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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neurology
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study of nerves
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Brain
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encephalon
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cerebrum
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"big brain" has two hemispheres, R & L has three major functions, thinking, reasoning and memory. (looks like swirls)
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cerebellum
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(straight grooves) "little brain: responsible for two major functions, coordination of muscles and balance.
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brain stem
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includes midbrain, pons varollii and medulla oblongata. Communication traits between parts above and below. White matter instead of grey.
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ventricles
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1 and 2- lateral, 1 on each side cerebral nerve.
3- located in diacephalin lower part of brain, emotion, hunger, sex drive 4-brain stem |
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meninges
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membranes that cover entire brain and cord. Three layers
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pia mater
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intimate with the brain and cord, innermost meningal covering
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arachnoid mater
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spider like layer, between first and second, subarachnoid layer is the space that contains CSF.
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dura mater
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tough outside covering. like canvas, covers the brain and cord.
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CSF circulation
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starts in tiny capillaries that hang down from roof of all four ventricles.
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Choroid plexus
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network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of CSF
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Spinal cord
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nerve cord that runs through foramen magnum down to the anterior suface of L2.
its structure is nerve tissues |
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Peripheral nervous system
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all in pairs
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cranial nerves
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all paired form front to back, underneath the brain, 12 pairs=24
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olfactory nerves
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pair, sensory nerve of smell. olfaction = to smell
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optic nerve
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pair, explode in retina) are for sight
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trochlear nerve
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(troch means twist) nerve twists the eye by moving the superior oblique muscle
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trigeminal/trifacial
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sensation of face, scalp, teeth, and chewing movements
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abducent
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to abduct, pull away form midline, motors lateral rectus.
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facial
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motor part-. called great motor nerve of the face, contractions of facial movements and sense of taste
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Vestibulococchlear
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auditory/acoustic, made of two different nerves, for hearing and balance.
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glossopharyngeal
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tongue and throat
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vagus
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G.I. all leave the brain, motor
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spinal accessory
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sholder movements and turning of heads movements
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hypoglossal
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under the tongue, motors the tongue as in speech.
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Spinal NervesC1: nerves start on top of vertebrae
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C1: nerves start on top of vertebrae
C2: above C3: above C4: above C5: above C6: above C7: above and C8, below |
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cervical nerves
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8
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thoracic nerves, paired nerves
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12
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lumbar nerves, paired
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5
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Sacral nerves, paired
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5
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coccyx pair of nerves
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1
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pairs of spinal nerves
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31=62
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skeletal muscles
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550
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skeletal muscles
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like strings attached to bones that work the bones. Muscles move parts of the skeleton
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insertion point
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insertion of any muscle is its more moveable point of attachment. Insertion always moves toward fixed end (origin)
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belly of the muscle
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the thick fleshy portion
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tendons
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at ends of muscles that attach muscles to muscles or muscle to bone
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aponeuroses
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broad flat tendon
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bicep
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(cep=head) two headed muscle.
ex. shape of muscle: |
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triangularus
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triangle shaped muscle
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quadratus:
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four sided
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deltoid:
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triangle
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Basis for naming skeletal muscle
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a. shape and location
b. divisions and attachments: c. direction of fibers: d. superficial or deep: e. size: |
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flexion
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act of bending
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extension:
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act of straightening
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adduction:
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towards the midline
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abduction:
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away from the midline
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supinate:
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palms facing forward or up
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pronate:
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palms facing backwards or down
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eversion:
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turn palm or sole of foot laterally
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inversion
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turn palm or sole medially
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constriction:
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decrease size of opening (narrow)
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dilation:
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increase size of opening (enlarge)
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elevation:
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raise body parts
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depression:
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lower body parts
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rotation:
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act of pivoting around a central axis
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circumduction:
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distally circle and proximally grinding, overall shape is a cone
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trapezius
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muscle of the back, shape of a trapezoid, diamond shaped
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trapezius o,i, f
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o-skull and upper vert
i-scapula f-extend head and neck |
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latissimus dorsi: o,i, f
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O-Vert and ilium
I-humerus F-extends and help adduct upper arm |
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pectoralis major: o,i, f
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O-sternum, clavical, & upper rib cartilages
I-Humerus F-flexes and helps adduct upper arm |
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external intercostals:
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run lateral to medial, between the ribs
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internal intercostals:
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run medial to lateral, under externals) between the ribs
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transversus thoracus:
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deepest layer in chest, thinner than abdominus. runs straight across
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external oblique: o,i, f
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O-lower thoracic cage
I- Midline of abdomen F- compresses abdomen |
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internal oblique: o,i, f
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O- pelvis
I- midline of abdomen F- compresses abdomen |
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transverses abdominis: o,i, f
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O- ribs, vert, and pelvis
I- midline of abdomen F- compresses abdomen |
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abdomen: All three layers insert in....
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linea alba (white tendon) on the midline, O: verterbrae
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rectus abdominis, o,i, f
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O- pubis
I- lower rib cage F- flexes trunk |
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Iliopsoas, o,i, f
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O- ilium and vert
I- femur F- flexes thigh and trunk |
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iliopsoas:
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combine, illacus merges with the psoas. in anatomical guide for the iliac vessels, common and external.
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psoas major:
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only muscle that has reversible origin and insertion
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diaphragm
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muscle part, phrenic muscle, is dome shaped, pushes up against viscera of the chest.
O: in a circle against the ribs, xyphoid process, tranverse processes of vertebrae, (two large crus) I: central tendon |
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phrenic muscle
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is the breathing muscle. branch of vegas nerve controls the diaphragm. diaphragm contracts on inspiration of air, pulls central tendon down, pulls lungs down, pulls air into the lungs. On expiration: diaphragm relaxes, intercostals contract to let air out of chest. The diaphragm marks change from thorax to abdomen
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deltoid, o,i, f
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O- clavicle and scapula
I- humerus F- adbucts upper arm |
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teres major
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marks end of axillary space.
Large sholder muscle over top of scapula teres in anatomy means round. It's a round muscle that assists in adduction, also medially rotates upper extremity. |
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biceps brachii, o,i, f
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O- scapula
I- radius F- flexes elbow |
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triceps brachii, o,i, f
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O- scapula and humerus
I- ulna F- extends elbow |
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Corocobrachialis, o,i, f
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backdrop axillary artery.
O: corocoid process of scapula I: humerous F-help adduct upper extremity, anatomical guide for axillary artery |
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brachialis
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build to biceps brachii.
in the distal portion of arm, immediately deep to biceps brachii. Axillary artery comes thru and turns to brachial. |
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autonomic nervous system
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involuntary functions- divided into 2 systems
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1>sysmpathetic systems
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fight or flight.
stimulate resp system, slow digestion |
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2> parasympathetic systems
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rest and digest.
breathing, digestion, heart rate |
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Frontal, o,i, f
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O- occipital bone
I- skin of eyebrow F- raise eyebrow |
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Orbicularis oculi, o,i, f
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O- maxilla and frontal bone
I- mixilla and frontal bone F- closes eye |
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orbicularis oris, o,i, f
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O- encircles lips
I- encircles lips F- draws lips together |
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zygomaticus, o,i, f
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O-zygomatic
I- angle of mouth&upper lip F-elevates corner of mouth&lips |
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Masseter, o,i, f
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O- zygomatic arch
I- manible F-closes jaw |
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Temoral, o,i, f
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O- temporal region of skull
I- manible F-closes jaw |
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sternocleidomastoid, o,i, f
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O- sternum and clavicle
I- mastoid process F- rotate&flex head&neck |
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Satorius, o,i, f
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O- ilium
I- tibia F-flex thigh&rotate lower leg |
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Gluteus Maximus, o,i, f
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O- ilium, sacrum, coccyx
I- femur F- extend thigh gluteal= hip - 6 gluteans (3 on each side |
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adductor longus, o,i, f
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O- pubis
I- femur F- adduct thigh anatomical guide for femoral artery |
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Gracilis, o,i, f
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O- pubis
I- tibia F-adducts thigh |
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Penctineus, o,i, f
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O- pubis
I- femur F- adducts thigh |
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Seminmembranosus, o,i, f
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O- ischium
I- tibia F- flex knee |
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Semitendinosus, o,i, f
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O- ischium
I- tibia F- flex knee |
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Biceps femoris, o,i, f
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O- Ischium and femur
I- fibula F- flex knee |
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Rectus Femoris, o,i, f
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O- illium
I- tibia F- extend knee |
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Vastas lateralis, intermedius, and medialis, o,i, f
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O- femur
I- tibia F- extend knee |
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Tibialis anterior, o,i, f
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O- tibia
I- metatarsals (foot) F- dorsiflex ankle |
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Gastrocnemius, o,i, f
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O- femur
I- calcaneus (heel) F- planter flex ankle |
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Soleus, o,i, f
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O- tibia and fibula
I- calcaneus (heel) F- planter flex ankle strongest tendon in anatomy |
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Peroneus longus and brevis, o,i, f
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O- tibia and fibula
I- Tarsel and metatarsals (foot and ankle) F- evert and planter flex ankle |
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Quadriceps Femoris (4 heads)
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1. Vastus Lateral
2. Vastus Medius 3. Vastus Intermedius 4. Rectus Femoris |
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Abductor mangus
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largest adductor lower extrem
entire length of the femur |
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus
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( 4 )- (distal flangee) - allows fingers to curl
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Flexor Carpi Radials
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2nd tendon
anatomical guide radial artery=immediately lateral to tendon flexor carpi radialis |
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
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most medial tendon of the forearm
anatomical guide to ulnar artery ulnar artery located immediately lateral to tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
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divides into 4 tendons - digitorum refers all 4 digits -
4 tendons under skin close to midline each tendon splits to make pulley and attaches to middle flangee of digits |
