Anatomy Exam Ii

Front 1

blood plasma

Back 1

liquid portion of blood
91% water, rest is proteins
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Front 2

albumin

Back 2

major plasma protein produced in liver
regulation of water movement between tissues and blood

Front 3

globulins

Back 3

some are part of immune system
others are transport molecules

Front 4

fibrinogen

Back 4

responsible for the formation of blood clots

Front 5

formed elements of blood

Back 5

composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Front 6

erythrocytes

Back 6

red blood cells
majority
lack nucleus, biconcave
contain oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin

Front 7

hematocrit (Hct)

Back 7

% of red blood cells in blood
used to diagnose anemia and polycythemia

Front 8

anemia

Back 8

blood has a low oxygen carrying capacity
caused by not enough RBCs, decreased and abnormal hemoglobin

Front 9

polycythemia

Back 9

an abnormal increase in the number of RBCs
causes blood to become thick and flow sluggishly

Front 10

leukocytes

Back 10

white blood cells
less than 1% total blood volume
nucleus, no hemoglobin
protect body and remove cells

Front 11

granulocytes

Back 11

WBCs
contain large cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei
3 types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Front 12

agranulocytes

Back 12

WBCs
contain very small granules that can't be seen with a light microscope
2 types: lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 13

platelets

Back 13

thrombocytes
seal small tears in blood vessels and release chemicals that promote blood clotting

Front 14

hemostasis

Back 14

stoppage of bleeding
very controlled response that involves many chemical substances

Front 15

vascular spasm

Back 15

occurs when blood vessels are damaged
smooth muscle contracts immediately to reduce blood loss

Front 16

platelet plug formation

Back 16

platelets stick to damaged parts of blood vessels
platelets release substances (ADP) that attract more platelets

Front 17

coagulation

Back 17

complex step by step process that results in formation of blood clots
depends on coagulation factors

Front 18

purkinje fibers

Back 18

receive action potentials from bundle branches and passes them to the ventricular myocardium

Front 19

atrioventricular bundle

Back 19

in superior portion of the interventricular septum
receives action potentials from AV node and relays them to right and left bundle branches

Front 20

atrioventricular node

Back 20

in interatrial septum above tricuspid valve
receive action potentials from SA node and relays them to AV bundle

Front 21

sinoatrial node

Back 21

in wall of right atrium just inferior to superior vena cava
sets basic pace for heart rate
relays action potentials to AV node

Front 22

cardiac conducting system

Back 22

establishes fundamental rhythm
has modified cardiac muscle cells that relay action potentials throughout the heart

Front 23

coronary artery disease

Back 23

narrowing of coronary arteries
causes reduced blood flow (ischemia) resulting in hypoxia
can lead to heart attack
caused by thrombus, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery spasm

Front 24

cardiac veins

Back 24

receive deoxygenated blood from myocardium and empty blood into right atrium by coronary sinus

Front 25

right and left coronary arteries

Back 25

branches give oxygenated blood to myocardium

Front 26

aortic semilunar valves

Back 26

prevent back flow of blood to heart
located between aorta and left ventricle
no chordae tendineae or papillary muscles

Front 27

pulmonary semilunar valve

Back 27

prevent back flow of blood into heart
located between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
no chordae tendineae or papillary muscles

Front 28

chordae tendineae

Back 28

attach to papillary muscles to prevent valves from swining back into atria

Front 29

left atrioventricular valve

Back 29

between atria and ventricles
called bicuspid or mitral valve
ventricles contract and valves shut

Front 30

right atrioventricular valve

Back 30

between atria and ventricles
also called tricuspid valve
shut when ventricles contract

Front 31

left ventricle

Back 31

receive oxygenated blood from left atrium
pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body by way of aorta
thick

Front 32

right ventricle

Back 32

receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium
pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary trunk

Front 33

left atrium

Back 33

receives oxygenated blood from lungs by way of pulmonary veins
pumps oxygenated blood to left ventricle

Front 34

coronary sinus

Back 34

deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle

Front 35

inferior vena cava

Back 35

deoxygenated blood from below diaphragm

Front 36

superior vena cava

Back 36

deoxygenated blood from above diaphragm

Front 37

right atrium

Back 37

receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
pumps deoxygenated blood into right ventricle

Front 38

endocardium

Back 38

composed of epithelial tissue and connective tissue
lines internal surface of heart

Front 39

myocardium

Back 39

composed of cardiac muscle

Front 40

epicardium

Back 40

also called visceral pericardium
part of pericardium

Front 41

serous pericardium

Back 41

composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue
2 parts: parietal and visceral

Front 42

fibrous pericardium

Back 42

composed of connective tissue

Front 43

pericardium

Back 43

double layered sac that surrounds the heart
anchors and protects the heart
fibrous and serous portions

Front 44

systemic circulation

Back 44

all the blood carried to everywhere else in the body

Front 45

pulmonary circulation

Back 45

blood that is sent to the lungs to get oxygenated

Front 46

cardiovascular system

Back 46

heart, blood vessels, and blood
transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones around body

Front 47

expiration

Back 47

diaphragm relaxes and moves superiorly and abdominal muscles and internal intercostals depress the ribs

Front 48

inspiration

Back 48

diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly and pectoralis minor, scales, and external intercostals elevate the ribs

Front 49

bronchial veins and azygos venous system

Back 49

returns deoxygenated blood from lung tissue to heart

Front 50

bronchial arteries

Back 50

supplies oxygenated blood to lung tissue

Front 51

pulmonary veins

Back 51

delivers freshly oxygenated blood to heart

Front 52

pulmonary arteries

Back 52

delivers venous blood that needs to be oxygenated to lungs
branch into smaller blood vessels forming capillaries surrounding alveoli

Front 53

pneumothorax

Back 53

occurs when pleural cavity fills with air
can cause atelectasis (lung collapse)

Front 54

pleural cavity

Back 54

cavity located between the two layers of pleura
filled with pleural fluid

Front 55

visceral pleura

Back 55

covers the lungs

Front 56

parietal pleura

Back 56

covers inner thoracic wall, mediastinum, and superior surface fo diaphragm

Front 57

pleura

Back 57

double layered serous membrane surrounding lungs

Front 58

hilum

Back 58

region on medial surface of lung where structures enter and exit lung

Front 59

lungs

Back 59

thoracic cavity
contains hilum
divided into lobes by fissures
left - 2 lobes, right - 3 lobes
surrounded by pleura

Front 60

alveoli

Back 60

microscopic air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs
simple squamous epithelium
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between them and capillaries

Front 61

respiratory bronchioles

Back 61

divided from terminal bronchioles
give rise to alveoli by way of alveolar ducts

Front 62

asthma attack

Back 62

smooth muscle in terminal bronchioles contracts reducing the diameter of airways

Front 63

primary bronchi

Back 63

right is wider, shorter, and more vertical
divide to secondary and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
ciliated epithelium

Front 64

carina

Back 64

divides trachea and forms right and left primary bronchi

Front 65

trachea

Back 65

windpipe, tubular passageway for air
anterior to esophagus
c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage and trachealis muscle
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 66

epiglottis

Back 66

elastic cartilage
closses off the opening of the larynx when we swallow

Front 67

cricoid cartilage

Back 67

inferior to thyroid cartilage
hyaline cartilage
maintains an open passageway for air

Front 68

thyroid cartilage

Back 68

superior to thyroid gland
hyaline cartilage
maintains open passageway for air movement

Front 69

larynx

Back 69

voice box

Front 70

laryngopharynx

Back 70

posterior to epiglottis and larynx
continuous with esophagus
passageway for food and air
stratified squamous epithelium

Front 71

oropharynx

Back 71

posterior to oral cavity
fauces connect it to oral cavity
palatine and lingual tonsils
passageway for air and food
stratified squamous epithelium

Front 72

nasopharynx

Back 72

posterior to nasal cavity
passageway for air
soft palate and uvula close it
openings of auditory canals, pharyngeal tonsil
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 73

nasal chonchae

Back 73

protruding medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
warm and filter air

Front 74

nares

Back 74

external openings of nasal cavity

Front 75

nasal cavity

Back 75

roor - ethmoid and sphenoid bones
floor - hard palate
divided by nasal septum
lined with stratified squamous epithelium and pseudostratified epithelium

Front 76

external nose

Back 76

composed of hyaline cartilage and bone

Front 77

functions of nose

Back 77

provides an airway for breathing
moistens, warms, and filters air
contains olfactory receptors

Front 78

lower respiratory system

Back 78

consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Front 79

upper respiratory system

Back 79

nose, pharynx, and associated structures

Front 80

functions of respiratory system

Back 80

supply blood with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
regulate blood pH
voice production
olfaction
protection

Front 81

pulse

Back 81

alternate expanstion and elastic recoil of an artery wall with each heartbeat
artery near surface, over hard tissue, or near heart is strongest
radial

Front 82

diastolic blood pressure

Back 82

force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation

Front 83

systolic blood pressure

Back 83

force recorded during ventricular contraction

Front 84

blood pressure

Back 84

pressure exerted on walls of a blood vessel
measured with sphygmomanometer
korotkoff sounds

Front 85

factors aiding venous return

Back 85

skeletal muscular contraction
venous valves
respiratory pump

Front 86

venules

Back 86

smallest veins
transport blood out of capillaries

Front 87

veins

Back 87

vessels that carry blood toward heart
thinners walls because of lower pressure

Front 88

capillary networks

Back 88

site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues

Front 89

capillaries

Back 89

smallest blood vessels
consist of endothelium, basement membrane, and thin layer of loose connective tissue
grouped into capillary networks

Front 90

arterioles

Back 90

smallest arteries
transport blood into capillaries

Front 91

tunica adventitia

Back 91

consists of dense connective tissue and loose connective tissue

Front 92

tunica media

Back 92

consists of smooth muscle cells and the external elastic membrane

Front 93

tunica intima

Back 93

consists of endothelium, basement membrane, the lamina propia, and the internal eleastic membrane

Front 94

arteries

Back 94

vessels that carry blood away from heart
3 layers
thicker because of higher pressure

Front 95

blood vessel functions

Back 95

carry blood
exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases
transport
regulate blood pressure
direct blood flow