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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Made up of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids |
endocrine system |
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Secreted into body fluids |
Hormones |
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Secretes products into ducts |
Exocrine |
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Secrete products into body fluids to affect target cells |
Endocrine |
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Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid and adrenal glands, and the pancreas |
Endocrine glands |
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Locally produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced |
Prostaglandins |
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Controls hormone releases |
Negative feedback mechanisms |
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Is attached to the base of the brain and has an anterior and posterior lobe. |
Pituitary gland |
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Consists of epithelial tissue arranged around blood vessels and enclosed inna capsule of collagenous connective tissue. |
Anterior pituitary |
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Consists of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells that support nerve fibers arising in the hypothalamus |
Posterior pituitary |
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Located below the larynx and consists if two broad lobes connected by an isthmus |
Thyroid gland |
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Consists of tightly packed secretory cells covered by a thin capsule of connective tissues |
Parathyroid glands |
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Sit atop the kidneys enclosed in a layer of fat |
Adrenal glands |
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Made up of modified postganglionic neurons that are connected to sympathetic nervous system |
Adrenal medulla |
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Makes up most of the adrenal glands and consist of epithelial cells in 3 layers. Works with negative feedback loops |
Adrenal cortex |
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Organ that produces gametes, testis/ovaries |
Gonads |
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Secretes hormones as an endocrine gland, and digestive juices to the digestive tract as an exocrine gland |
Pancreas |
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Includes two cell types alpha cells that secrete glucagon and beta cells that secrete insulin |
Islet of Langerhans |
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Produce estrogen and progesterone |
Ovaries |
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below the thalamus. coordinates ANS and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity. |
Hypothalamus |
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cell that bears receptors for a hormone, drug, or other signaling molecule, or is the focus of contact by a virus, phagocyte, nerve fiber, etc. |
Target cells |
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Transmit nerve impulses along nerve fibers to other neurons. Typically have a cell body, axons, and dendrites. |
Neurons |
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Made up of brain and spinal cord. |
Central Nervous System |
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Made up of peripheral nerves that connect CNS to the rest of body |
Peripheral Nervous System |
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Provides sensory integrative and notice functions to the body |
Nervous System |
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Protein found on axon of neurons function is to speed up nerve impulses |
Myelin |
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Carry impulses from other neurons (or from other receptors) toward the cell body |
Dendrites |
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Transmits the impulse away from the axonal hillock of the cell body and may give off side branches |
Axon |
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Conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS and are usually unipolar, although some are bipolar neurons |
Sensory neurons |
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Multiple neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons |
Motor neurons |
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Separation of charge or potential difference |
Resting potential |
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Rapid sequence of events |
Action potential |
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Just action between the two communicating neurons |
Synapse |
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Largest part of the brain, associated with higher mental functions |
Cerebrum |
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Coordinates and regulates visceral activity |
Brain stem |
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Lies outside of the cerebrum and contains 75% of the cell bodies in the nervous system |
Cerebral cortex |
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Maintains homeostasis by regulating a wide variety of visceral activities and by linking the endocrine system with the nervous system |
Hypothalamus |
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Located between the diencephalon and the pons. Contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that convey impulses to and from higher parts of the brain and masses of grey matter that serves as reflex centers |
Mid brain |
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Lying between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata, transmit impulses between the brain and spinal cord and contains centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing |
Pons |
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Produced by nervous system chemicals |
Neurotransmitters |
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Integrates info from the sensory into motor, main part of cell contains nucleus |
Cell body |
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Muscles or glands that respond to stimulus |
Effector |
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Minimum level of stimulus needed to activate neuron |
Threshold |
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Found in sense organs |
Receptor |
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Electrical signals used to communicate between neurons |
Impulse |
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Transmits impulse away from cell |
Axon terminal |
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neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc. |
Interneuron |
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Encloses the heart |
Pericardial |
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Mixture of h2o, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, electrolytes, and cellular waste |
Plasma |
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Consists of alimentary canal, leading from mouth to anus |
Digestive system |
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Muscular tube about 9 meters long, passes through bodys central cavity |
Alimentary canal |
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Propelling movements caused by contraction behind a mass of food |
Peristalsis |
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What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth |
Frenulum |
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Functions to close off nasal cavity |
Uvula |
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Watery fluid produced by salivary glands |
Amylase |
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Linked to the esophagus and small intestine. J shaped, receives and mixes food with digestive juices. |
Stomach |
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Straight collapsible passageway leading to the stomach |
Esophagus |
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Controls release of food from the stomach to the small intestine |
Pyloric sphincter |
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Small round mass of food with chewing and saliva. |
Bolus |
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Secreted to digest protein |
Pepsin |
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Inactive. Activated when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid. |
Pepsinogen |
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Hormone that is released from gastric glands |
Gastrin |
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Passed toward the pyloric region using peristaltic waves |
Chyme |
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Closely associated with the small intestine |
Pancreas |
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Reddish brown, located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity. |
Liver |
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Yellowish green liquid that hepatic cells secrete. Includes water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol , and electrolytes. |
Bile |
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Gallblader |
Pear shaped sac lying on the interior surface of the liver. |
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Double layered fold of peritoneum |
Mesentery |
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First part of the small intestine from the stomach |
Duodenum |
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Part of small intestine between duodenum and ileum |
Jejunum |
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Carried on by the small intestine |
Segmentation |
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Absorbs water and electrolytes. Forms and stores feces |
Large intestine |
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a tube-shaped sac attached to and opening into the lower end of the large intestine |
Appendix |
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Pouch at the beginning of the large intestine |
Cecum |
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Final section of large intestines before the anus |
Rectum |
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the symbiotic bacteria occurring naturally in the intestine. |
Intestinal flora |
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Composed of undigested material , water, electrolytes, mucus and bacteria |
Feces |
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Mix of h2o amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste. |
Plasma |
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Red blood cells. Biconcave disks that contain one third oxygen carrying hemoglobin |
Erythrocytes |
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Released from the kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels |
Erythropoietin |
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White blood cells. Can squeeze between cell lining walls if blood vessels by diapedesis and attack bacteria |
Leukocytes |
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The stoppage of bleeding |
Hemostasis |
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Most effective means of hemostasis |
Blood coagulation |
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Complex form of hemostasis. Uses clotting factors |
Blood coagulation |
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Abnormal clot |
Thrombus |
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Dislodged vessel (thrombus) |
Embolus |
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Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion. |
Aggulation |
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Red blood cells. Biconcave disks that contain one third oxygen carrying hemoglobin by volume |
Erythrocytes |