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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there
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8
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how many cervical vertebrae are there
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7
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how is c7 different from c3-c6
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no transverse foramen, huge spinous process
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how many craniovertebral joints are there?
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5: 2 are atlanto-occipital and 3 are atlanto-axial
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what type of joints are craniovertebral joints?
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synovial and there are no intervertebral disks in these joints
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describe the articulation of the dens with c1
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the dens sticks up and anterior to the dens is the anterior arch of c1 and posterior to the dens is the transverse ligament (which is part of the cruciate ligament)
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what are the lateral prevertebral muscles
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anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes
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what are the scalenes innervated by
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anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
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what are the anterior prevertebral muscles and what are they innervated by
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longus colli, longus capitis, rectis capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis; innerv. by ant. rami
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what joint does "yes" motion
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atlanto-occipital
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what joint does "no" motion
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atlanto-axial
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the retropharyngeal space is between the ____ and the ____
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buccopharyngeal fascia (part of the pretracheal fascia) and the alar fascia
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if an infection gets in the retropharyngeal space where can it spread
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it can go inferiorlyas T2 where the alar fascia ends by attaching to the esophagus...cannot get into thorax
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the "danger space" is b/t what two layers
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alar fascia and prevertebral fascia
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how can an infection get into the danger space
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by first being in the retropharyngeal space and then eroding through the alar fascia to get into the danger space
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what happens if an infection gets into the danger space
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it can spread inferiorly all he way into the posterior mediastinum of the thorax
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what is the anterior attachment of the superior constrictor
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pterygomandibular raphe (the buccinator hooks onto the anterior part of the raphe)
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what is the anterior attachment of the middle constrictor
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hyoid
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what is the anterior attachment of the inferior constrictor
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thyroid cartillage and cricoid cartillage
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thoracic duct and r. lymphatic duct empty back into the bloodstream where
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junction of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
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lymph nodes
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encapsulated bodies along the course of lymph vessels that filter the lymph
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lymph nodules
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found in the cortex of lymph nodes and are a collection of lymphocytes and phagocytic cells (ex: peyers patches)
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lymph drainage of face
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submental, submandibular, preauricular, parotid nodes
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lymph drainages for anterior scalp
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preauricular and parotid nodes
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posterior scalp drainage
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mastoid and occipital nodes
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superficial cervical nodes (location)
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lie along external jugular vein superficial SCM...drain to deep cervical nodes
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2 classes of deep cervical nodes
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superior (jugulodigastric, juguloomohyoid) and inferior
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2 main superior deep cervical nodes and their significance
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jugulodigastric: below angle of mandible at the crossing of the posterior digastric; drain posterior tongue and palatine tonsil
juguloomohyoid: lowest node of superior group located where omohyoid crosses IJV; clinically important b/c recieves from submental region and tip of tongue |
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where does the post. tongue and palatine tonsil drain to
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jugulodigastric nodes
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where does submental region and tip of tongue drain to
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juguloomohyoid node
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inferior deep cervical nodes location and signif.
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below omohyoid superficial to brachial plexus and subclav v....efferents from inf. and sup. deep cervical nodes join to form jugular trunk
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upper lip drainage
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submandibular
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anterior hard palate drainage
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submandibular
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posterior hard palate drainage
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superior deep cervical nodes (jugulodigastric, juguloomohyoid)
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soft palate drainage
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retropharyngeal/superior deep cervical nodes
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maxillary teeth drainage
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submandibular nodes
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maxillary gingiva drainage
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submandibular nodes
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medial lower lip drainage
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submental
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lateral lower lip drainage
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submandibular
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mandibular gums incisor region drainage
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submental to juguloomohyoid
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mandibular gums (anywhere except incisor area) drainage
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submandibular and superior deep cervical nodes
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mandibular teeth drainage
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superior deep cervical nodes; drains back out through mandibular canal and foramen
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what is interesting about tongue lymph drainage?
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there is some cross-drainage from areas along the midline to the contralateral side
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apex of tongue drainage
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submental and juguloomohyoid
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lateral tongue drainage
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submandibular
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medial and basal tongue drainage
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deep cervical nodes
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palatine tonsil drainage
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jugulodigastric node
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oropharynx drainage
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retropharyngeal nodes
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roof of nasal cavity
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nasal, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
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what is above the roof of the nasal cavity
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anterior cranial fossa
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the cribiform plate is in which bone
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ethmoid
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what goes through cribiform plate
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filia olfactoria
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floor of nasal cavity
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anteriorly: palatine process of maxilla
post: horizontal plate of palatine |
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lateral walls of nasal cavity
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maxilla, perpendicular plate of palatine, sphenoid (medial pterygoid plate)
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what drains into inferior meatus
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nasolacrimal duct
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what drains into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus
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Frontal
Anterior ethmoidal Maxillary |
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what drains into ethmoid bulla
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middle ethmoidal
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what drains into superior meatus
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posterior ethmoidal
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what drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess
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sphenoid sinus
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maxillary sinus is an extension of _____ and develops _____
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middle meatus; 3rd fetal month
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ethmoid sinus is an extension of _____ and develops _____
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middle meatus; 5th fetal month
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sphenoid sinus is an extension of _____ and develops _____
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ethmoid sinuses; 5th postnatal month
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frontal sinus is an extension of _____ and develops _____
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middle meatus and ethmoid sinus; 5th year postnatally
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blood supply of nasal cavity (5 arteries)
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sphenopalatine, greater palatine, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, superior labial arteries
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nerves of nasal cavity
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anterior ethmoidal nerve: general sensation (NOT smell) of superior and anterior
maxillary nerve: via branches from pterygopalatine ganglion which is located lateral to sphenopalatine foramen...general sensory posterior and inferior infraorbital nerve: skin of the vestibule |
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what does general sensation of the superior and anterior aspects of the nasal cavity
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anterior ethmoidal nerve
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what does genearl sensation of the posterior and inferior aspects of the nasal cavity
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maxillary nerve
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what innervates the skin of the vestibule of the nasal cavity
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infraorbital nerve
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boundaries of the pterygopalatine fossa
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ant: posterior surface of maxilla
post: pterygoid process of sphenoid medial: perp plate of palatine lat: comm with infratemporal fossa sup: greater wing of sphen inf: pyramidal process of palatine |
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what nerves combine to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal
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deep petrosal (postgang symp) and greater petrosal (pregang parasymp)
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name the 7 openings of the pterygopalatine fossa
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"pussy sex is fun pump, pump, pump"
pterygomaxillary fissure sphenopalatine foramen inferior orbital fissure foramen rotundum pterygoid canal pharyngeal canal palatine canal |
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what are the posterior openings of the pterygopalatine fossa
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foramen rotundum, pterygoid canal, pharyngeal canal
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pterygomaxillary fissure contents
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maxillary artery
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border of pterygomaxillary fissure
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between the lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla
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contents of sphenopalatine foramen
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(leads into nasal cavity)
sphenopalatine artery (gives rise to posterior lateral nasal and posterior septal branches in the nasal cavity) nasopalatine nerve posterior lateral nasal nerves |
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contents of inferior orbital fissure
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infraorbital nerve
zygomatic nerves (give off zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves...these are V2) |
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foramen rotundum contents
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V2
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through what bone does the pterygoid canal run
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sphenoid (forms a ridge on the floor of the sphenoid sinus)
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contents of pterygoid canal
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ner of the pterygoid canal (sensory, postgang symp from deep petrosal, pregang parasymp from greater petrosal)
pterygoid branch of max. artery |
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pharyngeal canal location
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superolateral to the alae of vomer
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pharyngeal canal contents
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pharyngeal nerve (V2)
pharyngeal branch of max art. |
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palatine canal location
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runs vertically lateral to the perp. plate of palatine bone
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palatine canal contents
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greater and lesser palatine nerves (V2)
descending palatine artery (divides into greater and lesser palatine arteries as it exits the hole) THESE GET INTO MOUTH VIA GREATER AND LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN |
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zygomatic nerve gives off a branch called ______ to get parasymp to lacrimal glans
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lacrimal nerve
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sensory innervation of pharynx
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V2 does upper pharynx
9 does the rest of it |
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pterygopalatine fossa comm with infratemporal fossa via
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pterygomaxillary fissure
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pterygopalatine fossa comm with nasal cavity via
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sphenopalatine foramen
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pterygopalatine fossa comm with orbit via
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inferior orbital fissure
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pterygopalatine fossa comm with oral cavity via
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palatine canal
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pterygopalatine fossa comm with cranial cavity via
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foramen rotundum
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pterygopalatine fossa comm with pharynx via
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pharyngeal canal
pterygoid canal |
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you can see the auditory tube between what 2 muscles
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levator palati (medially) and tensor palati (laterally)
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MOTOR innervation of muscles of the soft palate
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pharyngeal branch of CN 10 except for tensor palati is V3
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SENSORY innervation of palate
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nasopalatine, greater palatine, lesser palatine nerves
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blood supply of palate
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greater palatine (main source), lesser palatine, ascending palatine (a branch of the facial artery) anastomoses with the lesser palatine artery
veins: pterygoid plexus |
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sensory of upper lip
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V2 (infraorbital)
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sensory of lower lip
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V3 (mostly mental nerve)
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upper lip extends all the way to the ____
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nares
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the inferior border of the lower lip is the _____
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mental crease
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buccinator attachments
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ant: orbicularis oris
post: pterygomandibular raphe sup: alveolar processes of maxilla inf: alveolar processes of mandible |
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what pierces the buccinator
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parotid duct
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describe the path of the parotid duct
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pierces buccinator and opens into oral cavity near maxillary 2nd molar
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mucosa of the inside of the cheeks is innervated by
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buccal nerve (V3)
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motor of buccinator muscle is by what nerve
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7
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is the incisive papilla anterior or posterior to the incisive canal
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the papilla is just anterior to the canal so when giving injections for the nasopalatine nerve do it just behind the papilla
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what muscle forms the palatine aponeurosis
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tensor palati
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what muscle wraps around the pterygoid hamulus
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tensor palati
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what 2 nerves are involved in swallowing
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cn5 (tensor palati pulls down soft palate/tenses it) and cn10 (levator palati raises palate back up)
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describe what happens during swallowing
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first the soft palate is tensed which pulls the palate down (tensor palati via cn5) then it is relaxed/pulled back up by levator palati via cn10
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if you are removing palatine tonsils why do you have to be careful (what structures are deep to them?)
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-part of cn9
-lingual artery |
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where do adenoids sit
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pharyngeal recess
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what muscles attach to torus tubarus
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levator palati
tensor palati salpingopharyngeous (this is why when you swallow the auditory tube opens up and pressure is equalized b/t middle ear and oropharynx) |
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what is the significance of levator palati, tensor palati, and salpingopharyngeous attaching to torus tubarus
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b/c when you swallow these muscles open up the auditory tube to equalize pressure b/t the middle ear cavity and the oropharynx
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sensory innervation of hard palate
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nasopalatine
greater palatine |
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sensory innervation of soft palate
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lesser palatine
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what artery anastomoses with the lesser palatine artery
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ascending palatine artery (branch of facial artery)
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what is the foramen cecum
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remnant of thyroglossal duct
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what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
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hyoglossus
genioglossus palatoglossus stylogolssus |
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what 4 things is the tongue attached to
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styloid process
hyoid bone mandible pharynx |
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the terminal sulcus is the connection b/t pharnygeal arches ___&______
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1 and 3
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name 3 things found on the undersurface of the tongue
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frenulum: attaches tongue to floor
hole of submandibular duct: on the submand. papilla on either side of the frenulum sublingual fold: formed by the sublingual gland under the mucous membrane |
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what is found on the pharyngeal part of the tongue
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lingual tonsils
glossoepiglottic folds (1 median and 2 lateral) epiglottic valleculae (spaces b/t glossoepiglottic folds) |
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what are the spaces b/t glossoepiglottic folds called
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epiglottic valleculae
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what is the anterior attachment of the genioglossus muscle
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superior mental spines
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what attaches to the superior mental spines
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genioglossus muscle
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what attaches to the inferior mental spines
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geniohyoid muscle
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what is the action of the genioglossus muscle
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pulls tongue forward and depresses medial region to make tongue concave
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what is the action of hyoglossus muscle
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depresses and retracts tongue
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what is the action of styloglossus muscle
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retracts tongue
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what is the action of palatoglossus muscle
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elevates tongue
constricts the oropharyngeal isthmus by bringing the two posterior pillars together |
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what is the rule for innervation of tongue/head muscles (if ___unless____unless____)
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if gloss 12
unless palat 10 unless two tiny tensors 5 |
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what is interesting about the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
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only place in the body that skeletal muscle is arranged in several planes: longitudinal, transverse, and vertical
they are all responsible for the form and shape of tongue |
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general sensory of anterior 2/3 of tongue
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lingual nerve V3
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taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
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chorda tympani (7)
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sensory of posterior 1/3 of tongue
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9
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taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue
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9
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sensory and taste of epiglottis, soft palate, and posteriormost tongue
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10 (internal laryngeal nerve)
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lymphatic drainage of tip of tongue
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submental
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lymphatic drainage of anterior 2/3 of tongue
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submandibular and deep cervical nodes
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lymphatic drainage of posterior 1/3 of tongue
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deep cervical nodes
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relationship of lingual nerve and submandibular duct
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submandibular duct goes over the lingual nerve
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the submandibular duct goes ______ the lingual nerve
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over
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the lingual nerve is ____the submandibular duct
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under
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what are the 4 suprahyoid muscles
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digastric
stylohyoid mylohyoid geniohyoid |
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innervation of ant. belly of digastric
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nerve to mylohyoid (V3)
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inner. of post. belly of digastric
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7
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action of digastric muscles
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pulls chin down and back
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action of stylohyoid muscle
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pulls hyoid back to elongate the floor of the mouth
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innerv. of stylohyoid
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7
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action of mylohyoid
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forms muscular floor and supports the mass of the tongue
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innerv. of mylohyoid
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nerve to mylohyoid V3
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action of geniohyoid
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goes from inf. mental spines to hyoid and protrudes hyoid
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innerv. of geniohyoid
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C1 via 12
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3 muscles of floor of mouth from bottom up
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mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genioglossus
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what is the nerve of arch 1
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5
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what is the nerve of arch 2
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7
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what is the nerve of arch 3
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9
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what is the nerve of arch 4
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internal laryngeal (part of 10)
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what is the nerve of arch 6
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recurrent laryngeal (part of 10)
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what embryo structures for the tongue form in arch 1
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2 lateral lingual swellings (aka distal tongue buds)
tuberculum impar (median tongue bud) |
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what structures form in arch 2 for the tongue (embryo)
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foramen cecum
copula (eventually enlarges and carries CN 7 to tongue) |
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the hypobranchial eminence (tongue embryo) is in what arches
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3 and 4
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foramen cecum is an accumulation of what type of tissue....endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm?
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endoderm
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copula migrates to distal tongue buds and drags what nerve?
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7
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hypobranchial eminence enlarges and since it is from arches _____&_____ it carries what nerves?
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from arches 3 and 4 so it carries CN 9 and 10 (internal laryngeal n)
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in the pharyngeal plexus sensory is by _____ and motor is by ______
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sensory 9; motor 10
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the sensory of the posterior part of the tongue is innervated by ____ with a small contribution from ______
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most is 9 but a small part is from 10 b/c the hypobranchial eminence was partly in arch 4 which is cn 10
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all muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus are derived from _____
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mesoderm of the occipital somites (so all are innerv. by 12)
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ant 2/3 of tongue sensory and taste?
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sensory 5; taste 7 (b/c cells from the copula originate in arch 2 and bring cn7 with it)
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exam question: failure of copula to dissociate and grow to meet the distal tongue buds does what?
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there will be no cn7 innervation for the ant 2/3 of tongue so taste cannot be conveyed this way
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what happens if you pierce the tongue right on the midline (median septum)
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you mess up the cartillage and may get bifid tongue
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what muscle causes you to gleek?
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hyoglossus contractine
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exam question: where are the cell bodies responsible for saliva from the submandibular gland?
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pregang: inferior salivary nuc
postgang: submandibular ganglion |
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what are the structures called that run from the tongue back to the epiglottis
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glossoepiglottic folds (1 median, 2 lateral)
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what are the spaces b/t the glossoepiglottic folds called
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epiglottic valleculae (food can get stuck here so when you gargle you are rinsing here)
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genioglossus attached to ____mental spines
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superior
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intrinsic muscles of tongue innervated by
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12
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what makes tongue short and fat
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superior and inferior longitudinal muscles (intrinsic)
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what makes tongue long and thin
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vertical and transverse muscles (intrinsic)
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which is more superior...lingual nerve or hypoglossal nerve
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lingual nerve
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does the lingual nerve go into the tongue
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yes
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does the submandibular duct go into the tongue
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no it wraps over the lingual nerve and goes forward but never goes into the tongue
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all glands above the level of the oral fissure are innervated by
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greater petrosal (think parasympathetics)
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all glands located below the level of the oral fissure are innervated by
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chorda tympani (think parasympathetics)
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if styloid process gets snapped what is affected
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stylohyoid
styloglossus stylopharnygeus |
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what attaches to the inferior mental spines
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geniohyoid
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what attaches to the superior mental spines
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genioglossus
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