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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the structures of the Lymphatic system in the order lymph travels.
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Capillaries
Vessels Trunks Ducts |
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Define Lacteals
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lymphatic capillaries that take up chyle
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Define chyle
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Lymph from the digestive tract
(Lipids, vitamins) |
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What are the 5 major lymph trunks?
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Jugular, Subclavian, Bronchomediastinal, Intestinal, Lumbar
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What drains into the left subclavian vein?
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Thoracic duct
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What drains into the right subclavian vein?
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the right lymphatic duct
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Define lymphatic nodules
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Oval clusters of lymphatic tissue NOT surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
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When should tonsils be taken out?
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after 6-7 infections in 1 year or 2-3 infections per year for several years
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What cells are found in the cortex of lymph nodes?
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dendritic and lymphocytes
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What cells are found in the medulla of lymph nodes?
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macrophages and lymphocytes
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What are the 4 clusters of lymph nodes?
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Axillary (armpit)
Inguinal (groin) Cervical (neck) around Cisterna chyli |
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What is the purpose of the red pulp of the spleen?
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Blood reservoir for macrophage purification
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What is the purpose of the white pulp of the spleen?
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houses lymphatic cells and initiates immune response
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What do B-lymphocytes do?
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make antibodies
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What do T-lymphocytes do?
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kill infectious cells
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What are the 4 types of T-cells?
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helper
cytotoxic memory repressor |
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What do helper cells do?
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initiate immune response by presenting antigens
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What's special about natural killer lymphocytes?
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the can respond to multiple antigens
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What does HIV target?
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helper T-cells
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Define Diverticulum
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The branch of of the gut that forms the pulmonary perencimum
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Surface Mucous Cells
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Mucin secretion to protect stomach lining
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Mucous Neck Cells
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Acidic mucin secretion to maintain acidic conditions
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Parietal Cells
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Hydrochloric acid secretion
Gastric intrinsic factor secretion |
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Chief Cells
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Secretion of pepsinogen, an inactive enzyme
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Enteroendocrine Cells
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Hormone secretion
Gastrin and somatostatin |
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What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
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The junction of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
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The hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery both empty blood into what?
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Hepatic Lobule sinusoid.
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What arises from the foregut?
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pharynx to duodenum
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What arises from the midgut?
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duodenum to transverse colon
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What arises from the hindgut?
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transverse colon to anus
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List the order of vessels in the kidney.
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Renal Artery
Segmental Arteries Interlobar Arteries Arcuate Arteries Interlobular Arteries Afferent Arteries Glomerulus Efferent Arteries Peritubular Capillaries Vasa Recta Interlobular Veins Arcuate Veins Interlobar Vein Renal Vein |
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What is the detrusor?
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The muscle in the muscularis of the bladder
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What is the Macula Densa?
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The cells in the distal convoluted tubule that sense the contents of the filtrate and pass messages to the afferent arteriole
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What are Juxtaglomerular cells?
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The cells of the afferent arteriole that sense the messages from the macula densa.
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What does the kidney derive from?
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The metanephros
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What are the two precursors to a kidney that degenerate?
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pronephros and mesonephros
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What do the vas deferens derive from?
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The mesonephric duct
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What do the kidneys derive from?
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The metenephros
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What does the mesonephros become?
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fish kidneys
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What does the paramesonephric duct become?
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internal sexual organs of the female
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What causes a male to differentiate from a female?
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TDF gene on Y chromosome
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Anatomy
definition and etymlogy |
"to cut open"
study of body structure |
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Physiology
definition |
study of body function
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Who is the father of anatomy?
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Herophilus
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Who performed dissections in a medical theater?
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Andreas Vesalius
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Who is the Father of Medicine?
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Hippocrates
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Who was the first to publicly dissect and compare animal and human bodies?
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Herophilus
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Who wrote the first anatomically accurate medical textbook?
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Andreas Vesalius
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What are the four types of tissues?
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epithelial tissue
connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue |
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What does the coronal plane divide?
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Front from back
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What does the sagital plane divide?
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right from left
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What does the transverse plane divide?
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top from bottom
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Dorsal
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At the back side of the human body
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Ventral
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At the belly side of the human body
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Rostral
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Toward the nose
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What are the 11 organ systems?
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Skeletal
Muscles Integumentary Endocrine Nervous Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Lymphatic Urinary Reproductive |
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Acrosome
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the membranous cap at the head of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida.
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What is the membranous cap at the head of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida.
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Acrosome
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What is the region of the back of the leg?
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Sural
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What is the region of the front of the leg?
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crural
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What is in the RUQ?
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Liver and galbladder
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What is in the LUQ?
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stomach
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What is in the LLQ?
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bladder, descending colon
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What is in the RLQ?
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appendix, ascending colon, bladder
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What cavity contains the lungs?
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Pleural cavity
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What cavity contains the heart?
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Pericardial cavity
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What cavity contains the esophogus?
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mediastinum
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What are the two main cavities of the body?
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ventral and dorsal (posterior aspect)
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What part of serous membrane covers organ?
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visceral
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What part of serous membrane lines the body cavity?
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parietal
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What is the omentum?
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an apron of fat that hangs down from the stomach to protect inner organs (beer belly)
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What are some medical imagining methods?
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MRI
radiography sonoghraphy Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Angiographs (dye the blood) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) |
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When is the prenatal period?
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First 38 weeks of human development
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Pre-embryonic period
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Weeks 1-2
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Embryonic period
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Weeks 3-8
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Fetal period
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Weeks 9-38
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define morula
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16 cell clump during week 1 of pregnancy
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embryoblast
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inner clump of cells in a blastocyst that gives rise to fetus
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trophoblast
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outer shell of blastocyst that forms part of placenta
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Cytotrophoblast
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Inner layer of trophoblast once fused to uterine wall
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Syncytiotrophoblast
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Outer layer of trophoblast once fused to uterine wall
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Chorion
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the fetal contribution to the placenta
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Bilaminar Disc
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Embryoblast divides into two sheets of cells: epiblast and hypoblast
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what does Epiblast form?
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Embryo
Amnion |
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What does the Hypoblast form?
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Yolk sac
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Where does the primitive streak form?
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in the epiblast of the germinal disk
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Gastrulation
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epiblast cells invaginate through the primitive streak towards the hypoblast causing formation of the three germ layers
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What does the hypoblast become?
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endoderm
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What does the epiblast become?
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ectoderm
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What does the notochord turn into?
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the vertebral column
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What role does the notochord play in the differentiation of the three germ layers?
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it send the signals that tell the layers what to become
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What does the ectoderm become?
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the skin, brain and nerves
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What does the mesoderm turn into?
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Muscle tissue, heart, kidneys, reproductive organs, connective tissue
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What does the endoderm turn into?
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Digestive and respiratory systems linings
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What are the four types of tissues?
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Connective tissue (connect)
Muscle tissue (contract) Epithelial tissue (cover) Nervous tissue (conduct) |
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Which of the cell-cell junctions form channels between cells?
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gap junctions
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Desmosomes
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Provide resistance at a single stress point
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Merocrine Glands
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Secrete via vesicles
Lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and eccrine sweat glands |
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Holocrine Glands
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Entire cell disintegrates
Sebaceous glands |
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Apocrine Glands
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Secrete by cell decapitation
Mammary and apocrine sweat glands |
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What type of tissue is adipose tissue?
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loose connective tissue
connective tissue proper |
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What type of tissue is areolar tissue?
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loose connective tissue
connective tissue proper |
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What type of tissue is reticular tissue?
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loose connective tissue
connective tissue proper |
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What are the three types of dense connective tissue of the connective tissue proper?
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Regular
Irregular Elastic |
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What is the ECM made of and what does it house?
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made of ground substance and fibers (elastic, reticular, collagen)
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What is Ground Substance made of?
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Consists of proteins, carbohydrates, and water
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Where is areolar tissue found?
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Surrounding nerves, vessels; subcutaneous layer
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Where is adipose tissue found?
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Subcutaneous layer; surrounding kidney and selected other organs
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Where is reticular tissue found?
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Stroma of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
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Where is Regular tissue found and what type of tissue is it?
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(tendons, ligaments) dense
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Where is Irregular tissue found and what type of tissue is it?
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(dermis of skin) dense
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Where is Elastic tissue found and what type of tissue is it?
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(walls of large arteries) dense
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What are striae?
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stretch marks
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Where is hair not found?
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the palms, soles, lips, sides of fingers and toes, and parts of the external genitalia
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What is lanugo?
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Fine, downy hair on the fetus
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What is Vellus?
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Fine hair on arms and legs
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What is terminal hair?
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Course hair on head and in pubic region; men’s facial hair
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What are the three types of hair?
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Vellus, lanugo, and terminal.
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What is allopecia areata?
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bald patch
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What is the ABCD rule of skin cancer?
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Assymetrical, Border (uneven),
Color (not uniform), Diameter (more than 1/4 inch |
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Where is fibrocartilage found?
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intervertebral disks, pubic symphisis, menisci
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Where is elastic cartilage found?
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in the ears and eppiglotis
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What is endochondral bone formation?
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the cartilage template in fetuses ossifies into bone
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What is the basic structure of compact bone?
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osteon
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What wraps around each osteon?
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lamelle
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What are canaliculi?
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connect the lacunae
allow fluid to diffuse between osteocytes |
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What are the steps of fracture repair?
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Step 1: Fracture hematoma forms
Step 2: Fibrocartilage (soft) callus forms Step 3: Hard (bony) callus forms Step 4: Bone remodeled |
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What ruptures in a ruptured disk?
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anulus fibrosis
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What is Kyphosis?
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hunchback
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Polydactyly
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Extra digits
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Meromelia
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Partial absence of a limb
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Phocomelia
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Short, poorly formed limb, fin-like
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Amelia
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Complete absence of a limb
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What kind of joint is a gomphoses?
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synarthrotic, fibrous
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What kind of joint is a suture?
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synarthrotic, fibrous
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What kind of joint are Syndesmoses?
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Amphiarthrotic, fibrous
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What kind of joint are Synchondroses?
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synarthrotic, cartilaginous
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What kind of joint are symphises?
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amphiarthrotic, cartilaginous
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What are bursae?
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Pads of synovial fluid to cushion and sheath tendons in joints.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disease
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Gouty arthritis
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Uric acid crystals form in joint cavity
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Osteoarthritis
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wear and tear on joints
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Name 3 characteristics of cardiac muscle.
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Striated
Involuntary Intercalated Discs |
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Name 3 characteristics of smooth muscle.
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Uninucleate
No striations Involuntary |
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Name all of the structures of skeletal muscle.
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Deep Fascia
epimesium skeletal muscle perimesium fasicle endomesium muscle fiber (cell) myofibril (organelle) myofilament |
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4 steps of sliding filament theory.
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Neuron releases neurotransmitter
Impulse travels down T-tubules and causes terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium Calcium binds to troponin This causes troponin-tropomyosin complex (TTC) to slide off of binding sites on actin |
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What is a multipennate muscle?
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multiple groups of fascicles that run into one tendon
ex. deltoid |
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What muscles insert into the intertubercular groove?
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pectoralis major
lattissimus dorsi teres major |
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What muscles insert into the greater tubercle?
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supraspinatus
infraspinatus teres minor |
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How do neural tumors occur?
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cancer in glial cells or meninges or metastasized from other parts
nerve cells can't be cancerous because they don't devide |
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What are telodendria?
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the "roots" of the neurons that make groups of muscle fibers contract in tandem
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What is the neural fibril node?
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the space between myelin sheaths
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What's the difference between nuclei and ganglea?
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Clusters of cell bodies are called nuclei in the CNS and ganglea in the PNS
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Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons located?
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dorsal root ganglion
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Where are the cell bodies of the motor neurons located?
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ventral horn of spinal cord
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What do astrocytes do?
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absorbs K+ and glutamate
form blood brain barrier by coating capillaries |
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What do ependymal cells do?
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form cerebral spinal fluid
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What do microglial cells do?
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macrophages
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What do oligodendrocytes do?
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forms myelin sheaths in CNS from remote cell bodies
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What do shwan cells do?
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forms myelin sheaths in PNS directly
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What do satellite cells do?
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Protects and provides nutrients for soma of sensory cells in dorsal root ganglion
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What is a spina bifida?
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failure of the neural tube to fold at the caudal end.
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Prosencephalon
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forebrain at 4 weeks
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mesencephalon
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middle brain at 4 weeks
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rhombencephalon
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square brain at 4 weeks
gives rise to the brain stem |
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What's the order of the vesicles of the neural tube at 5 weeks?
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telencephalon
diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon |
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What is the cerebrum responsible for?
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Conscious thought
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What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
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decisions and personality
communication and skeletal muscle |
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What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
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Sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech
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What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
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Auditory and olfactory experience
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What is the insular lobe responsible for?
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Taste, memory
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What is the pre-central gyrus responsible for?
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primary motor cortex
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What is the post-central gyrus responsible for?
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somatosensory cortex
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What do association tracts do?
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connect the brain throughout
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What do Commissural tracts
do? |
connect left and right hemishperes
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What do Projection tracts do?
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runs vertically, motor and sensory conveyance
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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smooths and coordinates body movements
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What are the plexuses?
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Cervical
Brachial Lumbar Sacral |
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What does the cervical plexus innervate?
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phrenic nerve (diaphragm)
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What does the brachial plexus innervate?
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ulnar and radial nerve
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What does the lumbar plexus innervate?
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femoral nerve
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What does the sacral plexus innervate?
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sciatic nerve
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filliform papillae
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no taste buds
grasping food |
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What flavors can you taste?
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salty
sweet sour bitter umami |
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What is a better term for farsighted?
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hyperopia
eyeball gets shorter |
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What is a better term for nearsighted?
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myopia
eyeball gets longer |
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What is a better term for the condition of normal vision?
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emmetropia
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What is cerumen?
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earwax
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What is the path of sound waves through the ear?
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external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane malleus, incus, stapes oval window scala vestibuli cochlear duct basilar membrane->cochlear nerve scala tympani round window |
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What is Otitis Media?
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ear infection (middle ear)
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What germ layer do the endocrine glands originate from?
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all three
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What's the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
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endocrine don't have ducts and are secreted into the body
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What germ layer do all connective tissues come from?
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mesoderm
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Albumins
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Most abundant plasma protein
Regulate osmosis between blood and interstitial fluid Transport proteins and lipids |
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Globulins
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Binds, supports, and protects water-insoluble hormones and ions
Antibodies (gamma globulins) |
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Neutrophils
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Granulocytes that Phagocytize infectious pathogens by secreting lysozyme
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Eosinophils
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Granulocytes that deal with parasitic infections and Allergies
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Basophils
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A Granulocyte Allergic reactions
histamine (allergy symptoms) heparin (inhibits clotting) |
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Lymphocytes
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An Agranulocyte
Reside in lymphatic tissue Produce immune response B and T lymphocytes |
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Monocytes
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An Agranulocyte
Phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris |
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What are megakaryocytes?
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the bone marrow cells that bud off thrombocytes (platlets)
they have large nuclei |
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Where does hemopoeisis take place?
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red bone marrow
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What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?
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erythrocytes
platlets granulocytes monocytes |
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What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
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B and T lymphocytes
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What cell looses its nucleus before becoming an erythrocyte
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the normoblast (before leaving bone marrow
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What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?
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anchors myocardium
insulates the atria and ventricles from eachothers' electric pulses anchors heart valves |
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What is the path of the electric pulse in the heart?
|
SA
VA bundle of His left and right bundle branches purkinje fibers |
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What is anastomosis?
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union of two vessels
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Tell about the vessel tunics in capillaries.
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only have tunica intima
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Tell about the vessel tunics in arteries.
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tunica media is thickest
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Tell about the vessel tunics in veins.
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tunica externa is thickest
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What is diapedisis?
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when white blood cells leave venules
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What is anuerism?
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when arteries balloon out
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