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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tunica Interna
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The innermost part of a vessel, make of epithelium, selectively permeable, and very slick.
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Tunica Media
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The middle part of a vessel, made of smooth muscle, allows vessel contraction/dilation, and is THICKEST in arteries.
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Tunica Externa
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The outtermost layer of a vessel, it has connective tissues so that is can anchor vessels in place, and it contains nerve fibers, lymph vessels, and it is the Vasa Vasorum.
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Vasa Vasorum
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"Vessels of the vessel"
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Elastic Arteries (Conducting arteries)
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Biggest about thumb to pinkie size, made of elastic tissue, and it expands and recoils due to pressure.
(aorta) |
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Aneurysm
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A weak point in an artery, where blood may accumulate between the tunics, thus making the tunics not have the integrity to hold blood in.
Atherosclerosis and hypertension are risk factors. |
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Muscular Arteries (Distributing)
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(Medium size) Made of more smooth muscle, smaller branches, and they distribute blood to organs and the femoral and brachial arteries.
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Arterioles
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Smallest before capillaries, and variable in location.
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Capillaries
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The smalls, only the endothelium layer.
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Venules
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The smallest VEINS, receive blood from the capillaries, and porous for WBC action, also CO2 rich.
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Medium Veins
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Thinner walls, less resistance, less elastic, less muscle, and may have valves.
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Pressure in veins is not enough to overcome gravity, so what helps with that?
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Valves
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Skeletal muscles _____ veins, which _____ pressure.
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Massage, increase
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Vericose Veins
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The pooling of blood due to incompetent valves, and the downward pressure restricts blood.
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Large Veins
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Morse smooth muscle, and greater than 10 mm.
(Vena Cava) |
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When is there the lowest pressure point in veins?
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When blood is going into the right atrium.
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Arteries _____ collapse without blood in the, but Veins _____.
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Don't, Do
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Vascular Anastomoses
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The merging of vascular channels, they provide a route to same region, and are common in joints, abdomen, heart, brain, and extremities.
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Capillary beds are two interweaving networks that are called ______, and ______.
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Metarteriole, true capillaries
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Metarteriole
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(vascular shunt) Throughfare vessel that connects arteriole to venule.
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True Capillaries
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They branch from the shunt and usually rejoin it, nutrition exchange happens here, and there are 10-100 capillaries/bed depending on the organ being served. The smooth muscle is a cuff at muscle root (Precapillary sphincter)
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Lymphatic System
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System of vessels, the carrying of "Lymph Fluid" and it is one way toward heart.
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Lymph Fluid
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Clear colorless, similar to blood plasma (lower in proteins), and it supplies lymphocytes to bloodstream.
VERY important to immunity. |
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What is the #1 function of the Lymphatic System?
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It recovers fluid (Plasma) that is leaving capillaries.
15% of blood is recovered, and the fluid flows into lymph capillaries, then empties into subclavian veins via ducts. |
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Flow of Lymph fluid
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1. Lymphatic capillaries
2. Collecting vessels 3. Lymph nodes 4. Collecting ducts 5. Subclavian Vein |
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It is a _____ way, _____ less, ____ pressure system.
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One, Pumpless, Low
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Lymphatic Capillaries
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Very permeable, made up of simple squamous epithelium cells, the endothelial cells are NOT tightly joined together, the collagen fibers attach to nearby cells for stability which creates a valve, and the valve closes when inside pressure is higher.
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Materials entering from interstitial space (Stuff in lymph fluid that has been picked up)
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-Leukocytes
-Proteins -Cell debris -Bacteria -Viruses -Cancer Cells -Lipids from small intestine |
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Collecting Vessels
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The "Lymph Vessels", they have 3 tunics, travel with arteries and veins, and they travel through nodes.
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Lymph Trunks
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Where the vessels unite into larger "trunks", and there are 5 main trunks around the body.
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What are the 5 Main lymph trunks?
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-Lumbar
-Neck -Mediastium -Abdomen -Subclavian |
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Lymphatic Ducts
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Where trunks unite, and empty into subclavian veins.
Two spots where it happens 1-right lymphatic duct @ Right Subclavian, and 2- Thoracic duct @ Left Subclavian. |
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Right Lymphatic Duct @ Right Subclavian
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Drains the right head, right thorax, and the right arm.
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Thoracic Duct @ Left Subclavian
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Musch larger, drains rest of the body, and begins at cisterna chyli.
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What are the cells of the lymphatic system?
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-Lymphocytes (T & B Cells for specific immunity)
-Macrophages (monocytes) (Phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T cells. -Dendritic Cells (Phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T-Cells. |
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What are the organs of the Lymphatic System?
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-Lymph nodes
-Spleen -Tonsils -Thymus |
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Lymph Nodes
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Hundreds around the body, very concentrated around neck, groin, armpits, and intestines.
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Lymph Node Functions
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1. Filters Lymph Fluid pathogens and debris using macrophages (ONLY organ with this role)
2. Activates Lymphocyte allowing them to recognize antigens. |
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Lymph Node Circulation
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1. Lymph enters convex side via afferent vessels.
2. Moves through cortex to medulla. 3. to Medullary sinuses (flow stagnates, and allows lymphocytes & macrophages to work) 4. Fluid leaves via efferent vessels on the concave side. |
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The Spleen is the _____ lymphatic organ.
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Largest
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Spleens #1 job
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Blood filterer
-Red pulp (concentration of erythrocytes, and macrophages) -Removes old RBC's, and blood borne pathogens. |
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Spleens #2 Job
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Lymph Organ
-White pulp (stains blue on slide), Lymphocytes, and Macrophages. -Removes pathogens |
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Spleen makes ____ cells in the _____.
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Blood, fetus
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Splenectomy
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Removal of spleen
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Ruptures Spleen
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Blows to left abdomen
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A Spleen can ______!
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Regenerate
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Overactive Spleen
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Lymphocytes are overly phagocytic to platelets and leukocytes.
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Thymus
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A bilobed endocrine gland, mediastium superior to heart, it differs from other endocrine glands (Does not fight antigens), consists of T-Cells mostly, and secretes hormones necessary from T Lymphocyte "Maturation" (being able to recognize self but not destroy self.)
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Whats the Thymus main purpose?
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secretes hormones necessary from T Lymphocyte "Maturation" (being able to recognize self but not destroy self.)
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Tonsils
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Patches of lymphatic tissue at pharynx, it is a defense against inhaled pathogens. Three parts to it palatine, lingual, and nasophyngeal.
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Palatine
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The tonsils doctors look at.
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Lingual
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The tonsils at the back of the tongue.
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Nasopharyngeal
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The tonsils at the back of the nose.
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What is the Lymphatic systems #2 Function?
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IMMUNITY, the lymphocytes and macrophages circulate, and attack pathogens, and also specific immunity.
Separate Defense for each pathogen. |
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What are the 3 modes of defense against pathogens?
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1. Physical Barrier (The skin, mucous, a very broad range of pathogens)
2. Non-Specific Defense (Broad range of pathogens, physical barriers, leukocytes, and inflammation. 3. Specific Immunity (Body must develop separate immunity for each pathogen) |
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Specific Immunity
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Bulk is done by T and B lymphocytes, they attack antigens, circulate the blood and lymph to reach infected tissue, and T-cells bind to antigens on alien cells (stimulate other immune cells, release toxins or signal macrophages to come), and B-calls secrete antibodies, and flag cells for destruction (Transplanted cells, infected host cells, and cancer cells).
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Bubo
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Infected lymph node, becomes inflamed when overwhelmed by antigens, and can become secondary cancer site.
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Elephantiasis
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Blockage of lymph system results in edema (accumulation of excess fluid, swelling), caused by mosquitos and blockage of lymph flow back to the heart.
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Hodgkins Lymphoma
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Cancer originating from lymphocytes in lymph nodes, and spreads from node to node. very low survival rate.
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What is the purpose of the Respiratory system?
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1. supply oxygen
2. dispose of CO2 3. pH Homeostasis 4. Voice 5. Olfactory (Smell) |
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What are the organs of the respiratory system?
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-Nose
-Nasal Cavity -Pharynx -Larynx -Trachea -Bronchi -Lungs -Alveoli |
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Nose
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-Nares (openings)
-Vestibule (Entrance, chamber, and contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair) -Vibrissae (Hairs, they filter coarse particles) |
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Respiratory Mucosa
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Lines the airways, is pseudo stratified columnar, contains goblet cells (mucus secreting cells), lysozymes, cilia, and you swallow a quart of mucus a day.
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What are the main things Respiratory Mucosa?
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It filters the air, moistens the air, the capillaries warm air, and nerves cause sneeze & cough reflex.
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Olfactory Mucosa
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Roof of nasal cavity, and smell receptors.
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Nasal Cavity
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Has 3 Conchae (boney projections covered with mucous membrane), a tight space, and air is forced to contact membrane.
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Paranasal Sinuses
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Ring of air filled cavities surrounding the nasal cavity, is emptied by blowing nose, and is the site of sinusitis (infection).
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Pharynx
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It connects mouth to larynx, and has three regions (nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx)
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Nasopharynx
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Posterioe to nasal cavity, only air passage, closed off by uvula during swallowing, it prevents food/fluid from entering nasal cavity, and contains
FIRST PART OF BACK OF THROAT |
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Oropharynx
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Common passageway for food and air, and contains lingual and palatine tonsils.
SECOND PART OF BACK OF THROAT |
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Laryngopharynx
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Common passageway, where the Trachea and esophagus diverge.
LAST PART OF BACK OF THROAT |
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Larynx (voice box)
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"Adams apple" It links pharynx to trachea, and has two functions
-Maintains airway -Voice production |
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How many cartilages is the larynx made up of?
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9 different ones
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What are the two most prominent cartilages that make up the Larynx?
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Thyroid cartilage (ADAMS APPLE), and Cricoid cartilage
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Vocal Cords
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Set of ligaments, the exhaled air passes through making the cords vibrate and clap together.
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Glottis
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The opening to the trachea and the vocal cords.
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Epiglottis
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Superior Flap/tissue that covers the trachea when swallowing.
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Trachea
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The windpipe, it extends from larynx to bronchi, nerves are sensitive to blockage (causes coughing), and only an air passage.
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Outer Trachea
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Rough corrugated cartilage
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Trachealis Muscle (Trachea)
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Allows room for expansion.
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Lungs
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They occupy most of Thorax, rest on the diaphragm, and there are blood vessels that enter and leave through medial hilus (where bronchii come in)
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The left lung is _____ than the right.
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Smaller
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Cardiac Notch
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Accommodates heart with the lungs.
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Left lung has ___ lobes, and the right lung has ___ lungs.
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2, 3
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What is the most common lung support tissue?
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Elastic Connective
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Pleura
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Double layered membrane on the outside of the lungs.
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Parietal Pleura
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Lines thoracic wall, inner wall.
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Visceral Pleura
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Covers the outter part of the Lungs.
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Plueral Fluid
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Reduces friction between the membranes, and surface tension resists separation of P & V pleura.
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Primary Bronchi
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Trachea divides into two of these, and then inside the lungs the bronchi divide.
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There are ____ orders of branching in the lungs.
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23
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Bronchioles
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The respiratory zone, where gas exchange and the blood picks up oxygen. The terminal bronchioles end in alveoli, then into respiratory bronchioles, then into alveolar sacs (grape clusters)
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Alveoli (little grapes)
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150 million in each lung, made of alveolar squamous epithelium, contains pulmonary capillaries, and creates respiratory membrance for gas exchange.
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Emphysema
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Permanent enlargement of alveoli, and loss of elasticity where air gets trapped in alveoli and gas exchange cant occur.
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Ventilation
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Breathing includes inspiration and expiration and they occur sue to differences in air pressures. The molecules move from places of high pressures to places of lower air pressure.
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Inspiration
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Breathing in
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Expiration
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Breathing out
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Forced Ventilation INSPIRATION muscles used
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Scallenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minors contract to raise ribs more.
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Forced Ventilation EXPIRATION muscles used
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Abdominal obliques, transverse abdominis, push abdominal organs up against diaphragm and internal intercostals depress rib cage further.
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Pneumonia
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Infection with bacteria, viruses, and injury. Causes fluid to fill alveoli making no gas exchange.
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A dust particle is inhaled and gets into an alveolus without being trapped along the way. Describe its path naming all passageways beginning with nares.
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1. Nares
2. Nasal cavity 3. Conchaes 4. Nasopharynx 5. Oropharynx 6. Laryngoparynx 7. Larynx 8. Trachea 9. Bronchi 10. Lungs 11. Alveoli |
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The larynx is made of 9 cartilages, the largest of which forms the Adams Apple in adult males. This cartilage is called the _______ cartilage.
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Thyroid
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In the nasal chamber there are three large folds of tissue that create narrow passages. These passages collect dust, and warm and humidify air. These folds are called _________.
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Conchaes
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What are the 5 tasks of the digestive system?
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1. Ingestion (Taking in food)
2. Mechanical Breakdown (Chewing, stomach churning) 3. Chemical Breakdown (Enzymes) 4. Absorption (Taking in nutrients) 5. Elimination (Getting rid of wastes) |
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Visceral Peritoneum
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The external surface of organs.
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Parietal Peritoneum
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Lines walls of abdominal cavity.
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Peritoneal Cavity
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The in-between space filled with serous fluid.
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Mesentary
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Tissue inbetween the small intestine that allows routes for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and holds and connects all organs in place.
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What are the digestive system organs?
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-Mouth
-pharynx -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine -anus -accessory organs |
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Oral Cavity (Buccal Cavity)
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Makes ingestion, chemical and mechanical breakdown.
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Tongue
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It controls movements that mix food with saliva, initiates swallowing, and contains the taste buds (lingual papillae)
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Saliva
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it is 97% water, and Lysozomes, amylase (enzymes that breakdown starch), Electrolytes, Mucus, and forms a BOLUS of food.
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Teeth
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you have 32, 16 upper, and 16 lower.
-Incisors: 8 -Canines:4 -Premolars: (20) All for grinding. |
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Esophagus
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The muscular tube that leads to the stomach, lined with stratified squamous tissue, it is very thick, and it collapses when not in use.
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Muscularis Externa
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It is part skeletal muscle, part smooth muscle.
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Paristalsis
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The waves of muscular contractions that push the food down.
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Lower esophageal (cardiac) Sphincter
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Prevents backflow from the stomach into the esophagus.
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What are the three major functions of the stomach?
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1. Food storage, and gradual release into small ingest.
2. Mechanical and chemical food breakdown 3. Some absorption: water, electrolytes, aspirin, alcohol. |
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Stomach lesser curvature
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the inner curve
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Stomach greater curvature
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the larger outter curve
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Stomach cardiac region
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right where the esophagus meets the stomach.
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Stomach fundic region
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the top upper right curve.
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Stomach Body
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The center of the stomach
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Stomach Pyloric region
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the section closes to the small intestines.... the pyloric sphincter controls the emptying.
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Gastric Mucosa
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The lining made of simple columnar epithelium, it is the lining of the stomach, has a mucosal barrier that guards the epithelium from HCL, had tight junctions b/w cells, and the cells get replaced in 3-6 days.
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Gastric Pits
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Produce several secretions:
-HCL: makes stomach fluids very acidic (kills bacteria) -Pepsin: Breaks down proteins -Mucus: Protects stomach wall from acids. |
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What are the three stomach muscle layers? (Muscularis Externa)
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-Longitudinal Muscle Layer
-Circular Muscular Layer -Oblique Muscular Layer |
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Small Intestine
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it is 10-15 feet long, the sight of MOST nutrient absorption, and covered by the greater Omentum.
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What are the small intestine regions?
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1. Duodenum (1ft)
2. Jejunum (5 ft) 3. Ileum (6 ft) |
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What lines the small intestine?
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Villi
-They are finger like projections that are made of simple columnar epithelium that increase absorption on the surface area, and it also has blood capillaries and lacteal capillaries. |
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Large Intestine
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Frames the small intestine on all 3 sides.
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What is the major function of the Large Intestine?
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The absorption of whiter, and the elimination of solid waste.
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Haustra
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Sack like areas, the 1st haustra is called the CECUM.
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What are the 4 parts of the colon?
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1. Ascending
2. Transverse 3. Descending 4. Sigmoid then the rectum and anus.... |
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Liver
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The LARGEST gland in the body, and the SECOND largest organ, has 4 LOBES. IT produces bile and delivers to Duodenum.
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What are the other non-digestive functions of the liver?
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It stores glucose as glycogen, stores vitamins, iron, modifies hormones, poisons and drugs in the blood (detoxing), and it synthesizes blood proteins.
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Anterior side of liver
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Diaphragmatic:
-Right lobe -Left Lobe |
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Posterior side of liver
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Visceral:
-Caudate (superior) -Quadrate (inferior) |
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Gallbladder
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A thin walled sac that is inferior to the liver and stores BILE.
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Pancreas
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It produces a broad spectrum of enzymes for breakdown, and delivers to duodenum.
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What are the urinary system organs?
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-Kidneys
-Ureters -Urinary Bladder -Urethra |
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What are the kidney functions?
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-Excretion of Urea
-Conservation of Water -Regulatory |
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Excretion of Urea
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A byproduct of metabolism, a poisonous nitrogen molecule.
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Filters blood plasma
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Gets rid of the toxic, and excess vitamins, and hormones
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Regulatory
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Regulates the blood volume, blood pressure, electrolytes, pH, and glucose.
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Retroperitoneal
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A covering or layer behind the abdomen and on top of the kidney.
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What is on top of the kidney?
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Adrenal Gland (Adrenaline comes form here)
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Renal Capsule
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The surface of the kidney
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Renal Cortex
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The outer region of the kidney that contains the NEPHRONS, which is the functional unit of the kidney.
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Renal Medulla
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The little renal pyramids that are very deep to the cortex, and contain urine collecting tubes.
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Renal Pelvis
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The concave (medial) side that is continuous with the ureter, and it contains the hilus (Entry for vessels)
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Nephrons do what?
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They filter the kidney and form the urine, and there are about 1 million in each kidney. They are located at cortes-medulla boundary.
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Glomerulus
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(Neutron part) The tuft of capillaries associated with renal tubule.
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Bowmans Capsule
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(Neutron Part) The enlarges, cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus.
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Blod pressure forces ______ out into the capsule.
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Filtrate
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What is filtrate?
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It is H2O, urea, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids. The filtrate enters renal tubule.
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Proximal Convolutes Tubule
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most of the filtering happens here, comes right after the bowmans capsule.
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Loop of Henle
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The bottom loop in a neutron that looks like a hair pin loop.
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Distal convoluted Tubule
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The little zig-zag after the loop of Henle
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Collecting Duct
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Where the urine is received from the nephrons.
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The ureters
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They are narrow muscular tubes, that transport urine into the bladder by peristalsis.
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The Bladder
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Is a hollow, muscular, and collapsible chamber that can hold about a quart of urine and bust if it is not emptied into the urethra soon enough.
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Urethra
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The thin tube that transports urine out of the body, and the two muscles controlling in are the internal sphincter (Involuntary) and the External Sphincter (voluntary).
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Primary Male Sex Organs
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Testes (makes sperm0
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Primary Female Sex organ
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Ovaries (makes eggs)
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Secondary Male Sex Organs
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Ducts, Glands, Penis
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Secondary Female Sex Glands
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Uterine Tubes, uterus, vagina
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Testes
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Paired oval glands that are contained in the scrotum, that secrete testosterone, and the sperm cells are PRODUCED in the seminiferous tubules, and the RETE testis transfer sperm to EPIDIDYMIS (where it will mature)
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Vas (Ductus) Deferans
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Transfers sperm cells (its within the spermatic cord), comes from the epididymis, goes around the bladder, and joins the urethra at the EJACULATORY DUCT.
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Seminal Vesicle
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The secretory gland adjacent to ampulla of Vas Deferans. Contains 60% of semen, and it ADDS nutrients for sperm cells.
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Prostate Gland
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It is inferior to the bladder, surrounds the urethra, is a secretory gland, and it adds enzymes for sperm mobility.
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Semen is carried out the ________ during ejaculation.
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Urethra
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Internal Urethral Sphincter
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It prevents urine from the bladder during ejaculation.
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Semen
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It is ejaculated at like 2-5 ml, it is 10% sperm, 30% prostatic fluid, 60% seminal Vesicle fluid, sperm count (20-120 million/mL), and less than 20 million means your infertile.
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Prostate Cancer
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It is Tumors on cortex of gland, then metastasizes to lymph, then to other organs. 2ND most common cancer in men, and risk is related to age, race, diet, lifestyle, and medications.
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Ovaries are anchored by what ligaments?
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1. Ovarian
2. Broad 3. Suspensory |
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Ovarian Follicles
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Your born with thousands, each has an oocyte(egg), and hormones activate growth stages, and it enlarges as it matures.
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Ovulation
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Follicle ruptures to release a mature oocyte (egg)
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Corpus Luteum
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A ruptured follicle
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Ovary
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Secretes progeterone, and prepares the uterus for a fertalized egg.
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Infundibulum
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The lateral/end portion of the finger like extension (fimbriae), they are NOT in contact with ovary, and it receives and moves egg.
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Ampulla
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The middle region and location of fertalization in fallopian tube.
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Body
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is a hollow, thick walled, muscled organ, that recieves, retains, and nourished a zygote.
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Cervical Cancer
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Common between the ages 20-30, a pap smear is a test for this slow growing cancer, HPV infected 70% of cervical cancers.
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Myometrium
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Smooth muscle, contracts during child birth, and is the most part of the uterus.
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Perimetrium
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The outer covering.
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Endometrium
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The mucosal lining, area where embryo imbeds. and it is lost during mensturation.
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Mammary Glands
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They are modified sweat glands that produce milk, and develop halfway through pregnancy.
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Breast Cancer
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The 2ND leading cause of death in american woman. It usually starts in epithelial cells of sweat gland ducts.
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