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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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agonist
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the prime mover
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synergist
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helper muscle
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anatagonist
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the opposing muscle
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fixator
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a synergist that prevents another joint from moving
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origin
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muscle attachment that remains stationary
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insertion
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muscle attachment that moves
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belly
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thick midregion of muscle
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parallel
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greater ability to shorten (ex rectus abdominis)
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fusiform
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almost parallel (ability to shorten
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pennate
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maximal power
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convergent
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power directed to single point
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circular
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contraction closes opening
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fascicle
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bundle of fibers
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muscle fiber
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an individual cell
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tendon
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muscle to bone
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aponeurosis
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broad sheet that attaches muscle to muscle
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sarcolemma
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muscle cell membrane
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transverse tubules
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allows AP to penetrate into the cell
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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high concentration of Ca, bound to t-tubules
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myofibrils
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specialized organelles for contracting
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sarcomere
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repeating structural unit of the myofibril. composed of 2 myofilaments
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myosin
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thick filaments. atp binding sites
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actin
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thin filaments
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tropomyosin
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thread like protein, blocks active sites
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troponin
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binds Ca and moves tropomyosin away from active sites
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prime
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myosin head is cocked into high energy, extended position
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attach
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myosin binds to active site forming cross bridges
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pivot
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adp is released (power stroke)
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detach
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head remains attacked until new ATP is bound
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muscle twitch
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brief contraction-relaxation response to a single AP
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incomplete tetanus
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max a muscle can handle. rapid stimulation with only brief relaxation of the fiber
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complete tetanus
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not possible in human muscle. no relaxation, SR has no time to reclaim enough Ca
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rigor mortis
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Ca is released from SR, cross bridges create tension, but not ATP is available. tropomyosin can't move back without ATP can Ca and myosin heads can't release
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atrophy
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without stimulation, the fibers become smaller and weaker. if not used, muscles will waste away.
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cell membrane
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regulates change, support, isolation and helps interact with the environment.
phospholipid bilayer |
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passive transport
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no ATP requires
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active transport
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ATP required
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diffusion
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random movement down a concentration gradient
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directly through the membrane:
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lipid soluble, (fats, steroids, cholesterol)
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protein channels (pores)
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size must be small (ionds, Na, Cl, Ca, H2O)
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facilitated diffusion (carrier protein)
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(glucose, amino acids). rate limited, energy needed, can go DOWN the concentration gradient, nonlipid soluble, slightly larger.
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osmosis
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diffusion of water across a membrane (high concentration to low concentration)
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protein pump
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ATP consumed. independent of concentration gradient. (ex ion pumps) 3 Na out, 2 K in
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endocytosis
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movement into cell
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exocytosis
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movement out of a cell
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pinocytosis
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cell drinking
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phagocytosis
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engulfing an object into a cell
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resting membrane potential
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-70 mV, 3 Na out, 2 K in
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graded potential
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depends on the amount of stimulus. only a small area of the membrane, local depolarization, short distances
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action potential
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begins at threshold (-60mV)
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depolarization phase
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voltage gated Na channels open in axon hillock and entire axon. rush of Na into cell. all or none principle: no inbetween strength
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repolarization phase
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volated gates Na close and voltage gates K open. occurs at 30 mV. at -70 mV, volt K chans slowly close causing the membrane potential to go to -80
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afterhyperpolarization
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when membrane reaches -80 b/c volt K gates close slowly
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refractory period
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the time when the local membrane cannot respond to further stimulation (from beginning of AP till after hyperpolarization)
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prolong/decrease effects of neurotransmitters
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reuptake, sucks back in neurotransmitters
diffusion: diffuse out of the synaptic cleft enzymatic breakdown: enzymes break down neurotransmitters |
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cerebrum
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highly folded, 2 hemispheres. lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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primary/association areas
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primary: perceive the signal (identify it)
association: interpretation |
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Limbic system
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emotional brain, hippocampus = memory, amygdala assigns emotions to memories
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integrative centers
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wernicke's area (general interpretive) interprets what you hear
broca's area: speech center, assigning words |
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diencephalon
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thalamus: filer and relays
hypothalamus: homeostasis pineal gland: sleep cycle |
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brain stem
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midbrain, pons, and medulla: regulate heart, lungs and other essential life functions
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cerebellum
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find tuning of motor control
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spinal nerves
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dorsal root = sensory
ventral root = motor emerge from the vertebrae |
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cranial nerves
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specific functions, 12 ones in pairs
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afferent/sensory
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afferent = motor
sensory = sensory |
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somatic/autonomic
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somatic = voluntary control
autonomic = outside of conscious awareness |
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sympathetic/parasympathetic
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sympathetic: increases alertness, fight or flight
parasympathetic: increases digestion, relaxes body |
