

Front 16

cranial

Back 16

skull

Front 17

otic

Back 17

ear

Front 18

occipital

Back 18

base of the skull

Front 19

deltoid

Back 19

shoulder region

Front 20

sternal

Back 20

sternum (right down the midline of the chest)

Front 21

pectoral

Back 21

two regions lateral to the sternum (chest area)

Front 22

vertebral

Back 22

vertebral column (right down the back)

Front 23

brachial

Back 23

upper arm (between the shoulder and the elbow)

Front 24

olechranal

Back 24

point of the elbow

Front 25

antebrachial

Back 25

bottom of the arm (forearm)

Front 26

abdominal

Back 26

below pectoral

Front 27

lumbar

Back 27

lower portion of the spine; medial to abdominal

Front 28

sacral

Back 28

inferior to the lumbar region (in the center)

Front 29

gluteal

Back 29

buttocks (lateral to the sacral region)

Front 30

femoral

Back 30

thigh

Front 31

popliteal

Back 31

back of the knee

Front 32

crural

Back 32

calf (lower leg)

Front 33

orbital

Back 33

eye

Front 34

mental

Back 34

chin

Front 35

cervical

Back 35

neck (base of skull to deltoid)

Front 36

axillary

Back 36

armpit area

Front 37

antecubital

Back 37

front of elbow

Front 38

carpal

Back 38

wrist (connects forearm to hand)

Front 39

pelvic

Back 39

inferior to abdominal

Front 40

inguinal

Back 40

groin, inferior and lateral to abdominal

Front 41

pubic

Back 41

directly inferior to pelvic

Front 42

patellar

Back 42

front of knee

Front 43

tarsal

Back 43

ankle

Front 44

function of cells throughout the body

Back 44

covering/lining, protection, storage, movement, defense, attachment, and communication

Front 45

plasma membrane

Back 45

the surrounding outer limits of a cell

Front 46

nucleus

Back 46

where DNA is housed in the cell

Front 47

cytosol/cytoplasm

Back 47

substance in the cell that contains all other structures

Front 48

interphase

Back 48

phase of mitosis where the cells are resting and performing their jobs/not dividing

Front 49

prophase

Back 49

phase of mitosis where all DNA is condensed and packed into chromosomes

Front 50

metaphase

Back 50

phase of mitosis when all chromosomes pair up down the center of the cell (gives the cell a way to equally split in half)

Front 51

anaphase

Back 51

phase of mitosis when the chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions and the pairs split

Front 52

telophase

Back 52

phase of mitosis where the two chromosomes are all the way at other ends, almost completely apart

Front 53

cytokinesis

Back 53

phase of mitosis where the cell splits into two separate daughter cells

Front 54

polarized

Back 54

means cells are not symmetrical

Front 55

apical surface

Back 55

top surface of the epithelium

Front 56

basal surface

Back 56

bottom surface of the epithelium

Front 57

functions of epithelia

Back 57

barrier layer prevents entry or exit of all molecules; secretion of molecules in one direction but not the other, and sensory of external environment

Front 58

simple

Back 58

one cell layer thick

Front 59

stratified

Back 59

more than one cell layer thick

Front 60

squamous

Back 60

flat cells

Front 61

cuboidal

Back 61

square cells

Front 62

columnar

Back 62

tall cells

Front 63

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 63

all cells contact the basement membrane but not all contact the apical surface in this type of epithelium

Front 64

epidermis

Back 64

most superifical layer of the skin; stratified squamous epithelium; most of the superficial layer consists of dead skin cells filled with keratin

Front 65

merkel cells

Back 65

cells in the epidermis used for tactile perception (touch receptors)

Front 66

langerhans cells

Back 66

cells in the epidermis used for immune response (to recognize pathogens)

Front 67

melanocytes

Back 67

cells in the epidermis that secrete melanin (skin pigment)

Front 68

stratum corneum

Back 68

strata of the epidermis tha tis the most superficial; contains dead cells filled with keratin

Front 69

stratum lucidum

Back 69

strata of the epidermis that is only found in thick skin; looks clear as organelles are lost

Front 70

stratum granulosum

Back 70

strata of the epidermis where cells begin to flatten and produce keratin

Front 71

stratum spinosum

Back 71

strata of the epidermis where large polygonal cells are not attached to the basement membrane

Front 72

stratum basale

Back 72

strata of the epidermis that is the most deep; undergoes mitosis for the continuous supply of new cells

Front 73

thick skin

Back 73

has all epidermal strata; found on palms of hands, soles of feet, and tips of fingers and toes; contains thicker stratum corneum relative to thin skin; has extra layers to provide protection against cuts, scrapes and abrasions; only contains sweat glands; majority is stratum corneum

Front 74

thin skin

Back 74

contains only four layers (no stratum lucidum); smaller number of cell layers in the stratum corneum relative to thick skin; found covering the majority of body surfaces; may contain hair follicles, nails, and or glands

Front 75

dermis

Back 75

deep to the epidermis; contains a papillary and a reticular layer; contains blood vessels and nerves

Front 76

papillary layer

Back 76

layer of the dermis that contains ridges that interlock with corresponding ridges in the epidermis; thin; increases surface area

Front 77

reticular layer

Back 77

layer of the dermis that is thicker than the papillary layer; extensive network of collagen fibers to support tissue and contains elastin fibers to provide elasticity

Front 78

hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

Back 78

deep to the skin (not a true part of the skin); connective tissue fibers interwoven with dermis fibers; contains adipocytes; extensive vasculature and nerve tissue

Front 79

adipocytes

Back 79

fat cells

Front 80

nails

Back 80

accessory structures in the skin that cover and protect distal digits; derived from stratun corneum

Front 81

eponychium

Back 81

epidermis that covers the base of the nail; where growth occurs

Front 82

hyponychium

Back 82

epidermis that is the stratum corneum under the free edge of the nail

Front 83

lanugo

Back 83

downy hair that covers the fetus and disappears by birth

Front 84

vellus

Back 84

hair that replaces manugo; fine hair that covers most of the body except palms and soles

Front 85

terminal hair

Back 85

coarse hair that is found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes; after puberty, it is also found in the armpit, pubic, and facial regions

Front 86

hair follicle

Back 86

a deep invagination of the dermis where hair shaft is found

Front 87

hair bulb

Back 87

at the base of hte hair follicle and contains the cells essential for growth and maintenance of hair

Front 88

arrector pili muscle

Back 88

muscle in the hair follicle that connects to the dermis; its contraction causes the hair to stand up, forming goose bumps

Front 89

sebaceous glands

Back 89

glands in hair that secrete an oily substance into the follicle to coat and protect the hair

Front 90

functions of hair

Back 90

protection; heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, and pheromone dispersal

Front 91

sebaceous glands

Back 91

glands that secrete oil directly into the hair follicle

Front 92

merocrine glands

Back 92

glands that are widely distributed and exit the skin directly; prominent on palms of hands and soles of feet

Front 93

apocrine glands

Back 93

glands only in specific locations, usually with terminal hair; secrete watery substances into the follicle

Front 94

connective tissue

Back 94

the most abundant and diverse tissue type in the body; all tissues that aren't epithelial, muscular, or nervous tissues are classified as this type

Front 95

functions of connective tissue

Back 95

physical protection, support and structure, binding, storage, transport, and protection

Front 96

loose connective tissue

Back 96

adipose tissue is an example of this type of connective tissue; has fewer fibers and cells than dense connective tissue; located around and between organs and provides protection and support to underlying tissues

Front 97

dense connective tissue

Back 97

regular tissue is an example of this type of connective tissue; cells are fibers are densely packed, so it is more resistant to stress and pressure; it provides strength and flexibility; tendons and ligaments are good examples

Front 98

fluid connective tissue

Back 98

blood is a good example of this type of connective tissue; watery consistency that contains many types of cells; helps supply the body with nutrients and removes waste products from tissues; also provides immune cells to all tissues

Front 99

platelets

Back 99

promote clotting when a vessel breaks to prevent excessive blood loss

Front 100

spongy bone

Back 100

bone that is filled with openings

Front 101

compact bone

Back 101

bone that is the hard outer surface of the bone; no spaces are visible to the naked eye

Front 102

cartilage

Back 102

hyaline is the best example of this type of connective tissue; no structured fibers are easily visible and teh cells are embedded ina glossy matrix; it provides protection to the end of bones to prevent damage

Front 103

functions of cartilage

Back 103

provides support for soft tissues, provides a gliding surface for mvoement, and develops cartilage templates that eventually grow into bones

Front 104

hyaline cartilage

Back 104

the most abudant type of cartilage; found in many joints, such as legs, arms, and ribs

Front 105

fibrocartilage

Back 105

provides more support and strength than hyaline cartilage; found in ioints that require more protection from stress and compression (like between vertebrae and knees)

Front 106

elastic cartilage

Back 106

contains elastic fibers for flexibility; found in the ear and epiglottis

Front 107

functions of bones

Back 107

movement, hemopoeisis, support and protection, and mineral storage

Front 108

hemopoeisis

Back 108

synthesization of blood cells

Front 109

flat bone

Back 109

example of this type of bone is the skull

Front 110

long bone

Back 110

examples of this type of bone are arms, legs, and fingers

Front 111

short bone

Back 111

examples of this type of bone are carpals and tarsals (cubed; as long as they are wide)

Front 112

irregular bone

Back 112

example of this type of bone is a vertebra (all bones that don't fit into other categories)

Front 113

epiphysis

Back 113

end of a long bone

Front 114

metaphysis

Back 114

growth plate in a long bone

Front 115

diaphysis

Back 115

shaft/long hollow part of a long bone that contains marrow

Front 116

medullary/marrow cavity

Back 116

blood cells are made here int he bone marrow

Front 117

osteons

Back 117

compose compact bone

Front 118

central canal

Back 118

a canal in an osteon in compact bone that houses blood vessels and nerves

Front 119

concentric lamellae

Back 119

surrounds the osteon; contains collagen fibers

Front 120

lacunae

Back 120

small holes in the compact bone that hold osteocytes, which maintain the bone

Front 121

canaliculi

Back 121

small canals that connect neighboring osteocytes in compact bones

Front 122

osteoblasts

Back 122

line the outside of hte bone and secrete new bone

Front 123

osteocytes

Back 123

mature osteoblasts that are trapped within the bone

Front 124

osteoclasts

Back 124

large, multinucleate cells that resorb or destroy bone

Front 125

condyle

Back 125

large, smooth rounded articulating oval structure

Front 126

facet

Back 126

small, flat, shallow articulating surfaceq

Front 127

head

Back 127

prominent, round epiphysis

Front 128

trochlea

Back 128

smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process

Front 129

alveolus

Back 129

deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible

Front 130

fossa

Back 130

flattened or shallow depression

Front 131

sulcus

Back 131

narrow groove

Front 132

epicondyle

Back 132

projection adjacent to the condyle

Front 133

line

Back 133

low ridge

Front 134

process

Back 134

any marked bony prominence

Front 135

ramus

Back 135

angular extension

Front 136

spine

Back 136

pointed, slender process

Front 137

trochanter

Back 137

massive, rough projection found only in the femur

Front 138

tubercle

Back 138

small, round projection

Front 139

tuberosity

Back 139

large, rough projection

Front 140

canal/meatus

Back 140

passageway through a bone

Front 141

fissure

Back 141

narrow, slit-like opening through a bone

Front 142

foramen

Back 142

rounded passageway through a bone

Front 143

sinus

Back 143

cavity or hollow space in a bone

Front 144

characteristics of muscles

Back 144

excitability/responsiveness, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility

Front 145

functions of skeletal muscle

Back 145

movement, maintenance of posture, temperature regulation, storage and movement of materials, and support of underlying tissues

Front 146

epimysium

Back 146

connective tissue that surrounds the muscles

Front 147

fascicles

Back 147

subregions of muscles

Front 148

perimysium

Back 148

connective tissue layer that covers the fascicles

Front 149

muscle fibers

Back 149

the cells that make up the muscle

Front 150

endomysium

Back 150

connective tissue layer that surrounds the muscle fibers

Front 151

myofibrils

Back 151

compose the muscle fibers

Front 152

sarcomeres

Back 152

striations in the myofybrils, which are the units of muscle contraction

Front 153

myofilaments

Back 153

make up the myofibrils; strands of proteins used for muscle contraction; thin and thick filaments that create the striations of the sarcomere

Front 154

pennate

Back 154

type of muscles where the fascicles are at an oblique angle to the tendon (feather like, hamstrings and quadriceps)

Front 155

parallel

Back 155

type of muscle where fascicles are parallel to the tendon (Example is the abdominal muscles)

Front 156

convergent

Back 156

type of muscles where the fascicles converge at a single point; fan shaped, pectoralis and temporalis muscles

Front 157

circular

Back 157

type of muscle where fascicles are in concentric circles, so it looks like there is no beginnings and no end (sphincters, mouth, and eyes)

Front 158

origin

Back 158

where the muscle originates, and this point remains stationary during contraction

Front 159

insertion

Back 159

the bone that makes the movement in response to th emuscle contraction

Front 160

cardiac muscle

Back 160

muscle that forms the heart; striated and branched; shorter and thicker than skeletal muscle fibers; involuntary, connected by intercalated discs

Front 161

intercalated discs

Back 161

discs that connect the muscle cells of cardiac muscle; made of protein and the plasma membrane of other cells

Front 162

smooth muscle

Back 162

muscle found surrounding hollow tissues such as the GI tract and blood vessels, individual cells are spindle shaped, not striated, fibers are short and have a small diameter; involuntary

Front 163

central nervous system

Back 163

part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord

Front 164

peripheral nervous system

Back 164

part of the nervous system that contains the nerves outside the central nervous system

Front 165

sensory/afferent division

Back 165

division of the nervous system that receives sensory inputs and transmits them to the CNS for processing

Front 166

somatic sensory

Back 166

componen of the sensory division of the nervous system that receives input from the exernal environment

Front 167

visceral sensory

Back 167

component of the sensory division of the nervous system that receives input from the organs and viscera of hte body

Front 168

motor division (efferent)

Back 168

this division of hte nervous system transmits the response of the body from sensory inputs to muscles or glands

Front 169

somatic motor

Back 169

component of the motor division of hte nervous system that shows voluntary responses through skeletal muscles

Front 170

autonomic motor

Back 170

division of the motor division of the nervous system that shows involuntary responses through cardiac and smooth muscles or glands

Front 171

neurons

Back 171

polarized cells that transmit signals in one direction

Front 172

dendrites

Back 172

process of a neuron that receives input from the environment or other neurons

Front 173

axon

Back 173

process of the neuron that tramsmits the signal received by neurons or effectors; there is normally only one but it can have branches, and is normally the largest process of ht eneuron

Front 174

unipolar neuron

Back 174

type of neuron that has a single process tha tbranches; largest branch is the axon and smaller branches are dendrites; most sensory neurons

Front 175

bipolar neuron

Back 175

type of neuron that has one axon and one dendrite, each may branch; very rare

Front 176

multipolar neuron

Back 176

type of neuron that contains a single axon but many dendrites; most common type; motor neurons are multipolar

Front 177

glial cells

Back 177

the support cells of the nervous system

Front 178

astrocytes

Back 178

most abundant type of glial cells in the CNS; many projections; found int he brain and form the blood brain barrier; control what enters and exits the fluid and provides structure; divide to occupy tne empty space from neuronal death; and secrete chemicals to aid in devleopment and functions of the CNS

Front 179

ependymal cells

Back 179

glial cells in the CNS that are a simple cuboidal epithelial layer that line the ventricles of the brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

Front 180

choroid plexus

Back 180

cells in the ependymal cells that secrete cerebrospinal fluid

Front 181

microglia

Back 181

glial cells in the CNS that are small in size and number; they contain small proejctions and clean up the CNS by phagocytization

Front 182

oligodendrocytes

Back 182

glial cells of the CNS that are large cells with processes that wrap around axons to speed neuronal impulses (myelinate the neurons)

Front 183

satellite cells

Back 183

glial cells of hte PNS that surround and protect the cell body in a ganglion

Front 184

ganglion

Back 184

group of neuronal cell bodies

Front 185

neurolemmocytes/schwann cells

Back 185

glial cells of the PNS that wrap around the axons and act like the oligodendrocytges in the central nervous system

Front 186

rostral

Back 186

front region of hte brain

Front 187

caudal

Back 187

back region of hte brain

Front 188

four major regions

Back 188

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and branstem

Front 189

gray matter

Back 189

matter of hte brain that contains the cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; darker and more dense, usually on the outside of hte brain

Front 190

white matter

Back 190

matter int he brain that contains the myelinated axons of neurons and has a more pale appearance

Front 191

third ventricle

Back 191

central ventricle int he brain

Front 192

fourth ventricle

Back 192

inferior ventricle in the brain

Front 193

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 193

functions int he brain and spinal cord like blood throughout the body; secreted by the choroid plexus; provides buoyancy and cushion for the brain; transports nutrients, signals, and waste products within the CNS

Front 194

cerebrum

Back 194

largest of all brain regions; divided into left and right hemispheres; has 5 lobes; responsible for conscious thought processes and original of all complex intelectual functions

Front 195

longitudinal fissue

Back 195

left and right hemispheres are divided by this structure in the cerebrum

Front 196

corpus callosum

Back 196

halves of the cerebrum are connected by this structure

Front 197

frontal lobe

Back 197

lobe of the cerebrum that lies under the frontal bone; most rostral region that is responsible for voluntar motor functions, concentration, and verbal communication; contains the precentral gyrus and premotor cortex

Front 198

premotor cortex

Back 198

structurein the frontal lobe responsible for coordinating learned motor activities

Front 199

parietal lobe

Back 199

lobe of hte cerebrum that lies iunder the parietal bone; involved in most sensory functions; contains the postcentral gyrus and somatosensory associaiton area

Front 200

somatosensory association area

Back 200

responsible for integrating and interpreting sensory experience

Front 201

temporal lobe

Back 201

lobe of hte cerebrum that lies under the temporal bone; involved in hearing, interpreting, speech, language, and smell; contains the primary auditory cortex and olfactory cortex

Front 202

occipital lobe

Back 202

lobe of hte cerebrum that lies under the occipital bone; processes visual information and stores visual memories

Front 203

Insula

Back 203

lobe of the cerebrum that is deep to the lateral sulcus on the interior; appears to be involved in memory and taste; contains the gustatory cortex

Front 204

nucleus

Back 204

a group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Front 205

caudate nucleus

Back 205

nucleus that runs inferior to the lateral ventricles; responsible for motor neuron stimulation

Front 206

amygdaloid body

Back 206

nucleus that controls emotions, behavior, and moods

Front 207

lentiform nucleus

Back 207

nucleus that controls subconscious muscle movement and thalamic control

Front 208

claustrum

Back 208

nucleus that controls subconscious visual information and is found between the lentiform nucleus and the outer region of hte insula

Front 209

the diencephalon

Back 209

contains three regions, the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

Front 210

epithalamus

Back 210

region of the diencephalon that responds to odors

Front 211

thalamus

Back 211

region of the diencephalon that is the primary site of all sensory input; filters input before relaying to the somatosensory cortex

Front 212

hypothalamus

Back 212

most anterior and slightly inferior regon of hte diencephalon; that controls the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, body temperature, emotional behavior, eating, water/hydration, and the sleep wake cycle

Front 213

the brainstem

Back 213

connects the diencephalon and cerebrum to the spinal cord; is a bidirectional passadgeway for neuron projections; has three major regions, the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

Front 214

mesencephalon

Back 214

the most superior region of the brainstem; contains visual and auditory reflex centers, helps relay motor output to skeletal muscles, and integrates involuntary muscles

Front 215

cerebral peduncles

Back 215

the two broad edges on the anterior border of the mesencephalon

Front 216

tectum

Back 216

the most posterior region of hte mesencephalon

Front 217

mesencephalic aqueduct

Back 217

the aqueduct in the mesencephalon that is continuous with the ventricles of hte brain

Front 218

pons

Back 218

part of hte brainstem inferir to the mesencephalon; major site of breathing regulation; posterior edge contains part of hte fourth ventricle

Front 219

medulla oblongata

Back 219

part of hte brainstem that is just inferior to the pons; the posterior region contains part of hte fourth ventricle; region of the brain where left and right tracts cross; contains manjy centers that regulat vital functions (Cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, sneezing, coughing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting)

Front 220

olives

Back 220

part of hte medulla oblongata that contain olivary nuclei

Front 221

decussation of pyramids

Back 221

place in the medulla oblongata where the left and right tracts of the brain cross

Front 222

cerebellum

Back 222

located posterior to the pons; has left and right hemispheres; the main function is to fine tune motor responses to produce fluid movements; maintains psture and balance by adjusting motor responses

Front 223

vermis

Back 223

connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum

Front 224

primary fissure

Back 224

separates the anterior and posterior lboes of each hemisphere in the cerebellum

Front 225

CN1

Back 225

olfactory nerve; sensory only (sense of smell); only nerves that regularly regenerate over time

Front 226

CN II

Back 226

optic nerve; sensory only (Sense of sight/vision); connects to eyes and crosses right down the center of hte brain

Front 227

CN III

Back 227

occulomotor nerve; motor function in moving the eyes (innervates three rectus muscles and 1 oblique muscle; helps close eyelids and dilate pupils

Front 228

CN IV

Back 228

Trochlear nerve; motor only (innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye); comes out just lateral to the pons

Front 229

CN V

Back 229

Trigeminal nerve; contains three branches that innervate the face

Front 230

Opthalmic branch

Back 230

branch of the trigeminal nerve that has a sensory function to innervate the forehead, eye, and bridge of hte nose

Front 231

maxillary branch

Back 231

branch of the trigeminal nerve that has a sensory function to innervate the balls of the cheeks, maxillae, and the rest of hte nose

Front 232

mandibular branch

Back 232

branch of the trigeminal nerve that has both sensory and motor functions because it innervates the mandible and the muscles of chewing

Front 233

CN VI

Back 233

abducens nerve; innervates the fourth rectus muscle of hte eye

Front 234

CN VII

Back 234

facial nerve; between the pons and the medulla oblongata; has both sensory and motor functions (Senses taste from the atnerior two thirds of the tongue and innervates the facial muscles for expressions; also innervates glands)

Front 235

CN VIII

Back 235

Vestibulocochlear nerve; main cranial nerve responsible for both hearing and balance (sensory only); betweem the pons and medulla; has two branches (vestibular branch-balance and cochlear branch-hearing)

Front 236

CN IX

Back 236

Glossopharyngeal nerve; has both sensory and motor functions to sense taste for the posterior one third of hte tongue and salivation, and motor innervates the pharyngeal muscles to aid in swallowing

Front 237

CN X

Back 237

vagus nerve; has both sensory and motor functions; extends to all internal organs to sense whats going on inside hte body (visceral sensory information); mtor function to part of hte pharynx and smooth muscles of all internal organs

Front 238

CN XI

Back 238

accessory nerve; on the medulal oblongata; motor only to innervate the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles

Front 239

CN XII

Back 239

hypoglossal nerve; motor only to aid in moving the tongue

Front 240

spinal cord

Back 240

divided into five regions; runs through the vertebral foramina of the vertebrae

Front 241

cauda equina

Back 241

part of the spinal cord that is inferior ot the coccygeal region and extends to the coccyx

Front 242

conus medullaris

Back 242

the end of hte true spinal cord that links to the cauda equina

Front 243

filum terminale

Back 243

anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal vertebrae

Front 244

spinal cord meninges

Back 244

layers of connective tissue or spaces surrounding the spinal cord neurons; epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space and pia mater

Front 245

gray commissure

Back 245

connects the two halves of gray matter in the spinal cord

Front 246

posterior root

Back 246

region of gray matter int he spinal cord that contains the sensory nuclei

Front 247

anterior root

Back 247

region of gray matter in the spinal cord that contains the motor nuclei

Front 248

posterior root ganglion

Back 248

ganglion on the posterior root that contains sensory PNS cells

Front 249

rami communicantes

Back 249

branches off the anterior ramus and connects to the sympathetic trunk ganglion (contains sympathetic neuron cell bodies)

Front 250

dermatome map

Back 250

a map that approximate the area of skin from whch each spinal nerve receives sensory input

Front 251

lumbar spinal nerves

Back 251

spinal nerves that receive from the atnerior legs and lower back

Front 252

sacral

Back 252

spinal nerves that receive from the psoterior legs

Front 253

thoracic

Back 253

spinal nerves that receive from the chest and abdomen

Front 254

thoracic

Back 254

spinal nerves that contain the anterior rami of T1-T12; innervate the intercostal muscles and receive sensory input from the chest walls; T7-T12 also innervate the abdominal muscles and abdominal skin

Front 255

plexus

Back 255

a group of nerves

Front 256

cervical plexus

Back 256

plexus only considered to contain C1-C4 with a minor contribution from C5

Front 257

number of cervical nerves

Back 257

8

Front 258

number of thoracic nerves

Back 258

12

Front 259

numer of lumbar nerves

Back 259

5

Front 260

number of sacral nerves

Back 260

5

Front 261

number of coccygeal nerves

Back 261

1

Front 262

phrenic nerve

Back 262

contains axons from C3 - C5 and innervates the diaphragm

Front 263

brachial plexus

Back 263

plexus that contains nerves C5 through T1; innervates the arms; nerves from this plexus join tof orm lateral, posterior and medial cords around the scapula; has five main branches

Front 264

musculocutaneous nerve

Back 264

nerve that innervaets the upper arm; sensory on the lateral forearm

Front 265

median nerve

Back 265

nerve that innervates the atnerior forearm muscles and lateral hand muscles; sensory on the lateral half of palms and backside of hte finger tip

Front 266

radial nerve

Back 266

nerve that innervates the posterior forearm and upper arm sensory in the same area

Front 267

ulnar nerve

Back 267

nerve that innervates the ulnar side of the arm and is sensory in the pinky and ring fingersq

Front 268

axillary nerveq

Back 268

nerve that innervates the shoulder and is sensory in the same region

Front 269

lumbar plexus

Back 269

plexus that contains nerves L1 through L5 and has two main branches

Front 270

femoral nerve

Back 270

nerve that inntervates the anterior thigh muscles; sensory in the anterior thigh and medial calf

Front 271

obturator nerveq

Back 271

nerve that is motor and sensory in the medial thigh muscles

Front 272

sacral plexus

Back 272

plexus that contains nerves L4 through S4; has two main branches

Front 273

tibial nerve

Back 273

nerve that innervates the posterior muscles of hte thigh and calf; is sensory on the plantar surface of the foot

Front 274

fibular nerve

Back 274

nerve that branche sinto superificla and deep branche snear the lateral knee

Front 275

superficial branch

Back 275

branch of hte fibular nerve thatinnervates the lateral calf muscles' sensory here and on the dorsal surface of hte foot

Front 276

deep branch

Back 276

branch of the fibular nerve that innervates the anterior calf muscles and is sensory between the first and second toes

Front 277

somatic nervous system

Back 277

nervous system that is conscious and voluntary;t he motor neuron extends from the spinal cord directly to its effectors, which are skeletal muscles

Front 278

autonomic nervous system

Back 278

nervous system that is unconscious/involuntary; motor nejuron extends from the spinal cord to a second neuron through a ganglion; effectors are smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Front 279

parasympathetic division

Back 279

division of the autonomic nervous system that is rest and digest; maintains homeostasis; does not have cell bodies int he sympathetic trunk ganglion; long first projection and short second projection; minimal or no axon divergence; includes cranila nerve III, VII, IX, and X

Front 280

sympathetic division

Back 280

division of the autonomic nervous system that is rfight or flight; has a short first projection and long second projection; extensive axon divergence that allows activation of many systems from a single stimula; cell bodies located in lateral horns of T1-L2

Front 281

pupil

Back 281

central region of the eye

Front 282

iris

Back 282

eye color

Front 283

sclera

Back 283

white portion of the eye

Front 284

conjunctiva

Back 284

thin epithelium that covers the sclera of hte eyeq

Front 285

cornea

Back 285

structure of hte eye that covers the lens and iris

Front 286

fibrous tunic

Back 286

tunic of the eye that is the outer layer and contains the cornea and sclera

Front 287

vscular tunic

Back 287

tunic of the eye that is the cnetral layer and contains the choroids, cilitary body and iris

Front 288

dilator pupillae muscle

Back 288

muscle in the pupil whose fibers project from the outside to the inside of the iris and its contraction makes the pupil larger

Front 289

sphincter pupillae muscle

Back 289

muscle in the pipil tha tis a ceoncentric circle and its contraction makes pupil smaller

Front 290

neural tunic

Back 290

tunic of the eye that is also called the retina; contains the neurons used to receive light; extensive blood vessels cover the outer layer of the retina

Front 291

optic disc

Back 291

the region of hte cornea where th e optic nerve fibers exit the eye; called the blind spot because there is no vision here

Front 292

fovea centralis

Back 292

a small depression in the retina that is the area of sharpest vision

Front 293

rods

Back 293

more numerous neurons int he neural layer that receive light and focus in low light; have less visual acuity and color clarity

Front 294

cones

Back 294

neurons in the neural layer that require intense light for function; are most concentrated in the fovea centralis and are sparse or absent in the anterior portions of the retina; provide color

Front 295

external ear

Back 295

part of hte ear that contains the auricle, exernal auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

Front 296

auricle

Back 296

funnel-like structure of the external ear

Front 297

tympanic membrane

Back 297

part of hte external ear that is known as the eardrum; separates the exernal and middle ear

Front 298

middle ear

Back 298

part of the ear that contains the auditory ossicles

Front 299

inner ear

Back 299

part of the ear that is separated from the middle ear by the oval window; contains structures for hearing and equilibrium reception

Front 300

the middle ear

Back 300

the auditory tube connects this part of the ear to the outside via the nost; auditory ossicles are suspended here;

Front 301

inner ear

Back 301

this part of the ear is surrounded by the bony labyrinth, that covers the membranous labyrinth, that contains endolymph; has three main regions, the vesstibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea

Front 302

ampullae

Back 302

direct rotational movement in the inner ear

Front 303

spiral organ

Back 303

1membranous labyrinth in this structure in the cochlea is involved in sound perception

Front 304

tectorial membrane

Back 304

vibration of the hair cells are covered by this membrane in the cochlea

Front 305

arteries

Back 305

carry blood away from the heart

Front 306

veins

Back 306

carry blood towards the heart

Front 307

pulmonary circuit

Back 307

consists of the cham bers on the right side of the heart as well as the pulmonary arteries and veins; conveys blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries to reduce carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen levels; return to the left side of the heart

Front 308

systemic circuit

Back 308

contains the chambers on the left side of the heart along with all the other named blood vessels; carries blood to all the peripheral organs and tissue sof hte body; blood tha tis high in oxygen is puumped into the aorta, then gas exchange occurs; these veins carry the blood to the superior and inferior vena cavae. which drain blood into the right atrium

Front 309

base

Back 309

the posteriosuperior surface of the heart that is formed primarily by the left atrium

Front 310

apex

Back 310

the inferior conical end of the heart

Front 311

pericardium

Back 311

the fluid filled sac surrounding the heart that restricts heart movements os tha tit doesnt bounce and move about and prevents it from overfilling with blood; hast wo main components

Front 312

fibrous pericardium

Back 312

the outer portion of hte pericardium that is a dense connective tissue layer

Front 313

serous pericardium

Back 313

the inner portion of the pericardium that is a thin double llayered serous membrane that has two layers

Front 314

parietal layer

Back 314

layer of the serous pericardium that lines the inner surface of hte fibrous pericardium

Front 315

visceral layer

Back 315

layer of hte serous periocardium that covers the outside of the heart

Front 316

epicardium

Back 316

the outermost heart layer and is also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium; composed of a serous membrane and aerolar connective tissue

Front 317

myocardium

Back 317

the middle layer of the heart wall that is the actual cardiac muscle; is the thickest

Front 318

endocardium

Back 318

the internal surface of the heart and the external surface of the heart valves; composed of a simple squamous epithelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue

Front 319

atria

Back 319

thin walled chambers within the heart located superiorly; the right receives blood from the systemioc circuit and the left receives blood from the pulmonary circuit

Front 320

ventricles

Back 320

the inferior chambers of the heart; the two large arteries, the pulmonary trunk goes in to the right and the aorta goes from the left

Front 321

superior vena cava

Back 321

receives blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk; empties into the right atrium

Front 322

inferior vena cava

Back 322

receives blood from the lower limbs and trunk; emptiees into the right atrium

Front 323

coronary sinus

Back 323

drains blood from the heart wall and empties into the right atrium

Front 324

right ventricle

Back 324

receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium

Front 325

right atrium

Back 325

receives venous blood from the systemic circuit

Front 326

pulmonary semilunar valve

Back 326

marks the end of the right ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk

Front 327

pulmonary trunk

Back 327

divides shortly into the left and right pulmonary arteries, whcih carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Front 328

systemic circulation

Back 328

circulation that consist of the blood vessels that extend to and from the body

Front 329

pulmonary circulation

Back 329

circulation that consists of blood vessels that extend to and from the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange

Front 330

arteries

Back 330

become progressively smaller as they divide and are farther from the heart

Front 331

veins

Back 331

become progessively larger as they merge and are closer to the heart

Front 332

tunica interna

Back 332

tunic of the heart that is composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connectie tissue;l is the innermost layer

Front 333

tunica media

Back 333

the middle tunic of the blood vessel; composed of circularly arra ged layers of smooth uscles cells and is involutnary; thicker in arteries

Front 334

tunic externa1

Back 334

the outermost layer of blood vessel wall; cmoposed of an aerola connective tissue that contains elastic fibersl helps anchor the vessel to other structures; thickest in veins

Front 335

capillaries

Back 335

the smallest blood vessels; tha t connect arterioles to venules; most consists solely of a tunica interna; optimal for diffusion of ghases and nuitrients between blood in the ccapillaries and body tissue

Front 336

metarteriole

Back 336

a vessel branch of an arteriole that feeds the capillary beds

Front 337

continuous

Back 337

the most common t ype of capillaries; have a completely continious lining and are connected by tight junctions; foun din muscle skin and teh thuymus

Front 338

fenestrated

Back 338

type of capillary that has holes within each endothelial cell; the basement membrane remins continuous; seen where a great deal of fluid transport between the blood and interstitial fluid occurs (small intestine)

Front 339

sinusoids

Back 339

capillaries that have larger gapsl their basement memb rane is either discontinuous or absent; wider larger vesselss with openings that allow for transport of larger materials such as proteins or cells

Front 340

venules

Back 340

the smallest veins; companoin vessels with arterioles since both sipply the same areas and are of similar size; merge to form veins

Front 341

veins

Back 341

smaller and medium sized veins that typically travel with muscular artiers; while larger veins travel with elastic arties;

Front 342

function of the lymphatic system

Back 342

fluid and nutrient transport, lymphocyte development, and immuner esponse

Front 343

lacteals

Back 343

structures in the lymphatic system that transport dietary lipids

Front 344

antigens

Back 344

any substances abnormal to the body

Front 345

antibodies

Back 345

proteins that bind to and immobilize foreign or abnormal agent, damaging it or identifying it to other elements of hte immune sytem

Front 346

lymphatic capillaries

Back 346

found among most blood capillary networks; lacteals are this type; lymp vessels that pick up interstitial fluid and dietary lipids and vitaminsl the lymph of this area is called chyle and it has a milky color

Front 347

lymphatic vessels

Back 347

vessels formed from the merging of lymphatic capiullaries; resemble small veins that contain three tunics and valves

Front 348

afferent vessels

Back 348

bring lymph to a lymph node, where it is filtered

Front 349

efferent vessels

Back 349

lymph exits the lymph node through these vessels once it is filtered

Front 350

jugular trunks

Back 350

trunks that drain lymph from the head and neck

Front 351

subclavian trunks

Back 351

trunks that drain lymph from the upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall

Front 352

bronchomediastinal trunks

Back 352

trunks that drain lymph from the deep thoracic structures

Front 353

intestinal trunks

Back 353

trunks that drain lymph from the abdominal structures

Front 354

lumbar trunks

Back 354

trunks that drain lymph from the lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs

Front 355

lymphatic ducts

Back 355

ducts that receive lymph from the lymphatic trunks

Front 356

right lymphatic duct

Back 356

duct that returns lymph into the junction of the right subclavian and the right internal jugular vein; receives lymph from the lymphatic trunks that drain the right side of the head and neck, right iupper limb, and right side of the thorax

Front 357

thoracic duct

Back 357

lymphatic duct that travels superiorly and p-asses through the aortic opening of hte diaphragm, and then ascends to the left of the vertebral body midline; drains lymph into the junction of the elft and right subclavian and the left internal jugular veins

Front 358

MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)

Back 358

lymphatic nodules that are locate din the lamina propria and detect antigens and initiate an immune response

Front 359

lymphatic nodules

Back 359

oval clusters of lymphatic cells that are not surrou ded by a connective tissue capsule

Front 360

germinal center

Back 360

the center of a lypmhatic nodule that contains b lymphocytes and some macrophages

Front 361

lymphatic organs

Back 361

lymphatic cells that are completley surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

Front 362

thymus

Back 362

bilobed organ that contains t lymphocytes that do not participate in the immuner esponse and are protected from antigens in the body by a well formed blood organ barrier

Front 363

lymph nodes

Back 363

small round lymphatic organs that are located alon ght epathways of lymph vessels; primary function is to filter antigens from lymph and initiate an immune response when necessary

Front 364

axillary

Back 364

lymph nodes found in the breast, axilla, and upper limb

Front 365

inguinal

Back 365

lymph nodes that reveive lymph from the lower limb and pelvis

Front 366

cervical

Back 366

lymph nodes that receive lyumph from the head and neck

Front 367

spleen

Back 367

initiates an immune response when antigens foun din blood, serves as a reservoir for blood, kills old blood

Front 368

white pulp

Back 368

pulp associated with the arterial supply of the spleen

Front 369

red pulp

Back 369

pulp associated wtih the venous supply of the spleen

Front 370

proximal convoluted tubule

Back 370

oringinates at the tubular poile of the renal corpuscle and is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium; cells actively reabsorb almost all ntrueitsn, electrolytes, and any plasma proteins fcrom the tubular fluid; solutes and water are returned ot the vascular system via the peritubular capillaries

Front 371

nephron loop

Back 371

facilitate the reabsorption of water and solutes frmo the tubular fluid

Front 372

distal convoluted tubule

Back 372

oringinates int he renal cortex; secrete ions sucn as potassium and acid into the tubular fluidl reabsorbs water