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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Bohr Effect? |
A decrease in pH and an increase in CO2 will cause O2 and Hb to separate. |
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Haldane Effect |
Hb will become saturated with Oxygen but when the PO2 becomes low enough Hb will bind to CO2 |
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How is oxygen carried in the blood? |
1.5% dissolves in plasama 98.5% in the rest of the body |
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How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood? |
5% dissolves in plasma
20% dissolves in blood 60-80% as bicarbonate |
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Somatic system how many neurons? neurotransmitters? effect? (excite/inhibit) |
1 neuron acetylcholine excite |
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Parasympathetic how many neurons? neurotransmitters? effect? (excite/inhibit) |
2 neurons acetylcholine excite/inhibit |
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Sympathetic how many neurons? neurotransmitters? effect? (excite/inhibit) |
2 neurons acetycholine excite *exception innovation of adrenal gland: norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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A man weighs 200 lbs. his breathing rate is 10 breaths/min. tidal volume = 500mL calculate his minute ventilation rate |
min ventilation rate= tidal vol x rate 500 x 10= 5000 mL |
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A man weighs 200 lbs .his breathing rate is 10 breaths/min. tidal volume = 500mL calculate his alveolar ventilation rate |
alveolar vent. rate= (tidal vol-dead space) x rate (500-200) x 10= 3000 mL |
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What law is associated with the relationships shown? |
Boyle's Law |
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Describe how this graph relates to the mechanics of ventilation |
As pressure increases volume decreases in expiration
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What causes air to enter the lungs what causes air to flow out of the lungs? |
because the atmospheric air pressure is slightly higher than alveolar pressure and creates a pressure gradient. |
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what muscle activity contributes to increased ventilation? |
external intercostals
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besides pressure and volume, describe one other factor that can affect the amount of air reaching the alveoli |
diameter of airway
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during quiet or resting expiration the diaphram |
relaxes
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during expiration the alveolar pressure is |
greater than the barometric pressure |
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alveolar ventilation is the |
amount of air available for gas exchange
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if the PO2 in the alveoli is 104mmHg and the PO2 in the blood capillaries is 40mmHg, O2 will diffused into the blood according to whos law? |
Henry's law |
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the partial pressure of CO2 in the venous blood is _____ than the alveoli |
greater than |
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The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is established by the amount of oxygen |
dissolved in plasma |
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the chloride shift |
promotes the transport of CO2 in the blood Occurs when Cl- ions replace HCO3- in the red blood cells maintains the electrical neutrality between red blood cells and the blood |
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Parasympathetic ganglia |
are usually close to or embedded in target organs |
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Hb is saturated when it carries __ molecules in O2; Myoglobin is saturated when it carries __ |
4;1 |
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acetylcholine is released by the _______ neurons to ________ heart rate |
parasympathetic; increase |
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sympathetic innervation of the heart results from neurons with roots from |
T1-5 |
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most organs of the body |
receive dual innervation from the psns and sns |
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the major pathway for parasympathetic outflow from the cranial region is the |
vagus nerve |
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the preganglionic cell bodies of sympathetic neurons are located in the ____ of the spinal cord |
lateral horn |
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at sea lvl the most important factor leading to the increase in breathing rate and depth is blood lvls of |
carbon dioxide |
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inspiratory reserve volume |
oxygen intake when you take a deep breath |
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residual volume |
regular air exchange |
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expiratory reserve volume |
oxygen that is forcable pushed out of lungs |
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viral capacity |
total exchangeable air |
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terminal ganglia |
ganglia at target organ |
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Haldane Effect |
Co2 and O2 wont bind to Hb at the same time |
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carbaminohemoglobin |
CO2 bound to Hb |
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carbonic anhydrase |
critical for synthesis of bicarbonate |
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herring-breuer reflex |
prevents over-inflating lungs |
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Dalton's law |
sum of partial pressure |
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henry's law |
gas dissolves in fluid |
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Bohr Effect |
increase temperature and co2, decrease pH |
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respiratory centers |
pons and medulla |
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nerve roots t1-L2 |
sympathetic nervous system |
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cranial nerves; sacral roots |
parasympathetic nervous system |
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The stomach has an area closest to the duodenum called the |
pyloric region
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the gallbladder releases bile in response to |
cholesystokinin |
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pancreatic bicarbonate is secreted by the |
intercalated duct cells |
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Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme |
chemically digest proteins is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach |
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Amylase, an enzyme that breaks down carbs, is secreted bt |
salivary glands and pancreas |
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amino acids and glucose are absorbed into the ___ while lipids are absorbed into the ___ |
blood; lymph |
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the targets of human growth hormone is/are |
all are targets
bone muscle liver adipose tissue.. |
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hydrochloric acid is secreted by the ___ cells of the stomach |
parietal |
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there are three phases of gastric secretion, the cephalic phase occurs |
even before food enters the stomach
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when it comes to movement of food through the digestive tract...order |
esophagus, cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileum, descending colon |
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production of thyroxine by follicular cells in the thyroid requires iodine and |
tryosine |
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if an incision is made completely through the wall of the ileum, the last layer to be cut is the |
mucosa |
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nutrient rich blood from the sm intestines enters the ___ by the way of the ___ |
liver; hypatic portal vein |
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the secretion of the thyroid hormones T3 & T4 is controlled by TSH from the: |
anterior pituitary |
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# of hormones produced by the posterior pituitary |
2 |
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chemical signaling of nearby but different cells is called |
paracrine |
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second messenger systems such as cAMP is characteristics of |
protein based hormones |
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if an autoimmune disorder targets beta cells of the pancreas, the production of which hormone is affected |
insulin |
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which of the following is a steroid hormone? human growth hormone insulin thyroxine cortisol |
cortisol |
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the substance that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile: |
cholecystokinin |
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calcitonin comes from the |
thyroid |
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bicarbonate is secreted by |
exocrine pancreas - digestive enzymes |
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mucous is secreted by |
goblet cells
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hydrochloric acid is secreted by |
stomach |
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone is secreted by |
pars intermediate |
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aldosterone is secreted by |
adrenal cortex |
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antidiuretic hormone is secreted by |
posterior pituitary |
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cholecystokinin is secreted by |
duodenum
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gastrin is secreted by |
stomach |
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cortisol is secreted by |
adrenal cortex |
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thyroid hormone releasing hormone |
hypothalamus |
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human growth hormone is secreted by |
anterior pituitary |
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ACTHis secreted by |
anterior piruitary |
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androgens is secreted by |
adrenal cortex |
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fundus cardiac oblique muscle pyloric sphincter rugae |
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describe the chemical reaction that is used to produce hydrogen ions (to make hydrochloric acid) and to produce bicarbonate ions in digestion |
CO2 diffuses across membrane CO2+H2O >> carbonic anhydrase carbonic anhydrase >> H2O3- bicarbonate Cl- exchanges for H+ |
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identify the cells and organs specifically responsible for producing hydrochloric acid and bicarbonate |
hyrdochloric acid- stomach, parietal cells bicarbonate- pancreas, intercalated ducts |
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serosa muscularis submuscularis mucosa entric nerves |
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3 ways that secretion rate for a given hormone may be controlled |
Neural hormonal humoral |
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3 ways that secretion rate for a given hormone may be controlled- Neural |
Neural- stimulation by nervous system on endo-gland ex: adrenal gland release of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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3 ways that secretion rate for a given hormone may be controlled- Hormone |
Hormone- stimulation of one endocrine gland on another ex: anterior pituitary secrets TSH to thyroid |
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3 ways that secretion rate for a given hormone may be controlled - Humoral |
humoral- stimulation by something other than hormone on endo-gland ex PTH is released when blood calcium is low |
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Compare homeostatic regulation by the nervous and endocrine system |
specialized centers effects: quick specific short-lived amplitude modulated |
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Compare homeostatic regulation by the nervous and endocrine system |
glands
hormones effects: slow general long lasting frequency modulated |
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Gallbladder identify and fnx |
small organ found on liver
fnx: stores bile |
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Pancreas identify and fnx |
organ with endo- and exocrine fnx fnx: endo- controls regulation of insulin and glucagon exo- secretes digestive enzymes |
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Live identify and fnx |
largest organ has two major lobes L & R lobes Fnx: detox synthesis, bile production |
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list all nine hormones of the pituitary |
Pars Melanocyte stimulating hormone anterior Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin Growth hormone (GH) posterior oxytocin Antiduritic hormone (ADH) |
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Water is reabsorbed all except from the |
ascending loop of henle |
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the blood vessels that exit the glomerulus are called the |
effernt arterioles |
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under normal conditions blood cells are not found in the |
proximal convoluted tuble |
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the glomerulus contains_______ capillaries and adjacent cells called______ |
fenestrated; nephrons |
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the primary force that pushes water and solute out of the blood across the filtration membrane is |
the glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
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the renal corpuscle is made up of |
bowamn's capsule and the glomerulus
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what is a stimulus for micturition |
filling and stretching of the bladder wall |
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renin is released in response to |
decreased blood pressure |
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if an incision is made into a kidney, the first layer to be cut is the |
renal capsule |
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which of the following is a potent vasocontrictor? insulin angiotensin II atrial natriuretic hormone renin |
angiotensin II
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the filtration membrane includes all of the following except: |
renal pelvis |
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what is an example of insensible water loss from the body |
breathing |
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the term water intoxication is also called |
hyponatremia |
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hyponatremia results from |
drinking large amounts of fluids low in sodium |
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Respiratory alkalosis can occur when: |
a person travels to altitudes- above 3000m-starts breathing rapidly |
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which of the following two organs fnx as important physiological buffer systems? |
lungs and kidneys |
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while chloride is the main anion (-) in the exrtracellular fluid_________ is the main intracellular anion |
phosphate |
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intracellular fluid in the human body is composed of |
fluid in cell cytoplasm |
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blood pH varies _____ with CO2 lvls but_______ with bicarbonate lvls. |
inversely; directly |
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the largest amount of water leaves the body through |
urine |
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Renal pelvis |
drains into the ureter |
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Retro-peritoneal |
describes location of kidneys in the body |
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juxtoglomerular cells |
helps adjust GFR |
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mascula densa cells |
found in distal convoluted tuble |
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Trigone |
urethra, plus two ureter openings |
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renal medulla |
location of lowest point of loop of henle |
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renal cortex |
lighter, outer tissue layer |
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urethra |
transports urine from bladder to outside of the body |
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renal pyramid |
cone-shaped tissue in medulla |
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fibrous capsule |
outermost layer of kidney |
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per-renal fat |
cushions; protects |
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bladder |
contains transitional epithelia |
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explain the role of these hormones in regulation of Na+, H2O blanace, and/or blood pressure: Renin |
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explain the role of these hormones in regulation of Na+, H2O blanace, and/or blood pressure: Aldosterone |
causes renal tubles to retain Na+ bp decrease H2O decrease |
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explain the role of these hormones in regulation of Na+, H2O blanace, and/or blood pressure: Atrial Natriuretic Hormone |
produced by <3 when bp increases |
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explain the role of these hormones in regulation of Na+, H2O blanace, and/or blood pressure: Anti-diuretic hormone |
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range of acidosis-alkilosis |
pH 7.35-7.45 |
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PCO2 range |
respiratory system 35-45 mmHg |
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HCO3- range |
metabolic 22-26 |
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Define Euhydration |
total amount of water in body that stays constant |
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primary mechanisms of fluid loss for the human body |
urination sweat insensible (breathing) |
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primary sources of fluid |
food
ingested fluid cell metabolism |
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4 primary ways that the body releases heat into the environment |
Evaporation
Radiation conduction convection |
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Evaporation |
the transfer of heat by the evaporation of water. |
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Radiation |
occurs between any two objects when their temperatures diffes |
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conduction |
the transfer of heat by two objects that are in direct contact` |
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convection |
the transfer of heat to the air surrounding the skin |
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What is our normal glomerular filtration rate |
125 mL/min |
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What are the mechanisms controlling GFR |
myogenic mechanism (auto regulatory) tubuloglomerular (autoregulatory) neural control renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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total energy expenditure 20min x 10kcal/min=200kcal total heat produced 200kcal x .8=160kcal heat loss from sweat 580 kcal/L sweat needed to prevent heat gain 160/580 = .28L of sweat |
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