Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
contents of anterior cranial fossa
|
frontal lobe of cerebrum
olfactory tracts olfactory bulbs olfactory nerves |
|
|
Contents of middle cranial fossa
|
optic chiasma
CN II (optic n.) pituitary gland temporal lobe of cerebrum CN III (oculomotor n.) CN IV (trochlear n.), CN V (trigeminal n.) CN VI (abducens n.) cavernous sinus internal carotid artery w/ carotid (sympathetic) plexus middle meningeal artery |
|
|
Contents of posterior cranial fossa
|
include the cerebellum, medulla and pons of the brain stem, plus several cranial nerves
|
|
|
features posterior cranial fossa
|
a. Foramen Magnum - transmits the spinal cord, spinal part of CN XI (spinal accessory n.), vertebral arteries and internal vertebral venous plexus.
b. Hypoglossal Canal - transmits CN XII (hypoglossal n.). c. Jugular Foramen - transmits the internal jugular vein, and CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.), CN X (vagus n.) and CN XI (spinal accessory n.). d. Internal Acoustic Meatus - transmits CN VII (facial n.) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.), plus labyrinthine arteries which supply the internal ear. |
|
|
meninges of cranial cavity
|
the same three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater) that surround the spinal cord are present in the cranial cavity
|
|
|
cavernosus sinus contains portions of
|
CN III occulomtor
CN IV trochlear CN V1 opthalmic trigeminal CN V2 maxillary trigeminal CN VI abducens internal carotid artery |
|
|
features of anterior cranial fossa
|
1. Crista Galli (cock's comb)
2. Cribriform Plate 3. Orbital Plate of Frontal Bone |
|
|
features of median part of middle cranial fossa
|
optic canals
chiasmatic groove connecting the optic canals sella turcica (includes the hypophyseal fossa, which houses the pituitary gland) |
|
|
features of lateral part of middle cranial fossa
|
limited anteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid, and posteriorly by the petrous ridge. It involves the greater wing of the sphenoid, the squamous and petrous portions of the temporal bone
|
|
|
Trigeminal nerve basic characteristics
|
-originates from the pons and passes anteriorly to enter the trigeminal cave, located in the middle cranial fossa and surrounded by dura
-Contained within the trigeminal cave is the semilunar (sensory) ganglion of the trigeminal nerve -three sensory divisions arise - ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2) and mandibular (CN V3) |
|
|
ophthalmic division (CN V1) characteristics
|
-superior and smallest of the three divisions, being entirely sensory
-supplies the eyeball, lacrimal gland and conjunctiva, part of the nasal mucosa and skin of the nose, upper eyelids, forehead and part of the scalp -sends a meningeal branch to the tentorium cerebelli (dural covering of cerebellum) |
|
|
supraorbital nerve characteristics
|
exits via the supraorbital notch or foramen to innervate the upper eyelid and its associated conjunctiva, plus the scalp anterior to the vertex
|
|
|
Maxillary division (CN V2) characteristics
|
-entirely sensory distributing branches to the nose, skin and mucosa of the cheek and upper lip, maxillary teeth and palate
-travels anteriorly to exit the skull via the foramen rotundum -passes through the pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa to enter the inferior orbital fissure as the infraorbital nerve -traverses the infraorbital groove and canal to gain access to the face via the infraorbital foramen. |
|
|
Greater palatine nerve characteristics
|
descends through the greater palatine canal to supply the hard palate and adjacent gingiva of the oral cavity
|
|
|
Nasopalatine nerve supplies
|
the anterior hard palate and upper incisors
|
|
|
Mandibular division (CN V3) characteristics
|
-largest division, sensory and motor
-sensory component supplies the mandibular teeth and gingiva, skin of the temporal region, part of the auricle of the ear, lower lip, lower part of the face, and the anterior 2/3’s of the tongue -motor fibers innervate the muscles of mastication, tensor muscles of the palate and tympanic membrane, plus the mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric -exits the skull via the foramen ovale to enter the infratemporal fossa |
|
|
Auriculotemporal nerve characteristics
|
-provides sensory fibers to the upper part of the auricle of the ear and external auditory meatus, lateral surface of tympanic membrane, TMJ, parotid gland, skin over parotid gland, and skin of temporal region
-carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland. CN IX parasymp. Fibers travel with but are not part of. |
|
|
Lingual nerve characteristics
|
-joined by the chorda tympani nerve (branch of facial nerve), which contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the submandibular ganglion
-general sensory fibers contained in the lingual nerve supply the anterior 2/3's of the tongue and adjacent gingiva. |
|
|
Inferior alveolar nerve characteristics
|
-enters the mandibular foramen after giving off the nerve to the mylohyoid muscle
-innervates the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric -provides sensory innervation to the lower teeth and gingiva of the lower jaw -terminal portion of this nerve exits the mental foramen as the mental nerve to provide sensory innervation to the skin of the chin and lower lip |
|
|
subdivisions of anterior cervical triangle
|
1. The submandibular triangle
2. The carotid triangle 3. The muscular 4. The submental triangle |
|
|
Right atrium receives blood from
|
receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae (and anterior cardiac veins)
|
|
|
internal features of right atrium
|
1. Crista terminalis- smooth ridge,
2. Valve of inferior vena cava 3. Orifice of coronary sinus 4. Fossa ovalis- scarred structure of foramen ovale- connects atriums in fetal heart (1. Pectinate muscles- believed to help contractibility w/o increasing mass of heart 2. Right auricle- ear like pouch, lined with pectinate, allows for expansion) |
|
|
left atrium internal features
|
Orifices of pulmonary veins – typically four in number where coronary veins empty
(1. Left auricle) |
|
|
shape of ventricles
|
right- triangular
left- conical |
|
|
trabeculae carnae in ventricles
|
present in both
|
|
|
papillary muscles in ventricles
|
right- 3 (ant,post,septal)
left- 2 (ant,post) Prevent prolapse of valves |
|
|
Septomarginal band in ventricles
|
right- 57% of population
left- absent Prevents over distention; carries part of R. AV bundle branch to papillary m |
|
|
conus arteriosus in ventricles
|
right- present
left- absent Smooth area posterior to pulmonary trunk |
|
|
aortic vestibule in ventricles
|
right- absent
left- present Space before aortic semilunar valve; walls fibrous |
|
|
valves in ventricles
|
right- tricuspid valve
left- biscuspid (mitral) valve |
|
|
Chordae tendineae in ventricles
|
present in both
|
|
|
Arrangement of myocardium in three layers characteristics
|
- all layers are attached to the cardiac skeleton
-superficial layer is continuous with the deep layer -These two layers arranged in figure "8" configuration; produce a wringer-like action; shortening ventricles upon contraction -middle layer decreases the size of the chamber (diameter) upon contraction -three layers function to empty the ventricle and eject blood into the great vessels |
|
|
parotid gland innervation
|
-Stimulation by sympathetic nerves results in reduced saliva secretion, due to vasoconstriction of the vessels supplying this gland.
-Parasympathetic motor fibers are supplied by CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.). Stimulation by parasympathetic fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) results in increased salivary production |
|
|
submandibular gland innervation
|
Parasympathetic motor fibers are provided by CN VII (chorda tympani branch).
|
|
|
sublingual gland innervation
|
Parasympathetic motor fibers are provided by CN VII (chorda tympani branch)
|
|
|
innervation of arteries of salivary glands
|
-Sympathetic motor fibers contained in the carotid plexus
-cause vasoconstriction of these blood vessels which reduces blood flow, resulting in decreased production of saliva. |
|
|
lacrimal gland innervation
|
-lacrimal nerve provides sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland
-Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) travel with this nerve to supply the lacrimal gland |
|
|
CN V1 in nasal cavity supplies
|
sensory to the ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal sinuses, plus the superior and middle conchae.
|
|
|
CN V2 in nasal cavity supplies
|
sensory to the maxillary sinus, palate and inferior concha
|
|
|
innervate the mucous glands of the nasal cavities
|
-Parasympathetic motor fibers
-Preganglionic fibers are contained in the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of CN VII -Postganglionic fibers originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion are distributed with sensory branches of CN V2 to the nasal mucosa |
|
|
CN I (olfactory nerves)
|
special sensory fibers for smell
|
|
|
ANS fxn
|
Controls automatic, involuntary functions
|
|
|
2 divisions of ANS and fxns
|
1. Parasympathetic Division - maintains homeostasis (a stable physiological state)
2. Sympathetic Division - prepares for stressful situations ("fight or flight" reactions) |
|
|
Motor neurons of ANS innervate these structures
|
1. Cardiac muscle (in heart)
2. Smooth muscle (in most hollow organs) 3. Glands (both endocrine and exocrine) |
|
|
How motor neurons are organized between CNS and target organ
|
2-neuron chain
1. First motor neuron has its nerve cell body in the CNS - it is known as a preganglionic neuron. 2. Second motor neuron has its nerve cell body in a ganglion in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) - it is known as a postganglionic neuron |
|
|
Sympathetic Division (Thoracolumbar Outflow) of ANS origin
|
Originates in spinal cord levels T1 - L2.
|
|
|
Preganglionic nerve cells location
|
located in the intermediolateral (IML) cell column
|
|
|
Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar outflow) Preganglionic nerve cells path
|
1. Located in the intermediolateral (IML) cell column.
2. Exit the CNS via ventral spinal nerve roots to enter spinal nerves T1 - L2. 3. Pass through the white communicating rami (14 pairs) associated with spinal nerves T1 - L2. 4. Fibers enter the sympathetic chain ganglia |
|
|
Fibers enter the sympathetic chain ganglia to:
|
a. Synapse with postganglionic neurons at the same level.
b. Ascend to a higher level or descend to a lower level to synapse. c. Continue on to a collateral ganglion in the abdominal or pelvic cavity before synapsing. |
|
|
Sympathetic Chain ganglia characteristics
|
1. Bilateral structures located adjacent to (parallel) the vertebral column.
2. Extend vertically from the base of the skull to the coccyx. 3. Connected to spinal nerves by: a.White communicating rami - 14 pairs (preganglionic) associated with spinal nerves T1 - L2. b. Gray communicating rami - 31 pairs (postganglionic) associated with all spinal nerves |
|
|
Components of the Visceral Reflex Arc
|
1. Sensory neuron, classified as general visceral afferent (GVA)
2. Connecting neuron (in spinal cord) 3. Two motor neurons, classified as general visceral efferent (GVE), including preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. |
|
|
Parasympathetic Division (Craniosacral Outflow) origins
|
Cranial portion originates in brain stem
Sacral portion originates in spinal cord levels S2 - S4 |
|
|
Parasympathetic cranial portion pathway
|
1. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate in brain stem motor nuclei associated with CN III, VII, IX and X.
2. Preganglionic nerve fibers are distributed to the cranial region in conjunction with four parasympathetic ganglia associated with CN III, VII (two ganglia) and IX. 3. Preganglionic nerve fibers are also distributed to the thoracic and abdominal viscera via CN X. These fibers synapse in the walls of target organs. 4. Short postganglionic fibers are contained entirely within the walls of the target organs. |
|
|
Parasympathetic Division sacral portion pathway
|
1. Preganglionic nerve fibers exit the CNS via ventral spinal nerve roots of S2 -S4 to enter the pelvic splanchnic nerves (nervi erigentes).
2. Pelvic splanchnic nerves are distributed to the pelvic viscera and external genitalia. 3. Preganglionic fibers synapse in the walls of the target organs with short postganglionic neurons. 4. The postganglionic neurons are contained entirely within the walls of the target organs. |
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
chemicals released at synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons and between postganglionic neurons and effector organs
|
|
|
Parasympathetic preganlionic and postganglionic NT
|
both Acetylcholine
|
|
|
Sympathetic preganlionic and postganglionic NT
|
Pre- Ach
Post- Norepinephrine |
|
|
Sympathetic (sweat glands) pre and post gangionic NT
|
both Ach
|
|
|
Sympathetic (adrenal medulla) NT
|
Preganlionic- epinephrine into bloodstream
|
|
|
organization of bronchi and alveoli
|
1. Primary (main stem) bronchi
2. Secondary (lobar) bronchi 3. Tertiary (segmental) bronchi 4. Terminal bronchioles 5. Respiratory bronchioles 6. Alveoli |
|
|
# of lobes in left and right lungs
|
Left- 2 lobes and 2 lobar bronchi
Right- 3 lobes and 3 lobar bronchi |
|
|
surface anatomy of lungs
|
1. Fissures and Lobes
2. Cardiac notch 3. Lingula 4. Apex - also known as the cupola 5. Base 6. Hilum 7. Visceral pleura |
|
|
cardiac notch location
|
in upper lobe of left lung adjacent to the heart
|
|
|
lingula location
|
in upper lobe of left lung; adjacent to the cardiac notch. It is shaped like a tongue
|
|
|
apex of lungs location
|
area of lungs above the first ribs; also known as the cupola
|
|
|
base of lungs location
|
area of lungs adjacent to the respiratory diaphragm
|
|
|
hilum of lungs contains
|
contains structures entering and exiting the lungs; i.e. bronchi, pulmonary vessels and nerves, lymphatic vessels and bronchial vessels
|
|
|
pulmonary circulation
|
1. Pulmonary trunk - emerges from right ventricle.
2. Pulmonary arteries (right and left) - have branching pattern similar to bronchi. 3. Alveolar capillary network - functional part of the pulmonary circulation; provides for exchange of blood gases with air in the alveoli. The total surface area of this capillary network must be equal in size to all of the combined capillaries in all the organs in the body. 4. Pulmonary veins - collect blood from alveoli and return it to the left atrium |
|
|
Sensory (GVA neurons) that innervate lower respiratory tract are contained where
|
contained in vagus nerve (CN X)
|
|
|
Motor (GVE neurons) of lower respiratory tract are contained where
|
autonomic fibers contained in pulmonary nerve plexus
|
|
|
Sympathetic (post-ganglionic) nerve fibers fxns in lower respiratory tract
|
to smooth muscle and glands; function to inhibit glandular secretion, induce vasoconstriction of bronchial vessels, and dilate bronchial tubes
|
|
|
parasympathetic nerve fibers characteristics in lower respiratory tract
|
- to smooth muscle and glands; function to increase glandular secretion, induce vasodilation of bronchial vessels, and constrict bronchial tubes
-Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are contributed to the pulmonary nerve plexus by the vagal nerves (CN X) -These fibers synapse with post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers on the surfaces of bronchial tubes and bronchial vessels |
|
|
contents of superior mediastinum
|
-all of the structures entering and exiting the superior thoracic aperture
-thymus gland (also in the anterior mediastinum) -great vessels of the heart -ligamentum arteriosum -three branches of the aortic arch -phrenic, vagal nerves and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve -trachea, esophagus and cardiac plexuses are located in the superior mediastinum |
|
|
middle mediastinum location and contents
|
mediastinum includes the heart and pericardial sac. This space is located between the anterior and posterior mediastinum
|
|
|
vertically oriented structures of posterior mediastinum
|
1. Descending thoracic aorta
2. Thoracic duct 3. Esophagus 4. Vagus nerves 5. Azygos system of veins 6. Greater splanchnic nerves |
|
|
horizontally oriented structures in posterior mediastinum
|
intercostal arteries, veins and nerves
|
|
|
femoral artery supplies
|
sartorius and vastus medialis
|
|
|
lateral circumflex femoral supplies
|
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis Vastus Intermedius |
|
|
blood supply medial thigh
|
Obturator and Profunda Femoris Arteries
|
|
|
posterior thigh blood supply
|
-Inferior Gluteal Artery and Perforating branches of Profunda Femoris Artery
-Short Head of Biceps Femoris is Perforating branches ONLY |
|
|
blood supply anterior compartment of leg
|
anterior tibial artery (a terminal branch of the popliteal artery)
|
|
|
posterior compartment of leg blood supply
|
Supplied by the posterior tibial artery and one of its branches, the peroneal artery
|
|
|
lateral compartment of leg blood supply
|
fibular circumflex arteries, branches of the peroneal artery
|
|
|
features of nasopharynx
|
A. Choanae - internal nares (openings) connect the nasal cavities with the nasopharynx.
B. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) - in roof of nasopharynx. C. Torus tubaris (hood-like fold) - surrounds the opening of the auditory (Eustachian) tube. D. Pharyngeal recess - posterior to the torus tubaris. |
|
|
structures of oropharynx
|
A. Palatoglossal fold - forms the boundary between the oral cavity and oropharynx. Palatine tonsil is located between the palatoglossal fold and palatopharyngeal fold.
B. Median glossoepiglottic fold - passes from the dorsum of tongue to the epiglottis in the midline. C. Lateral glossoepiglottic folds (bilateral) - pass from the lateral surface of the epiglottis to the dorsum of tongue. D. Valleculae - spaces between the median and lateral glossoepiglottic folds. These spaces are located between the dorsum of the tongue and the epiglottis |
|
|
features of laryngopharynx
|
A. Laryngeal aditus - opening into the larynx from above.
B. Cricoid cartilage - covered with mucosa and located just above the beginning of the esophagus. C. Piriform recesses - supplied by branches of the internal laryngeal nerve (sensory innervation of laryngeal mucosa superior to the vocal folds). |
|
|
inferior constrictor components
|
1. Thyropharyngeus muscle - attached to thyroid cartilage
2. Cricopharyngeus muscle - attached to cricoid cartilage; it is the only pharyngeal muscle that relaxes during swallowing. This action allows food and fluid to enter the upper end of the esophagus |
|
|
superior pharyngeal constrictor location
|
located posterior to the oral and nasal cavities
|
|
|
middle pharyngeal constrictor associated with
|
associated with the hyoid bone
|
|
|
inferior pharyngeal constrictor associated with
|
associated with the larynx, has two portions (thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus)
|
|
|
Axillary nerve supplies
|
deltoid and teres minor
|
|
|
musculocutaneous nerve supplies
|
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii brachialis |
|
|
radial nerve supplies
|
triceps brachii
brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus |
|
|
Median nerve supplies
|
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis Palmaris Longus Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Lateral Lumbricales |
|
|
recurrent branch of radial nerve supplies
|
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Opponens Pollicis |
|
|
Anterior Interosseous Branch of Median N supplies
|
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Pronator Quadratus |
|
|
ulnar nerve supplies
|
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Pollicis Brevis Adductor Pollicis Palmar Brevis Medial Lumbricales |
|
|
deep branch of ulnar nerve supplies
|
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Opponens Digiti Minimi |
|
|
posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve supplies
|
extensor muscles of forearm
supinator abductor pollicis longus |
|
|
flexor digitorum profundus innervation
|
Median N supplies Lateral 1/2; Ulnar N supplies middle and distal phalanges
|
|
|
Clinical Applications- week 7 of clinical anatomy class
|
-A student's conscious thoughts may slowly be invaded by information from their clinical anatomy course. This can lead to mistakes in other aspects of a student's life.
-"Dream Eater" syndrome may also develop in extreme cases. Anatomy class has invaded the student's unconscious and they are no longer able to have enjoyable, regular dreams |
|
|
boundaries of anterior cervical triangle
|
superior- lower border of the body of the mandible
posterior- anterior border of the sternomastoid anterior- midline extending from the chin to the sternal notch in the manubrium |
|
|
superficial structures of anterior cervical triangle
|
platysma
anterior jugular veins cutaneous nerves- great auricular and transverse cervical motor cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) |
|
|
contents of submandibular triangle
|
1. Superficial lobe of submandibular salivary gland.
2. Facial artery and vein. 3. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - provides motor fibers to the muscles of the tongue. 4. Lingual artery - a branch of the external carotid; supplies the tongue |
|
|
nerves in carotid triangle
|
1. vagus nerve (CN X)
2. spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) 3. hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) 4. ansa cervicalis (C1-C3) 5. motor fibers of C1 |
|
|
veins of muscular triangle
|
1. Anterior jugular vein becomes a tributary to the external jugular vein by coursing deep to the sternomastoid just above the clavicle.
2. A communicating vein connects the anterior jugular vein with the common facial vein. |
|
|
submental triangle contents
|
contains the beginning of the anterior jugular vein and one or more small submental lymph nodes
|
|
|
contents of anterior cervical triangle
|
1. The platysma
2. Investing Fascia 3. Infrahyoid Muscles 4. Superficial lobe of submandibular salivary gland 5. internal carotid arteries. 6. external carotid 7. Internal jugular vein 8. Anterior jugular veins 9. Facial vein. 10. Cutaneous nerves include the great auricular and transverse cervical 11. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) 12. Vagus nerve (CN X) 13. Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) 14. Ansa cervicalis (C1 - C3) 15. Larynx 16. Trachea 17. Endocrine glands 18. small submental lymph nodes |
|
|
superior mediastinum location
|
separated from the inferior mediastinum by the trans-thoracic plane that passes through the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5 vertebrae
|
|
|
inferior mediastinum location
|
-lies below the trans-thoracic plane
-This space can be subdivided into three regions (anterior, middle and posterior) with the heart and pericardium in the central or middle component |
