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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What becomes of the mesonephric duct in females?
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The ureteric bud from mesonephric duct forms:
ureter renal pelvis major & minor calices collecting tubules |
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What becomes of the mesonephric duct in males?
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efferent ductules
duct of epididymis ductus deferens ejaculatory duct seminal vesicles ureter, renal pelvis, calices, and collecting tubules |
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What is the embryological origin of the ureters?
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The mesonephric duct.
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What is the embryological origin of the ductus deferens?
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The mesonephric duct.
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What is the embryological orgin of the efferent ductules?
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The mesonephric duct.
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Define hypertrophy.
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increase in the size rather than the number of constituent cells
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Define hyperplasia.
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increase in the number of cells (not the size of those cells)
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Why is damage to the CNS irreversible?
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The growth of proximal stumps of the injured axons are blocked by astrocyte proliferation at the injury site.
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What is in the ventral (anterior) root?
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motor (efferent) fibers
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What is in the dorsal (posterior) root?
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sensory (afferent) fibers
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Define dermatome.
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unilateral area of skin innervated by the fibers of a single spinal nerve
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Define myotome.
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unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve
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Which dermatome is at the nipples?
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T4
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Which dermatome is at the bellybutton?
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T10
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Which dermatome ends at the iliac crest?
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T12
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What are the nerves involved in the brachial plexus?
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C5-T1
Axillary nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve |
"arm 'um"
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What are the nerves involved in the lumbar plexus?
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L1-4
Iliohypogastric nerve (L1) Ilioinguinal nerve (L1) Genitofemoral nerve (L1,2) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2,3) Femoral nerve (L2-4) Obturator nerve (L2-4) Lumbosacral trunk (L4-5) |
7 named nerves
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What do somatic motor fibers (general somatic efferents - GSE) do?
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transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
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What do visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferents - GVA) do?
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transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs and blood vessels to the CNS
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What do visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferents - GVE) do?
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transmit impulses to smooth muscle and glandular tissues
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What is the physical characteristic of sensory nerves?
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pseudo-unipolar with cell bodies located outside of CNS in spinal or cranial sensory ganglia
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In the CNS, what is a collection of nerve cell bodies called?
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a nucleus
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In the PNS, what is a collection of nerve cell bodies called?
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a ganglion
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Where are the cell bodies of the presynaptic neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS found?
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ONLY in the intermediolateral cell columns or nuclei of the spinal cord (T1-L2)
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Where are the motor and sensory fibers of a spinal nerve segregated?
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Only at the posterior and anterior roots.
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What vertebral levels have white rami communicans?
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T1-L2
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What vertebral levels have gray rami?
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C1-L5
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What do gray rami control?
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vasomotion, sudomodion, and pilomotion
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What is the sympathetic effect on the pupil?
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dilation (admits more light for increased acuity at a distance)
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What is the parasympathetic effect on the pupil?
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constriction (protects pupil from excessibely bright light)
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What is the sympathetic effect on the sweat glands?
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promotes sweating
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What is the parasympathetic effect on the sweat gland?
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no effect (does not reach)
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Define synchondrosis.
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A rigid union between two bones formed either by hyaline cartilage or by fibrocartilage. (found at sternum/rib junction)
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How many true ribs are there?
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7
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Who many false (vertebrochondral) ribs are there?
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3 (8-10)
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How many floating (free) ribs are there?
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2 (11 & 12)
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Does rib 12 articulate with the top or bottom of veterbra T12?
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The top.
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Which rib does the inferior angle of the scapula reach?
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between the 7th & 8th.
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What vertebral levels is the expanse of the scapula?
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T2-T8
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Is the angle of the rib in front or back of the body?
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In back.
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What vertebral level is the inferior border of the heart?
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T9 (between T8 & T9)
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What vertebral level is the superior border of the heart?
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T6 (top)
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What vertebral level is the superior border of the arch of the aorta?
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T3
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At what vertebral level is the sternal angle?
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T5
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What is the action of serratus posterior superior?
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elevate ribs
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What are the superior and inferior attachments of serratus posterior superior?
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Superior: nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T3
Inferior: superior borders of 2nd-4th ribs |
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What is the main action of serratus posterior inferior?
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depress ribs
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What are the superior and inferior attachments of serratus posterior inferior?
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Superior: spinous processes of T11-L2
Inferior: inferior borders of 8th to 12th ribs near their angles |
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What is the main action of levator costarum?
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elevate ribs
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What are the superior and inferior attachments of levator costarum?
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Superior: transverse processes of T7-11
Inferior: subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle |
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What is the main action of transverse thoracic muscle?
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weakly depress ribs
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What are the superior and inferior attachments of transverse thoracic muscle?
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Superior: posterior surface of lower sternum
Inferior: internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6 |
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What is the direction of the external intercostal muscles?
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like hands in pockets
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What is the direction of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles?
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opposite to hands in pockets
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What is the origin of the internal thoracic arteries?
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subclavian artery
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What ribs are beneath the average breast?
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Ribs 2-6
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Two thirds of the bed of the breast are formed by what?
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The pectoral fascia overlying the pectoralis major
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One third of the bed of the breast is formed by what?
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The fascia covering the serratus anterior.
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What is between the breast and the pectoral fascia?
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loose connective tissue; the retromammary space (bursa)
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What attaches the mammary gland to the dermis of the overlying skin?
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the suspensory ligaments (of Cooper)
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What are the suspensory ligaments of Cooper?
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The attachment between the mammary gland to the dermis of overlying skin.
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Why is the lymphatic drainage of the breast important?
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Because of its role in the metastasis of cancer cells.
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What is the path of lymph drainage from nipple to first plexus?
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Lymph passes from the nipple, areola, and lobules of the gland to the subareolar lymphatic plexus.
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What proportion of lymph in the breast drains to the axillary lymph nodes?
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>75%, initially to the anterior or pectoral nodes
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What proportion of lymph in the breast drains to the parasternal lymph nodes or to the opposite breast?
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>25%
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What are the nerves of the breast?
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Derivatives from anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves.
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What quadrant of the breast has the most glandular tissue?
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The superior lateral quadrant of the breast has the most glandular tissue.
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What is the site of most breast tumors?
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The superior lateral quadrant of the breast.
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What is the name of the fissure of the lung that both lungs have?
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Oblique fissure
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What is the name of the fissure that only the right lung has?
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Horizontal fissure
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Where is the apex of the heart?
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On the left side of the body, at approximately the costochondral joint of rib 6
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What does the left lung have that the right doesn't?
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A lingula
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What is the innervation of parietal pleura?
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Parietal pleura is innervated by the phrenic and intercostal nerves.
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Which main bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically?
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The right main bronchus
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How many bronchiopulmonary segments are there in the left and right lungs?
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10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left, depending on combining of segments
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In which bronchus is foreign material most likely to be loged?
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The right bronchus, because it's wider, shorter, and runs more vertically.
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Irritation of the mediastinal and central diaphragmatic areas of parietal pleura results in referred pain to where?
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the root of the neck and over the shoulder (C3-C5 dermatomes)
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What is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity called?
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mediastinum
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What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
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trachea, upper parts of great vessels
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What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?
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heart
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What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
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most of the structures vertically traversing all or much of the thorax (espohagus, thoracic aorta, sympathetic trunk, etc.)
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Define pericardium
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fiberoserous membrane that covers the heart and the beginning of its great vessels
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What are the two layers of the pericardium called?
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fibrous pericardium (external surface) and parietal layer of serous pericardium (internal surface)
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Which is more anterior; the aorta or the superior vena cava?
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Superior vena cava
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What is the nerve supply of the pericardium?
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Phrenic nerves (C3-C5) (sensory)
Vagus nerves (Fx uncertain) Sympathetic trunks (vasomotor) |
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What is diastole?
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a period of ventricular elongation and filling
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What is systole?
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a period of ventricular shortening and emptying
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What are the three layers of the wall of the heart?
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Endocardium (endothelium and CT)
Myocardium (cardiac muscle) Epicardium (mesothelium, visceral layer of serous pericardium) |
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How much does the apex of the heart move during the cardiac cycle?
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No movement - remains motionless throughout the cardiac cycle.
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Where may the mitral valve closure be auscultated on the thoracic wall?
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At the apex of the heart, approximately at the left 5th intercostal space and 9cm from median plane.
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What are the irregular muscular elevations in the right ventricle called?
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trabeculae carneae
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Where is the tricuspid valve?
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between the right atrium and right ventricle
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What type of muscle is found in the left auricle?
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pectinate muscles
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Where is the semilunar aortic valve placed?
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between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta, posterior to the left side of the sternum at the level of the 3rd intercostal space
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What does the right coronary artery (RCA) supply?
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right atrium
most of right ventricle part of left ventricle SA node AV node |
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What does the left coronary artery (LCA) supply?
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left atrium
most of left ventricle part of right ventricle most of the IVS SA node (in ~40% of people) |
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Summarize impulse generation and conduction in the heart.
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1) SA node initiates an impulse that is rapidly conducted to cardiac muscle fibers in the atria causing contraction.
2) impulse spreads by myogenic conduction, which rapidly transmits the impulse from SA node to AV node 3) signal is distributed from AV node through AV bundle and branches on each side of IVS to supply walls of ventricles |
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What is the innervation of the the heart?
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- autonomic nerves from the cardiac plexus (esp. to SA node)
- pre- and postsynaptic fibers of T1-6 - parasympathetic from pre- and postsynaptic fibers of vagus nerves |
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What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
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- thymus
- great vessels (veins anterior to arteries) thoracic duct and lymphatic trunks |
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What are the two branches of the ascending aorta?
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Right and left coronary arteries
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What are the three branches of the arch of aorta?
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brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian
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