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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a matrix
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nonliving intercellular material (liquid, semisolid, solid) secreted by tissue cells
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where specifically are mucous membranes found
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oral, nasal cavities, respiratory, reporductive, digestive systems
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where exactly are serous membranes found
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abdom cavities and cover viceral organs, producing a watery, lubricant called serous fluid or a transudate (like oil)
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greater and lesser omentum
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folds of peritoneum that extend from the stomach
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mesenteries
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double folds of peritoneum that connect the parietal peritoneum with the visceral peritoneum
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anchoring junctions
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desmosomes
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desmosomes describe
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mechanical couplings like rivets cattered along the sides of adjacent cells
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give an example of where you find desmosomes
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under places of lots of stress like heart skin and uterus
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where do you find gap junctions
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places that need to be synchronized like heart or smooth muscle
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osteo
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bone
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hypo
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below
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chondro
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cartilage
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hyper
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over or above
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peri
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around
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umbilicus
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navel
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epi
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upon or on
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matrix
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surrounding substance within which cells or structures are contained or embedded
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pathology
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study of pathogens or disease causing substances and bacteria
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histology
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study of tissues formed by cells and cell products
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function of epithelium
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covers and lines
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what is included in epithelium
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skin and coverings of the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive system covers the walls and organs of the ventral body cavity
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if asked.... what tissue is lining this structure?
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always epithelium
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what are the three parts of epithelium
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epithelium: skin
mesothelium covers visceral organs and lines body cavities endothelium lines inner walls of blood and lymphatic vessels |
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which epithelium lines the inner walls of blood and lymphatic vessels
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endothelium
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epithelium makes up the majority of the glands of the body
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glandular
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what are the two types of glands of glandular epithelium?
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endocrine and exocrine
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what glands secrete through ducts
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exocrine
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what are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly inot the blood or lymphatic tissue
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endocrine
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what are the 5 functions of epithelium
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portect
absorb filter excrete/secrete sensory reception |
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what epithelium lines the stomach and intestinal tract
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simple columnar
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what epithelia lines the kidney tubules and glands
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simple cuboidal where secretion and absorption are important
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what epithelium is found along the respiratory tract
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pseudostratified columnar
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where is stratified cuboidal found
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galnds mammary sweat and salivary
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where is stratified columnar epithelia found
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in male uretrha
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what epithelia has cells of tis basal layer are cuboidal or clumnar, while the apical cells vary in appearance from roudned to flattened depending onteh distention of the organ
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transitional
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what epithelium is found in the bladder
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transition because it is big and juicy and not flat and allows for lots of cytoplasm
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how can glandular epithelia be classified
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number of cells
branching patterns gland shape and secretion types |
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in glandular epithelia how can the number of cells be used to classify
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unicellular and multicellular
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what is composed of single celled glands like goblet cells that produce mucus and line the respiratory and digestive tracts
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unicellular glandular epithelia
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what is composed of both secretory and cells that form the walls of the ducts
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multicellular glandular epithelia
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what are the branching patterns of glandular eptihelia
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simple
compound |
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what are the gland shapes of glandular epithelium
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tubular
alveolar (flask like) |
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what are three types of secretion of glandular epithelium
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mucoid
serous mixed glands |
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mucoid
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secrete glycoproteins (stuffy nose) called mucin that absorb water to form a slippery mucus
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serous secretion type secretes what...
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watery solution that usually contains enzyms such as the enzyme amylase found in saliva
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describe mixed exocrine glands
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contain more than one type of gland cell and may produce tow different exocrine secretions, on serous and one mucus
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what are three mechanisms of release of secretion
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merocrine
apocrine holocrine |
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when secretory vesicles are discharge--goblet cells
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merocrine
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when some of the cytoplasm of the cell becomes the secretory product-- like milk
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apocrine
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holocrine secretion
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the entire cell becomes pakced with secretory products and the cell dies as the secretion is released-- sebaceous hair glands
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is connective tissue ever exposed to the outside?
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no unless hurt
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what are the 6 main functions of connective tissue
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structure framework
transport fluids and dissolve materials protect organs supporting surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types storying energy defending body against microorganisms |
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what is the most abundant tissue in the body
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ct
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name four connective tissues
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fat bone cartilage and blood
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what are the 3 basic components of ct
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specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers ground substance- the matrix that surrounds cells |
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name three types of ct fibers
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collagenous
reticular elastic |
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describe collagneous fibers
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flexible with tremendous strenghty, straight long and unbranched has proteinsubunits like a rope
tendon and ligaments |
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what are almost entirely collagen and conect muscle to bone
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tendons
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what connect bone to bone
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ligament
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what form a delicate latticework or retculum by branching common in lymphatic glands found in the liver
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reticular fibers
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what are thinner wavy brancing ct fibers
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elastic fibers
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what are in the ground substances or intercellular matrices of ct
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clear, colorless, and syrupy consistnecy... contains glycosaminoglycanhyaluronan a protein polysaccarhide
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what is glycoaminoglycan
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protein polysaccarhide that contains polymers of amino sugars connectd to protein in the ground substance of ct
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what are three generall cell types of ct
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blasts
cytes clasts |
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what are the most abundant cells in ct proper
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fibroblasts
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what elongate or stellate are responsible for production and maintenance of ct fibers that each manufactures and secrete protein subunits that interact to form large extra cellular fibers and in addition, secrete hyaluronan
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fibroblasts
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what are large amoeboid cells that are scattered amng the fibers they engult and destroy damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue. also release chemicals that initiatie the inflammatory repsonse and attract large nubmers of wandering cells
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macrophage
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what are small CT cells often clustered around blood vessels that secrete histamine granules and produce heparin, an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting within blood vessles
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mast cells
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what are stem cells that can produce daughter cells that are fibroblasts, macrophages, or other CT cells
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mesenchymal cells
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name 6 specific types of connective tissue
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fibroblasts, mast cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, white blood cells, macrophages
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what are the two main ways to classify the ct tissue proper
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loose and dense
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name three tyeps of loose connective tissue
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adipose reticular and areolar
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what tissue is an energy source and supports and protects and insulates in CT loose connective tissue propoer
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adipose tissue
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what can differentiate and turn into adipose cells
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mesenchymal cells
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what tissue of CT is loose connective that contains a network of reticular fbers woven through a jelly like ground substance. They contain fibroblasts, and macrophages and are found in the liver spleen lymph nodes and bone marrow
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reticular tissue
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what tissue of CT is damaged by age and UV light
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arel=olar
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what is the least specialized of CT
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areolar
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what loose connective tissue separates skin from deeper structures and cushions shocks
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areolar
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name 4 exampels of dense connective tissue
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tendons
ligaments aponeurosis elastic connective tissue |
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collagen sheets or ribbons that resemble broad flat tendons
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aponeurosis
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what is the diff between dense regular and dense irregular tssue
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what direction they can be strong against
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where do you find dense irregular tissue
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dermis of skinn, submucosa of the gastointestinal tract, fibrous capsules of joints and orgns
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name three types of supporting connective tissue
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cartilage
bone fluid connective tissue |
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what are three kinds of cartilage
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hyaline
fibrocartilage elastic |
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what is the most common type of cartilage supporting connective tissue
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hyaline
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what cartilage has clsoely pakce but very fine collagen fibers; it is osmewhat flexible, so it is the wewakest, eszmples include conneciton between ribes and sternum
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hyaline
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what cartilage is the matrix is reinforced by numberous interwoven, collagen fibers examples include between vertebrae and minisci of the knees
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fibrocartilage
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what cartilage has abundant elastic fibers that mae it bery flexible without compromising its strength found in portions of the larynx and the external auditory canal
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elastic
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what consists of a firm gel that contains complex polysac called chondoition sulfates
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cartilage
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what is bone mad eup of
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rigid
rich vascular supply 1/3 matrix is collagen fibers-flexibility and boe compares favorably to steel |
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what are three types of blood cells
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leudocytes
eythrocytes platelets |
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are platelets cells?
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NO frag of cells
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what is the largest organ in the body
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skin
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what does the epidermis develop from
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the ectoderm
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what does the dermis develop from
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the mesoderm
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what are the three layers of the skin
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epi
dermis hypo |
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how does the skin protect us
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physical barrier to microorganimss, water, excessuve UV lgiht
oily secretion form an acidic filmt hat retards growth of microorgs and waterproofs skin |
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hip bone connects to the...
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leg bone
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what are 6 main functions of the skin
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protection
temp regulation excretion synthesis sensory receoption communication |
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how does the skin regulate body temp
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-radiant heat loss from dilated blood vessels
-evaporation or perspiration - retention of heat from constricted blood vessles: arrectores pilorum, smooth muscle attached to hair follicle that causes goose bumps |
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what are arrectores pilorum
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smooth msucle attached to ahir follicles contact and cause good bumps
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what is excreted through skin
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drugs, electorlytes, urea, water
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what does vitamin D3 do
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helps regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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what do cutaneous receptors sense
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heat, cold, pressure, touch, vibration
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does skin secrete odors that stimulate subconscous response
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yes- liek coordinating of periods
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what are the five layers of skin in order from deep
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basale
spinosum granulosum lucidum corneum |
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what are the four types of cells in the stratum basale?
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deratinocytes
melanocytes tactile (merkel) cells langerhans cells |
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what does keratin do
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toughens and waterproofs the sksin
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** KEY IDEA
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everyone has the same amount of melanocytes it just the activity or what the cytes use to convert things into melanin
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freckles
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aggregations of melanin
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vitilgo
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michael jackson localized whitening of skin due to lack of melanocytes
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seborrheic deratosis
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liver spots
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what do merkel tactile cells do
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sensory cells aiding in touch reception
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langerhans cells
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stratum basale that make protective macrophages
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where are the desmosomes mostly found in skin
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stratum spinosum
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describe stratum spinosum
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several layers thick
deratinocytes bound together by desmosomes shrinkage of cells during fixations gives the layer its appearance |
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what two layers make up the stratum germinativum
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spinosum and basale
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in what layer do calluses occur
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spinosum or germinativum
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in what layer do cells start manufacturing large amounts of keratohyalin and keratin
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granulosum
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in what layer do the nuclei and other organelles disintegrate
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granulosum
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what layer is only present in soles nad palsm
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lucidum very glassy and white
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what layer consists of 15-30 flattened, dead, interlocking cells
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stratum corneum
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what layer contains large amouunts of keratin
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corneum
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why is the corneum so dry?
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unsuitable for microorganisms
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how many days to get from basale to corneum
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14 in and then 14 to get out
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is the dermis vascular or avascular
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vascular to support epidermis
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what layer of skin contiansm may sweat glands, oil secreting glands, nerve endings and hair follicles
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dermis
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where are lines of tension found
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dermis
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what are elastic and collagen fibers that are arranged in patterns
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lines of tension
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are there blood vessels in the epidermis
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no
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what are the layers of the dermis
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papillary and reticular layers
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describe the papillary layer of the dermis
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loose ct, numberous projections-papillae-extneding from dermis into epidermis
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what are papillae
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numerous projections that extend from dermis to epidermis
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what layer of the dermis can be torn during pregnancy or obesity
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reticular layer of the deris
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what are linea albicans
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stretch marks
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what layer makes women smooth and men bumpy
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hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue
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what layer of skin binds the dermis to underlying organs and is composed of areolar ct, adipose and blood vessles
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hypodermis
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name three glands of the integument
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sudoriferous
sebaceous ceruminous |
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what glands are widely distributed over skin forehead back palms and soles funciton in evaporative cooling
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eccrine or merocrine sudoriferous glands
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what glands are found in axillary and pubic regions and secrete into hair follicles that may act as a sexual attractnat and don't function until puberty
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apocrine sudoriferous glands
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what glands aer commonly associated with hair follicles and lubricates and waterproofs the stratum corneum regulated by sex hormone and hyperactivity can result in acne
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sebaceous glands
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what glands are only found in external auditory canal that keep ear drum pliable and water and insect repellant
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ceruminous glands
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what are three types of skin cancetr
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melanoma
squamous basal |
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what are 4 main functions of the skeletal system
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support
protection hemopoiesis storage |
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what does the rib cage protect
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heart
lungs liver spleen |
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where are rcs and wbcs and platelets produced
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stem cells in the red marrow average of 2.5 million per second
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what elements do bones store
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mg na f sr ca p
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what does p help
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nucleic acids
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what does ca do
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clotting and movement of ions
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hard dense protective exterios protion of all bones
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compact bone
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deppt to the compat bone, porous, forms open network of struts and branching plates trabeculae which are oriented along stress lines
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spongy or cancellous bone
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trabeculae
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network of struts and branching plates of spongy bone
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where are yellow marrow and red marrow found
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medullary cavity
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what occurs in red marrow
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hemopoiesis
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lining of the medullary cavity be a thing layer of connective tissue
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endosteum
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the outer surface covering of a bone except over articular cartilage consists of a layer of dense regular ct with an inner cell layer
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periosteum
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what is another name of osteon
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concentric lamellae
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what is the concentric lamalle made up of
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concentric circular rings around a central canal and collagen fibers tat sprial between adjacent lamellae to strengthen the osteon
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what fills up space between osteons in compact bone
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interstitial lamellae
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what may have been produced during the gorwth of the bone or represent remnatns of osteons
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interstitial lamellae
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what connects osteon vessels and nerves to larger trunks
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perforating canal
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what are small pockets or cavities occupied by osteocytes regularily arranged between the lamellae
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lacunae
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what are little channels which radiate through the matrix of the lacuna and contain osteocytes cytoplasmic processes and slow diffusion of nutrients and waste through ground substance or intercellular gap juntions
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canaliculi
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what are the osteogenic or osteoprobenitor cells
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blast
cytes clasts |
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where does intramembraneous ossification occur
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skull mandible clavicle and patella
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what are the three stpes of intramembraneous (dermal) ossification
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mesenchymal cells form osteoblasts and collagen and osteoid become minerlized
- ossification centers in struts called spicules... soem blasts get trapped but mroe are made - bone assumes structure of spongy bone and eventually remodels to compact bones |
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where does endochondral ossification occur
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long bones
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what is another name for intramembranous ossification
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dermal ossification
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what are the steps of endochondral ossification
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- cartilage model is formed
- cartilage mdel becomes periosteum and makes osteoblasts formeing an inner layer (osteogenic layer) and outer (bone collar) - vessels invade - cartilage is replaced by bone at the metaphysis - cartilages calcify |
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what are the five regions on the epiphyseal plate
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reserve
proliferation hypertrophic resorption ossification |
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what is in reserve zone
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small chondrocytes are irregularily dispersed
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proliferation zone
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larger regularily arranged chondrocytes
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hypertrophic zone
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large chonndrocytes arranged in colums where the growth of ong bones actually occurs
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resorption zone
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where the mineral content change occurs
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ossification zone
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region of transformation from cartilage to bone
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