Anatomy Final #1 (Pima)

Front 1

Osteon (Bone Cell)

Back 1

Delivers nutrients to and removes wasteproducts from bone cells.

A central canal and its lamellae together.

Front 2

Epiphyseal Plate

Back 2

Made up of hyaline cartilage and separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis to show the point of growth.

Front 3

Bone Marrow

Back 3

Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone.

Front 4

Spongy Bone

Back 4

Consist of a lattice of delicate fibers called spicules (rods or spines) and trabeculae (thin plates).

Front 5

Compact Bone

Back 5

Dense white outer shell of osseous tissue on the outside of the bone. It encloses the marrow cavity.

Front 6

Articular Cartilage

Back 6

The joint surface where one bone meets another and is covered in a thin layer of hyaline cartilage.

Front 7

Bone Cells

Back 7

Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts

Front 8

Medullary Cavity

Back 8

A hollow-like canal in the bone shaft that contains bone marrow.

Front 9

Red Bone Marrow

Back 9

Produce blood cells and considered an organ unto itself.

Front 10

Yellow Bone Marrow

Back 10

Fatty tissue - no longer produce blood, but can be transformed to do that again if needed.

Front 11

Diploe

Back 11

The spongy layer of bone in the cranium within the flat bones. Absorbs shock in case of head trauma.

Front 12

Periosteum

Back 12

Covers the outside of the bone and contains an osteogenic layer that is important for bone growth

Front 13

Endosteum

Back 13

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity and canal system.

Front 14

Bone Matrix

Back 14

Made up of collagen, protein/carbohydrate complexes, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

Hydrocyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt), calcium carbonate.

Front 15

Intramembranous Ossification

Back 15

Produces flat bones and most of the clavicle. Plays a role in thickening and remodeling long bones.

Front 16

Endrochondrial Ossification

Back 16

Process in which bones develop from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage. Most bones develop this way.

Front 17

Canaliculi

Back 17

Ultra small canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae

Front 18

Lamellae

Back 18

Cylinder shaped layers of calcified matrix around the central canal

Front 19

Skeletal Muscle

Back 19

Striated and intercalated disks

Front 20

Lacunae

Back 20

The small spaces in the matrix that contain the bone cells.

Front 21

Osseous Tissue

Back 21

A connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate called calcification.

Front 22

Collagen Fibers

Back 22

Enhance the strength of the bones

Front 23

Perforating Canals

Back 23

Central canals are joined by these : transverse or diagonal passages.

Front 24

Osteoblasts

Back 24

Bone formation.

Front 25

Osteoclasts

Back 25

Bone break-down.

Front 26

Trabeculae

Back 26

Makes up spongy bone, consists of small needle like pieces of bone

Front 27

Haversian (Central) Canals

Back 27

Contains blood vessels and nerves, connected to each other via Volkmann's canals which travel perpendicular to these, run vertically

Front 28

Volkmann (Perforated) Canals

Back 28

Perpendicular to Haversian Canals, run transversely

Front 29

Interstitial Growth

Back 29

Growth from the inside.

Front 30

Appositional Growth

Back 30

Growth from the outside.

Front 31

Mesenchyme

Back 31

Embryonic connective tissue and what bones are derived from.

Front 32

Sprain

Back 32

Ligament injury when the ligament is stretched beyond its capacity

Front 33

Glenoid Labrum

Back 33

Fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of glenoid cavity or acetabulum that increases the concavity

Front 34

Inorganic Salts

Back 34

Calcium, phosphate, carbonates

Front 35

Organic Parts

Back 35

Collagen and various protein carbohydrate complexes such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Front 36

Mineral resorption

Back 36

Process of dissolving bone and releasing the products into the blood

Front 37

Parathyroid hormone

Back 37

Can stimulate osteoclast activity to maintain adequate blood calcium levels

Front 38

Calcitonin

Back 38

Produced in response to high blood calcium levels and stimulates bone deposition by osteoblasts

Front 39

Seratonin

Back 39

Inhibits osteoblast activity, increases blood calcium

Front 40

Bursa

Back 40

Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles or where tendon passed over a bone

Front 41

Menisci

Back 41

FibrocarIlaginous pads found in synovial joints for shock absorption.

Front 42

Hyaline

Back 42

The most abundant type of carIlage

Front 43

Synovial Fluid

Back 43

Lubricant rich in the protein albumin and hyaluronic acid used for reduced friction.

Front 44

Joint Capsule

Back 44

Defined as a sleevelike extension of the periosteum

Front 45

Annular Ligament

Back 45

Does not support vertebral joints.

Front 46

"Slipped Disk"

Back 46

DeterioraIon of the nucleus pulposus.

Front 47

Fracture Hematoma

Back 47

The first step in healing a fracture

Front 48

Sesamoid

Back 48

Type of bone is usually found in a tendon

Front 49

Proliferating Zone

Back 49

The 2nd layer of bone formation

Front 50

Ligament

Back 50

Defined as a strong cord of dense, white fibrous connective tissue (bone to bone)

Front 51

Tendon

Back 51

A strip of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

Front 52

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Back 52

Stimulates osteoblast and inhibits osteoclast

Front 53

d

Back 53

d

Front 54

Tendon Sheath

Back 54

An elongated bursa surrounding a tendon

Front 55

MUSCLES..............

Back 55

MUSCLES...............

Front 56

Myofibril

Back 56

Thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers

Front 57

Sarcolemma

Back 57

Unique name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

Front 58

Fascicles

Back 58

Bundle of muscle fibers.

Front 59

Perimysium

Back 59

Connective tissue around each muscle fascicles

Front 60

Epimysium

Back 60

Connective tissue that surrounds entire skeletal muscle on the outside

Front 61

Myofilament

Back 61

Proteins that make up myofibrils (ex: actin & myosin)

Front 62

Endomysium

Back 62

Connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

Front 63

Actin

Back 63

Thin myofilament; described as a globular protein strung together like beads to form two intertwined strands

Front 64

Myosin

Back 64

Thick myofilament; proteins found in myofilaments contains the cross-bridges

Front 65

Troponin

Back 65

After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein

Front 66

Tropomyosin

Back 66

Protein that directly prevents the formation of cross-bridges in the sarcomere

Front 67

Acetylcholine

Back 67

Neurotransmitter(s) secreted at the motor end plates of skeletal muscles

Front 68

d

Back 68

d

Front 69

T-tubules

Back 69

Allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell.

Front 70

Fascia

Back 70

Layer of connective tissue outside of the epimysium.

Front 71

Titin

Back 71

Spring-like molecule that resists overstretcheing

Front 72

Antagonist

Back 72

Muscles that directly oppose prime movers

Front 73

Prime Movers

Back 73

Muscles that play the major role in accomplishing a particular movement

Front 74

Synergist

Back 74

Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover, producing a more effective movement

Front 75

Fixator

Back 75

Muscles that help maintain posture or balance during contraction of muscles acting on joints in the arms and legs

Front 76

Treppe

Back 76

Staircase Phenomenon

Front 77

Insertion

Back 77

Muscle is attached to the bone that moves.

Front 78

Origin

Back 78

Muscle is attached to the bone that does not move.

Front 79

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 79

Shoulder extension, adduction, medial rotation, hyperextension

Front 80

Triceps Brachii

Back 80

Elbow extension

Front 81

Rhomboid Major

Back 81

Scapula retraction and elevation

Front 82

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 82

Neck flexion

Front 83

Vastus Medilais

Back 83

Leg extension(on medial side)

Front 84

Gracillis

Back 84

Thigh adduction

Front 85

Masseter

Back 85

Mandible elevation (mastication)

Front 86

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Back 86

Wrist flexion

Front 87

Sliding-Filament Model

Back 87

1. When active sites on actin are exposed, myosin heads bind to them2. Myosin heads bend and pull the thin filaments past them3. Each head releases, binds to the next active site, and pulls again

Front 88

Aerobic Pathway

Back 88

Occurs when adequate O2 is available from blood

Front 89

Anaerobic Pathway

Back 89

Production of an “oxygen debt” is sometimescalled excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Front 90

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 90

Motor neurons connect to the sarcolemma at the motor endplate

Front 91

A-Band

Back 91

Striations seen in skeletal muscle cells (thick myofilaments)

Front 92

Sarcoplasm Reticulum

Back 92

Surrounds myosin (stores and releases calcium)

Front 93

I-Band

Back 93

Contains only actin

Front 94

Z-Disc

Back 94

Protein fibers that form attachment site for actin

Front 95

M-Line

Back 95

Myosin anchor site