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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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detects tension in tendons, position of joints
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proprioceptors
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compresses the cheek against teeth when we eat to keep food from getting into the vestibule
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buccinator
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malleus, incus, stapes
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auditory ossicles
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Sagital
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divides the body into equal left and right sides
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fluid in the membranous labyrinth
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endolymph
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superficial
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more to the outside (towards the skin)
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detects pain stimuli
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nociceptor
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medial
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towards the midline
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supports the spiral organ
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basilar membrane
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lateral
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away from the midline
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pigmented middle layer of eye
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choroid
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anterior (ventral)
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towards the front
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sensation of taste
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gustation
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posterior (dorsal)
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towards the back
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attaches to lens
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suspensory ligaments
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proximal
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going towards the trunk
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sensitivity reduced due to constant stimulus
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adaptation
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distal
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going away from the trunk
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sensation of smell
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olfaction
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superior
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towards the top (head)
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unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called
a. lamellated corpuscles b. free nerve endings c. organs of Ruffini d. Krause bulbs |
B. free nerve endings
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inferior
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towards the feet
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Barorecptors are a class of mechanoreceptor that respond to
a. light touch b. pain stimuli c. increase in muscle tension d. changes in pressure |
D. changes in pressure
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stratified
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two or more layers
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which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula?
a. semicircular duct b. saccule c. cochlear duct d. utricle |
A. semicircular duct
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simple
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one cell layer
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The photoreceptors that perceive color and sharp vision are
a. amacrine cells b. rods c. horizontal cells d. cones |
D. cones
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craniosacral division
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parasympathetic division
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The tarsal glands secrete
a. a high-salt fluid to prevent endolymph from becoming perilymph b. a low-protein product into the aqueous humor c. a lipid-rich product that prevents the eyelids from sticking together d. a mucus-rich product that maintains the moistness of the olfactory cilia |
C. a lipid-rich product that prevents the eyelids from sticking together
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pseudostratified
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looks like multiple layers, but really only one
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the arrangement of tunics in the eye, from the center of the eye to the periphery, is
a. retina, vascular, fibrous b. vascular, retina, fibrous c. vascular, fibrous, retina d. retina, fibrous, vascular |
A. retina, vascular, fibrous
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fight-or-flight division
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sympathetic division
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receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to discrete changes in gas concentration in the blood are called
a. gustatory receptors b. chemoreceptors c. thermoreceptors d. nociceptors |
B. chemoreceptors
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absence of emotional speech
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aprosody
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the only sensations to reach the cerebral cortex without first processing through the synapses in the thalamus are
a. pain b. olfaction c. proprioception d. touch |
olfaction
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network of pre- and postganglionic axons
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autonomic plexus
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the lacrimal glands produce lacrimal fluid for each of the following functions except
a. cleansing the eye surface b. preventing bacterial infection c. humidifying the eye orbit d. moistening the eye surface |
C. humidifying the eye orbit
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blast
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forming cell
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which statement is true about the cochlear duct?
a. it is part of the bony labyrinth b. it is filled with perilymph c. it contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses d. it contains a spiral organ that rests on a vestibular membrane |
C. it contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses
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hormone secreted by adrenal medulla
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norepinephrine
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detects crude touch, pain, pressure, temperature
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spinothalamic tract
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controls entire ANS function
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hypothalamus
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cyte
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mature cell
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lateral to spinal cord
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sympathetic trunk ganglia
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originates in the thalamus
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tertiary neuron
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contains sympathetic postganglionic axons only
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gray ramus
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clast
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destroying cell
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neurotransmitter for all preganglionic axons
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acetylcholine
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axon crossover
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decussation
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second ANS neuron
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ganglionic neuron
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structures within a cell that work together to perform specific functions are
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organelles
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preganglionic axons to prevertebral ganglia
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splanchnic nerve
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pyramidal cell
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direct pathway
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a splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of the ANS
a. connects neighboring sympathetic trunk ganlia b. controls parasympathetic functions in the thoracic cavity c. is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia d. travels through parasympathetic pathways in the head |
C. is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia
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a detailed 3-D view of cell structure is provided by
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scanning electron microscopy
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some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the
a. hypothalamus b. sacral region of the spinal cord c. cerebral cortex d. thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord |
B. sacral region of teh spinal cord
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exits the CNS
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lower motor neuron
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which of the following is not a function of the sympathetic division fo the ANS?
a. increases heart rate and breathing rate b. prepares for emergency c. increases digestive system motility and activity d. dilates pupils |
C. increases digestive system motility and activity
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which one of the following processes can only occur in a living cell?
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endocytosis
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Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate which of the following?
a. stomach b. urinary bladder c. lung d. adrenal medulla |
A. stomach
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information storage and retrieval
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memory
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Sympathetic division splanchnic nerves end in the _____ ganglia, which are anterior to the vertebral column and aorta.
a. intramural b. sympathetic trunk c. prevertebral d. terminal |
C. prevertebral
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extracellular fluid is also called
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interstitial fluid
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All parasympathetic division synapses use _____ as a neurotransmitter.
a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. acetylcholine d. epinephrine |
C. acetylcholine
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unconscious control of skeletal muscle
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indirect pathway
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which autonomic nerve plexus innervates the pelvic organs?
a. cardiac plexus b. esophageal plexus c. hypogastric plexus d. inferior mesenteric plexus |
C. hypogastric plexus
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which type of tissue facilitates movement of the skeleton or organ walls?
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muscular
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which of the following describes a sympathetic postganglionic axon?
a. long, unmyelinated axon b. short, myelinated axon c. short, unmyelinated axon d. long, myelinated axon |
A. long, unmyelinated axon
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contains no tertiary neurons
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spinocerebellar
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nerual crest cells form
a. the hypothalamus b. white rami communicantes c. autonomic ganglia d. autonomic reflex centers |
C. autonomic ganglia
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unlike other intercellular junctions, _____ only attach a cell to its neighbors at potential stress points
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desmosomes
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All of the following cranial nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic nerve axons except
a. CN III (oculomotor) b. CN V (trigeminal) c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal) d. CN X ( vagus) |
B. CN V ( trigeminal)
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secondary neuron in an ascending pathway
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interneuron
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at ______, transmembrane proteins create tiny pores through which small molecules and ions pass between adjoining cells
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gap junctions
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the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis compose the _____
a. spinocerebellar tracts b. posterior funiculi c. spinothalamic tracts d. anterior white commissure |
B. posterior funiculi
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originates from C3, C4, C5
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phrenic nerve
(3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive) |
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the motor tracts that conduct impulses to regulate the skilled movements of the upper and lower limbs are the
a. reticulospinal tracts b. corticospinal tracts c. rubrospinal tracts d. tectospinal tracts |
B. corticospinal tracts
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which type of epithelium is adapted to protect underlying tissues from abrasion and friction?
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stratified squamous
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higher-order mental functions encompass each of the following except
a. memory b. learning c. reasoning d. coughing |
D. coughing
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network of nerves that suupply the upper limbs
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brachial plexuses
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which of these are not part of an indirect motor pathway?
a. rubrospinal tacts b. tectospinal tracts c. corticobulbar tracts d. reticulospinal tracts |
C. corticobulbar tracts
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which two tissues compose most of the integumentary system?
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dense irregular connective and stratified squamous epithelium
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pyramidal cell axons project through corticospinal tracts and synapse at
a. motor nuclei of cranial nerves b. motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord c. motor neurons in the posterior horns of the spinal cord d. motor neurons in the lateral horns of the spinal cord |
B. motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord
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ventral (anterior) rami of C5-T1 form
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each brachial plexus
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the right hemisphere tends to be dominant for which functions?
a. mathematical calculations b. motor commands involved with speech c. musical and artistic skill d. analytic reasoning |
C. musical and artistic skill
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a tissue section containing successive layers of smooth muscle, connective tissue, and transitional epithelium could be from the wall of the
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urinary bladder
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somatotopy is the
a. relationship between sensory receptors and motor units b. positioning of motor neurons in the cerebellar cortex c. precise correspondence between specific body and CNS areas d. relationship between upper and lower motor neurons |
C. precise correspondence between specific body and CNS areas
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_____ of C5-T1 form the roots of the brachial plexus
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anterior rami
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a loss of consciousness due to fainting is called
a. lethargy b. syncope c. coma d. sleep |
B. syncope
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dense irregular connective tissue that forms a supporting layer around cartilage is called
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perichondrium
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which of these is the least likely to affect information transfer from STM (short term memeory) to LTM ( long term memory)?
a. emotional state b. repetition or rehearsal c. auditory association cortex d. cerebral nuclei |
C. auditory association cortex
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superior trunk
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nerves C5 and C6
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where are tertiary neurons found?
a. extending between the posterior horn and the anterior horn b. extending between the posterior horn and the brainstem c. extending between the thalamus horn and the primary somatosensory cortex d. extending between the primary motor cortex and the brainstem |
C. extending between the thalamus horn and the primary somatosensory cortex
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which of the following pairings is incorrect?
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supporting connective tissue, blood
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middle trunk
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nerve C7
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elevates ribs during inhalation
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external intercostals
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inferior trunk
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nerves C8 and T1
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two types of cells in nervous tissue are
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neurons and glial cells
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formed from the ventral (anterior) rami of spinal nerves L4-S4
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lumbosacral plexuses
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depresses ribs during forced exhalation
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internal intercostals
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the largest and longest nerve in the body
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sciatic nerve
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nervous tissue cells that play several supporting roles but do not transmit impulses are called
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glial cells
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depresses ribs during exhalation
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transverse thoracis
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stretch in a muscle is monitored by a stretch receptor called the ____
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muscle spindle
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if you stepped on a nail, the second epidermal layer it would penetrate is the stratum
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lucidum
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innervates gluteal region and most of lower limb
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sacral plexus
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all of the following are unique features of cardiac muscle except
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cells are connected by gap junctions
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contains axons of sensory neurons
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posterior root
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insensible perspiration
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none of the above
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strand of pia mater that anchors spinal cord to coccyx
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filum terminale
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the layer of epidermis that is mainly dead, keratinized cells is
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stratum corneum
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composed of tracts and funiculi
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white matter
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limited exposure to UV radiation is useful because it helps epidermal cells convert a steroid to
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vitamin D3
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innervates infrahyoid muscles
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cervical plexus
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both hair and nails are composed mainly of dead cells packed with
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keratin
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forms anterior and lateral horns
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basal plate
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characteristics of the stratum corneum include all of the following except
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cells remain in this layer for approxiamtely 6 weeks
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rapid, involuntary motor reaction of a muscle
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reflex
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characteristics of the epidermis include all of the following except
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comprised of keratinized stratified columnar epithelium
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contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
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lateral horn
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the most abundant protein in the human body
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collagen
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a segment of skin supplied by a spinal nerve
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dermatome
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Rotator Cuff
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SITS
supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis |
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innervates anterior thigh muscles
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femoral nerve
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intervertebral discs articulate with the
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body
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the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the
a. conus medullaris b. filum terminale c. cauda equina d. posterior root |
A. conus medullaris
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the largest vertebral bodies occur in which region?
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lumbar
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the anterior root of a spinal nerve contains
a. axons of both motor and sensory neurons b. axons of sensory neurons only c. interneurons d. axons of motor neurons only |
D. axons of motor neurons only
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Skeletal muscle
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voluntary-striated
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identify the meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space
a. pia mater b. arachnoid c. epidural space d. dura mater |
B. arachnoid
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cardiac muscle
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involuntary-striated
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axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a region called the
a. lateral horn b. posterior horn c. gray commissure d. anterior horn |
C. gray commissure
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smooth muscle
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involuntary-non striated
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the radial nerve originates from the ____ plexus
a. cervical b. lumbar c. sacral d. brachial |
D. brachial
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3 auditory ossicles located within each temporal bone
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malleus
incus stapes |
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which structure provides motor innervation to the deep back muscles and receives sensory information from the skin of the back?
a. anterior ramus b. anterior root c. posterior ramus d. posterior root |
C. posterior ramus
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cartilaginous joint with a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones
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symphysis
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Lower limbs are supplied by neurons from the _____ of the spinal cord
a. lumbosacral enlargement b. thoracic region c. cervical enlargement d. all of these are correct |
A. lumbosacral enlargement
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fibrocartiaginous _____ that encircles and covers the surface of the glenoid cavity
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glenoid labrum
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the subarachnoid space contains _____, and teh epidural space contains _____.
a. CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels b. fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels; blood c. CSF; pia mater d. fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels; CSF |
A. CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels
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thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyseal surfaces to reduce friction
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articular cartilage
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the white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of
a. unmyelinated axons b. neurolemmocytes and satellite cells c. myelinated axons d. cell bodies of neurons |
C. myelinated axons
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each synovial joint is composed of a double-layered capsule called
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articular capsule
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which statement is true about intercostal nerves?
a. they are formed from the posterior rami of spinal nerves b. they form a thoracic plexus of nerves c. they originate from the thoracic part of the spinal cord d. they innervate the deep back muscles of the thoracic region |
C. they originate from the throacic part of the spinal cord
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aponeurosis
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flat tendons
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what is the primary action of the deltoid muscle?
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abduction of the shoulder
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the orbicularis oris muscle
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compresses and purses the lips
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the muscles of facial expression are innervated by
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the facial nerve
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which extrensic eye muscle elevates the eyes
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superior rectus
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the dividing point for the two groups of anterior muscles of the neck is the
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hyoid bone
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the geniohyoid muscle
a. depresses the hyoid bone and larynx b. elevates the floor of the mouth c. elevates the hyoid bone depresses the larynx |
C- elevates the hyoid bone
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which muscle extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm?
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latissimus dorsi
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when the left and right ___ contract, they flex the neck.
a. sternocleidomastoid b. longissimus group c. splenius d. rectus abdominis |
A- sternocleidomastoid
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all of the hamstring muscles work together in which actions?
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extending the thigh and flexing the leg
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when this large muscle contracts, the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase
a. external intercostal b. internal intercostal c. diaphragm d. transversus thoracis |
C- diaphragm
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the posterior muscles of the leg
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plantar flex the foot and flex the toes
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which of the following is not a muscle within the urogenital triangle?
a. bulbospongiosus b. coccygeus c. superficial transverse perineal d. ischiocavernosus |
B- coccygeus
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which superficial leg muscle has two bellies that compose the calf?
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gastrocnemius
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the muscle that does not cause some lateral movement in the eye is the
a. inferior rectus b. inferior oblique c. lateral rectus d. superior oblique |
A- inferior rectus
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afferent
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sensory
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which muscle allows you to stick out your tongue?
a. palatoglossus b. genioglossus c. lateral pterygoid d. hyoglossus |
B- genioglossus
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efferent
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motor
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each of these muscles can laterally flex the vertebral column, except the
a. external oblique b. transversus abdominis c. spinalis d. interal oblique |
C- spinalis
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somatic
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skeletal muscles
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which muscle is not involved in extending the head or neck?
a. rectus capitis posterior major b. longissimus capitis c. sternocleidomastoid d. splenius cervicis |
C- sternocleidomastoid
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visceral
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cardiac muscles
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One function of the transversus abdominus muscle is to
a. elevate the ribs b. compress the abdominal wall c. extend the vertebral column d. increase the dimensions of the thoracic cavity |
B- compress the abdominal wall
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somatic afferent
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pain, touch, temp
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which muscle protrudes the lower lip (as when you "pout")
a. risorius b. levator labii superioris c. mentalis d. zygomaticus major |
C- mentalis
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somatic effector
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voluntary
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visceral efferent
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ANS
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nucleus
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collection of nerve cell bodies IN the CNS
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ganglia
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collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS or in the PNS
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which of the following extrinsic eye muscles is NOT innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
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lateral rectus
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the word root genio means?
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chin
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which muscle extends and abducts the arm?
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deltoid
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the depression between the sternal ends of the clavicles is called the
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suprasternal notch
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which muscle pulls the lower lip inferiorly and tenses the skin of the neck?
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platysma
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the clinically useful vein which communicates between the cephalic and basilic veins is the
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median cubital vein
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white matter
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nerve cell processes
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neruons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classifed as
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multipolar neurons
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efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses
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from the CNS to muscles or glands
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collectively, glial cells do all of the following except?
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synthesize neurotransmitters and conduct nerve impulses
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the larges and most abundant of the CNS glial cells, _____ help form the blood-brain barrier
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astrocytes
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which types of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system?
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neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)
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myelination affects nerve impulse conduction in which of the following ways?
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allows saltatory conduction from one neurofibril node to the next ('jumps between nodes of Ranvier)
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The synaptic knob of a neuron may contact another neuron anywhere except on its
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myelin sheath
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the dorsal interossei muscles in the hand
a. adduct fingers 2-5 b. abduct fingers 2-5 c. flex the PIP and DIP joints d. extend the MP joints |
B - abduct fingers 2-5
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at a chemical synapse, the presynaptic membrane releases a signaling molecule called a
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neurotransmitter
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the contraction of the ____ causes medial rotation of the thigh
a. pectineus b. obturator externus c. gluteus minimus d. gracilis |
C - gluteus minimus
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Gray matter
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is located centrally in the spinal cord
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muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
a. evert the foot b. dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes c. plantar flex the foot d. flex the toes |
B - dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes
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white matter
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is compsed of nerve cell processes
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all of the following muscles flex the forearm except the
a. brachialis b. biceps brachii c. brachioradialis d. anconeus |
D - anconeus
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how many neurons does it take to get an impulse from the spinal cord to a skeletal muscle?
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1
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the quadriceps femoris is composed of which of the following muscles?
a. biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and gracilis b. vasus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius c. semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris d. popliteus, gracilis, and sartorius |
B - vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius
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a ventral ramus is composed of
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both sensory and motor
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thumb opposition is caused by contraction of the _____ muscle
a. flexor digiti minimi brevis b. opponens pollicis c. extensor pollicis longus d. adductor pollicis |
B - opponens pollicis
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a ventral root is composed of
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motor (efferent) only
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the ____ flexes the knee and causes a slight medial rotation to "unlock" the knee joint
a. sartorius b. soleus c. tensor fasciae latae d. popliteus |
D - popliteus
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a dorsal horn is composed of
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sensory (afferent) only
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which muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and extend the thigh plus flex the leg?
a. adductor muscles b. fibularis muscles c. hamstring muscles d. quadriceps muscles |
C - hamstring muscles
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glial cells are associated with
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both sensory and motor
|
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eversion of the foot is caused by the contraction of the ____ muscle
a. soleus b. plantaris c. fibularis brevis d. gastrocnemius |
C - fibularis brevis
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the ____ causes plantar flexion of the foot
a. iliopsoas b. gastrocnemius c. fibularis tertius d. vastus intermedius |
B - gastrocnemius
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Adrenal gland hormones
|
mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
glucocorticoids- cortisol androgen epinephrine norepinephrine |
|
|
Pancreas Endocrine hormones
|
glucagon
insulin |
|
|
2 hormones that promote the growth of children
|
hGH
androgen |
|
|
sex hormone has 2 resources
|
ovaries and testes
hypothalamus and pituitary |
