Anatomy Exam

Front 1

Cutaneous Membrane
1)Defined as:
2)Composed of:
3)Special Characteristics: A and B

Back 1

1)skin
2)caratinizing stratified squamous epithelium with a dense fibrous connective tissue underlying dermis
3)A.exposed to air-dry membrane
B.fibrous connective tissue

Front 2

Mucous Membrane
1)Defined as:
2)Lines:
3)Contain following tissues:
4)Characteristics:

Back 2

1)composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane
2)Lines:all body cavities that open to the exterior (respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive)
3)stratified squamous epithelium(mouth and esophagus) or simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tracts)
4)Wet, moist, membranes that are continuously bathed in secretions. (urinary system is bathed in urine)

Front 3

Serous Membranes
1)Defined as:
2)Lines:
3)Occurs in pairs:
a)
b)
4)Contains fluid called:
5)Defined as:
6)Specific names of serous membranes (depends on location)

Back 3

1)
2) body cavities which are closed to exterior except for dorsal body cavities & joint cavities.
3) a)Parietal Layer- specific part of the wall of the ventral cavity.
b)Visceral Layer- covers the outside of the organs in cavity. 4)contains serous fluid.
5)the thin clear fluid which seperates serous layers and is secreted by both membranes.
6) Peritoneum, Pleua, Pericardium.

Front 4

Peritoneum

Back 4

lining of abdominal cavity and the covering of its organs

(neum like yum like eating food goes into stomache. peri= periwinkle. periwinkle cupcakes)

Front 5

Pleura

Back 5

surrounds lungs
(plural- 2 lungs)

Front 6

FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Back 6

1)insulate, cushions, protects
2)prevents water loss
3)regulates heat loss
4) acts as excretory system
5)manufactures proteins
6) synthesizes vitamin D
7) offers sensors

Front 7

Epidermis
1)made of:
2) __ layers (strata

Back 7

1) stratified squamous epithelium
2) FIVE

Front 8

Five layers of epidermis: (bottom to top)
1)
2)
3)
4)
Defined as:
a)
b)
c)
5)
Defined as:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Back 8

1)stratum basale- bottom layer. closest to dermis. contains epidermal cells that receive most nourishment from dermis.
2)stratum spinosum- lies just above stratum basale
3)stratum Granulosom-
lies just above stratum spinosum
4)Stratum Lucidum-
a)flattened cells that have died
b)occurs only where skin is hairless and extra thick (hand palms, feet soles)
c)lies just above stratum granulosom
5)Stratum Corneum
a)outermost layer
b)20/30 cell layers thick
c)abundant in carotene
d)provides durable overcoat for protection.

Front 9

Dermis
1)Defined as:
a)
b)
TWO MAJOR REGIONS
1)
2)

Back 9

1)your skin
a)strong, stretchy, envelope that helps to hold the body together.
b)made of dense fibrous connective tissue
TWO MAJOR REGIONS
1)Papillary
2)Reticular

Front 10

Papillary Region
Defined as:
Characteristics of:

Back 10

1)upper dermal region
2)uneven with finger-like projections which are called dermal papillae- they indent the epidermis causing fingerprints.

Front 11

RETICULAR LAYER
1)Defined as:
2)Characteristics of:

Back 11

1)deepest skin layer
2) contains blood vessels, sweat/oil glands, and deep pressure receptors.

Front 12

HEMOGLOBIN

Back 12

iron rich product on red blood cells (protein molecule on red blood cells)

Front 13

CAROTENE

Back 13

orange, yellow, pigment found in carrots and other orange, deep yellow, or leafy green vegetables.

Front 14

MELANIN-

Back 14

yellow, reddish, brown or black pigment

Front 15

ERYTHEMA
1)described as:
2)indicates: (5)

Back 15

1)redness
2)embarrassment, fever, hypertension(high blood pressure), inflamation, or allergy.

Front 16

PALLOR/BLANCHING
1)described as:
2)indicates:

Back 16

1)pale skin
2)emotional stress, anemia (low blood iron), low blood pressure, impaired blood flow into area.(blood stays elsewhere to protect organs)

Front 17

JAUNDICE
1)described as:
2)signifies:

Back 17

1)yellow skin
2)(often found in infants) generally a liver disorder where excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout body, and deposited into body tissues.
(Bile- gastric juice sent in stomache to digest food so bile is in blood stream)

Front 18

BRUISES
1)described as:
2)indicates:

Back 18

1)blue and black painful skin
2) where blood has escaped from circulation and has clotted in tissue space. blood clots causing bruises are called HEMATOMAS (medical term)

Front 19

TWO TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS

Back 19

1)sebaceous
2)sweat

Front 20

Sebaceous glands.
1)also called _____ _____
2)Found:
3)Produces:

Back 20

1) oil glands
2) all over skin, except for hand palms and feet soles
3)Sebum- a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells. it lubricates the skin and the hair.

Front 21

Sweat glands.
1)also called
2)Two types:
1)
2)

Back 21

1) sudoriferous glands
2) 1) eccrine
2)apocrine

Front 22

ECCRINE GLANDS
1)defined as:
2)produces:
3)sweat reaches surface of skin through a _____
4)SWEAT IS VERY IMPORTANT IN REGULATION OF BODY TEMP.

Back 22

1)numerous glands found all over body
2)sweat
3)a pore

Front 23

APOCRINE GLANDS
1)Found in _ and _ areas of body.
2)Their ducts empty into:
3)Their secretions contain:
4)Begins functioning:
5)Activated by nerve fibers during
a)
b)
c)

Back 23

1) 1) AXILLARY (ARMPIT
2) GENITAL
2)hair follicles
3)fatty acids and proteins
4)through puberty
5)a)pain
b)stress
c)sexual foreplay

Front 24

HAIR FUNCTIONS
1)
2)
3)

Back 24

1)GUARDS head against bumps
2)SHIELDS eyes (eyelashes)
3)KEEPS foreign particles out of respiratory system.

Front 25

PARTS OF HAIR
Composed of 2 parts
1)
2)
3)Growth zone is called
4)Central core:
5)Central core is surrounded by:
6)which is surrounded by:

Back 25

1)root
2)shaft
3)matrix
4)medulla
5)cortex
6)cuticle.

Front 26

NAILES
1)Defined as:
2)COMPOSED OF:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Back 26

1)scale like modifications of the epidermis.
a) free edge- (white tip)
b) body- (attached visible portion)
c) root- (embedded in skin)
d) nail folds- (lateral) (skin folds that overlap the borders of nails)
e)cuticle-thick proximal (close to point of attachment) nail fold)
f)lunula- crescent white of bottom of body

Front 27

ATHLETE'S FOOT
1)
2)Results from:

Back 27

1) itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes
2)fungus infection

Front 28

BOILS/CARBUNCLES
1)
2)
3)Results from:

Back 28

1)inflamation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
2)common on the dorsal neck (back of neck)
3)bacterial infection

Front 29

COLD SORES
1)or:
2)
3)caused by:

Back 29

1)fever blisters
2)small fluid filled blisters that itch and sting
3)herpes simplex infection

Front 30

CONTACT DERMATITIS
1)
2)caused by:

Back 30

1)itching redness and swelling of the skin and it progresses to blisters
2)exposure of the skin to chemicals (poison ivy)

Front 31

IMPETIGO
1)
2)caused by:

Back 31

1)pink, water filled lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture
2)highly contagious staphylococcus infection

Front 32

PSORIASIS
1)
2)caused by:

Back 32

1)overproduction of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal lesions covered with a dry, silver scales.
2)autoimmune disorder (body attacks itself trying to fix itself)

Front 33

BURNS
1)Defined as:

Back 33

1)tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals.

Front 34

RULE OF NINES: PAGE 122 LEARN
1)Defined as:

Back 34

1)body is divided into 11 areas-each area accounting for 9% (know total percentages)

Front 35

BURN CLASSIFICATION
1)
2)
3)

Back 35

1,2, and 3rd degree

Front 36

FIRST DEGREE BURN
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Back 36

1)only epidermis is damaged
2)area becomes red and swollen
3)causes temporary discomfort
4)also known as PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN
5)generally heals in 2-3 days.

Front 37

SECOND DEGREE BURN
1)
2)
3)
4)

Back 37

1)involves injury to epidermis and the upper region of the dermis
2)skin is red and painful sometimes w/ blisters
3)also known as PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN
4)regrowth of the epithelium can occur.

Front 38

THIRD DEGREE BURN
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Back 38

1)destroy entire thickness of skin
2)makes skin blanched or blackened
3)burn area is not painful bc nerve endings are destroyed/dead
4)regeneration is not possible
5)skin grafting must be done
6)AKA-FULL THICKNESS BURN

Front 39

TYPES OF CANCER:
1)
2)
3)

Back 39

1)Basal cell carcinoma
2)Squamous cell carcinoma
3)Malignant melanoma

Front 40

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Back 40

1)least malignant
2)most common skin cancer
3)the stratum basale cells [bottom] are altered and don't produce carotene or offer a boundary between epidermis and dermis
4)generally can remove lesions
5)99% chance of a full cure
6)Relatively slow growing

Front 41

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Back 41

1)arises from cells of stratum spinosum
2)forms a shallow ulcer
3)grows rapidly
4)believed to be sun induced
5)if caught early, can be surgically removed or radiation therapy.
6)chance of complete cure is good

Front 42

MALIGNANT MELANOMA
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Back 42

1)cancer of melanocytes
2)acounts for about 5% of skin cancers
3)most cancers appear spontaneously, but some develop from pigment moles
4)early detection helps
5)survival rate is 50%

Front 43

ABCD RULE
1)Defined as:
A)
B)
C)
D)

Back 43

1)to see for cancer
A)Asymmetry- when two sides of pigmented spot/mole do not match
B)Border Irregularity-when borders of lesions not smooth but exhibit indentations
C)Color- if pigment in spot contains areas of different colors
D)Diameter- spot is larger than 6 millimeters in diameter.

Front 44

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
1)Stratified
2)Squamous
2)Stratified Squamous:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Back 44

1)more than 1 cell layer
2)flattened cells- concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration. forms membranes where filtration of diffusion occurs.
3)
a)most common stratified epithelium in body
b)free edge cells=squamous
c)basement cells=cuboidal/columnar
d)in sites that have good amount of abuse or frictions(esophagus,mouth, skin)

Front 45

SIMPLE COLUMNAR
1)simple
2)columnar
3)simple columnar
a)
b)
c)
d)

Back 45

1)1 layer of cells
2)looks like column.
3)
a)made up of 1 layer of tall cells that fit close together
b)GOBLET CELLS- produce a lubricating fluid and are often found in it.
c)lines entire length of the digestive tract from stomach to anus.
d)epithelial membranes that line body cavities that are open are called MUCOSAE MEMBRANES.

Front 46

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Back 46

1)single layer of thin squamous cells that rest on a basement membrane.
2)fits close together like floor tiles
3)usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs.
4)its in the air sacs of the lungs and forms in walls of capillaries.
5)simple squamous also forms SEROSAE(SEROUS) MEMBRANES- the slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity.