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189 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Tunica Interna
The innermost part of a vessel, make of epithelium, selectively permeable, and very slick.
Tunica Media
The middle part of a vessel, made of smooth muscle, allows vessel contraction/dilation, and is THICKEST in arteries.
Tunica Externa
The outtermost layer of a vessel, it has connective tissues so that is can anchor vessels in place, and it contains nerve fibers, lymph vessels, and it is the Vasa Vasorum.
Vasa Vasorum
"Vessels of the vessel"
Elastic Arteries (Conducting arteries)
Biggest about thumb to pinkie size, made of elastic tissue, and it expands and recoils due to pressure.
(aorta)
Aneurysm
A weak point in an artery, where blood may accumulate between the tunics, thus making the tunics not have the integrity to hold blood in.

Atherosclerosis and hypertension are risk factors.
Muscular Arteries (Distributing)
(Medium size) Made of more smooth muscle, smaller branches, and they distribute blood to organs and the femoral and brachial arteries.
Arterioles
Smallest before capillaries, and variable in location.
Capillaries
The smalls, only the endothelium layer.
Venules
The smallest VEINS, receive blood from the capillaries, and porous for WBC action, also CO2 rich.
Medium Veins
Thinner walls, less resistance, less elastic, less muscle, and may have valves.
Pressure in veins is not enough to overcome gravity, so what helps with that?
Valves
Skeletal muscles _____ veins, which _____ pressure.
Massage, increase
Vericose Veins
The pooling of blood due to incompetent valves, and the downward pressure restricts blood.
Large Veins
Morse smooth muscle, and greater than 10 mm.

(Vena Cava)
When is there the lowest pressure point in veins?
When blood is going into the right atrium.
Arteries _____ collapse without blood in the, but Veins _____.
Don't, Do
Vascular Anastomoses
The merging of vascular channels, they provide a route to same region, and are common in joints, abdomen, heart, brain, and extremities.
Capillary beds are two interweaving networks that are called ______, and ______.
Metarteriole, true capillaries
Metarteriole
(vascular shunt) Throughfare vessel that connects arteriole to venule.
True Capillaries
They branch from the shunt and usually rejoin it, nutrition exchange happens here, and there are 10-100 capillaries/bed depending on the organ being served. The smooth muscle is a cuff at muscle root (Precapillary sphincter)
Lymphatic System
System of vessels, the carrying of "Lymph Fluid" and it is one way toward heart.
Lymph Fluid
Clear colorless, similar to blood plasma (lower in proteins), and it supplies lymphocytes to bloodstream.

VERY important to immunity.
What is the #1 function of the Lymphatic System?
It recovers fluid (Plasma) that is leaving capillaries.

15% of blood is recovered, and the fluid flows into lymph capillaries, then empties into subclavian veins via ducts.
Flow of Lymph fluid
1. Lymphatic capillaries
2. Collecting vessels
3. Lymph nodes
4. Collecting ducts
5. Subclavian Vein
It is a _____ way, _____ less, ____ pressure system.
One, Pumpless, Low
Lymphatic Capillaries
Very permeable, made up of simple squamous epithelium cells, the endothelial cells are NOT tightly joined together, the collagen fibers attach to nearby cells for stability which creates a valve, and the valve closes when inside pressure is higher.
Materials entering from interstitial space (Stuff in lymph fluid that has been picked up)
-Leukocytes
-Proteins
-Cell debris
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Cancer Cells
-Lipids from small intestine
Collecting Vessels
The "Lymph Vessels", they have 3 tunics, travel with arteries and veins, and they travel through nodes.
Lymph Trunks
Where the vessels unite into larger "trunks", and there are 5 main trunks around the body.
What are the 5 Main lymph trunks?
-Lumbar
-Neck
-Mediastium
-Abdomen
-Subclavian
Lymphatic Ducts
Where trunks unite, and empty into subclavian veins.
Two spots where it happens 1-right lymphatic duct @ Right Subclavian, and 2- Thoracic duct @ Left Subclavian.
Right Lymphatic Duct @ Right Subclavian
Drains the right head, right thorax, and the right arm.
Thoracic Duct @ Left Subclavian
Musch larger, drains rest of the body, and begins at cisterna chyli.
What are the cells of the lymphatic system?
-Lymphocytes (T & B Cells for specific immunity)
-Macrophages (monocytes) (Phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T cells.
-Dendritic Cells (Phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T-Cells.
What are the organs of the Lymphatic System?
-Lymph nodes
-Spleen
-Tonsils
-Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Hundreds around the body, very concentrated around neck, groin, armpits, and intestines.
Lymph Node Functions
1. Filters Lymph Fluid pathogens and debris using macrophages (ONLY organ with this role)

2. Activates Lymphocyte allowing them to recognize antigens.
Lymph Node Circulation
1. Lymph enters convex side via afferent vessels.
2. Moves through cortex to medulla.
3. to Medullary sinuses (flow stagnates, and allows lymphocytes & macrophages to work)
4. Fluid leaves via efferent vessels on the concave side.
The Spleen is the _____ lymphatic organ.
Largest
Spleens #1 job
Blood filterer
-Red pulp (concentration of erythrocytes, and macrophages)
-Removes old RBC's, and blood borne pathogens.
Spleens #2 Job
Lymph Organ
-White pulp (stains blue on slide), Lymphocytes, and Macrophages.
-Removes pathogens
Spleen makes ____ cells in the _____.
Blood, fetus
Splenectomy
Removal of spleen
Ruptures Spleen
Blows to left abdomen
A Spleen can ______!
Regenerate
Overactive Spleen
Lymphocytes are overly phagocytic to platelets and leukocytes.
Thymus
A bilobed endocrine gland, mediastium superior to heart, it differs from other endocrine glands (Does not fight antigens), consists of T-Cells mostly, and secretes hormones necessary from T Lymphocyte "Maturation" (being able to recognize self but not destroy self.)
Whats the Thymus main purpose?
secretes hormones necessary from T Lymphocyte "Maturation" (being able to recognize self but not destroy self.)
Tonsils
Patches of lymphatic tissue at pharynx, it is a defense against inhaled pathogens. Three parts to it palatine, lingual, and nasophyngeal.
Palatine
The tonsils doctors look at.
Lingual
The tonsils at the back of the tongue.
Nasopharyngeal
The tonsils at the back of the nose.
What is the Lymphatic systems #2 Function?
IMMUNITY, the lymphocytes and macrophages circulate, and attack pathogens, and also specific immunity.

Separate Defense for each pathogen.
What are the 3 modes of defense against pathogens?
1. Physical Barrier (The skin, mucous, a very broad range of pathogens)
2. Non-Specific Defense (Broad range of pathogens, physical barriers, leukocytes, and inflammation.
3. Specific Immunity (Body must develop separate immunity for each pathogen)
Specific Immunity
Bulk is done by T and B lymphocytes, they attack antigens, circulate the blood and lymph to reach infected tissue, and T-cells bind to antigens on alien cells (stimulate other immune cells, release toxins or signal macrophages to come), and B-calls secrete antibodies, and flag cells for destruction (Transplanted cells, infected host cells, and cancer cells).
Bubo
Infected lymph node, becomes inflamed when overwhelmed by antigens, and can become secondary cancer site.
Elephantiasis
Blockage of lymph system results in edema (accumulation of excess fluid, swelling), caused by mosquitos and blockage of lymph flow back to the heart.
Hodgkins Lymphoma
Cancer originating from lymphocytes in lymph nodes, and spreads from node to node. very low survival rate.
What is the purpose of the Respiratory system?
1. supply oxygen
2. dispose of CO2
3. pH Homeostasis
4. Voice
5. Olfactory (Smell)
What are the organs of the respiratory system?
-Nose
-Nasal Cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Lungs
-Alveoli
Nose
-Nares (openings)
-Vestibule (Entrance, chamber, and contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair)
-Vibrissae (Hairs, they filter coarse particles)
Respiratory Mucosa
Lines the airways, is pseudo stratified columnar, contains goblet cells (mucus secreting cells), lysozymes, cilia, and you swallow a quart of mucus a day.
What are the main things Respiratory Mucosa?
It filters the air, moistens the air, the capillaries warm air, and nerves cause sneeze & cough reflex.
Olfactory Mucosa
Roof of nasal cavity, and smell receptors.
Nasal Cavity
Has 3 Conchae (boney projections covered with mucous membrane), a tight space, and air is forced to contact membrane.
Paranasal Sinuses
Ring of air filled cavities surrounding the nasal cavity, is emptied by blowing nose, and is the site of sinusitis (infection).
Pharynx
It connects mouth to larynx, and has three regions (nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx)
Nasopharynx
Posterioe to nasal cavity, only air passage, closed off by uvula during swallowing, it prevents food/fluid from entering nasal cavity, and contains

FIRST PART OF BACK OF THROAT
Oropharynx
Common passageway for food and air, and contains lingual and palatine tonsils.

SECOND PART OF BACK OF THROAT
Laryngopharynx
Common passageway, where the Trachea and esophagus diverge.


LAST PART OF BACK OF THROAT
Larynx (voice box)
"Adams apple" It links pharynx to trachea, and has two functions
-Maintains airway
-Voice production
How many cartilages is the larynx made up of?
9 different ones
What are the two most prominent cartilages that make up the Larynx?
Thyroid cartilage (ADAMS APPLE), and Cricoid cartilage
Vocal Cords
Set of ligaments, the exhaled air passes through making the cords vibrate and clap together.
Glottis
The opening to the trachea and the vocal cords.
Epiglottis
Superior Flap/tissue that covers the trachea when swallowing.
Trachea
The windpipe, it extends from larynx to bronchi, nerves are sensitive to blockage (causes coughing), and only an air passage.
Outer Trachea
Rough corrugated cartilage
Trachealis Muscle (Trachea)
Allows room for expansion.
Lungs
They occupy most of Thorax, rest on the diaphragm, and there are blood vessels that enter and leave through medial hilus (where bronchii come in)
The left lung is _____ than the right.
Smaller
Cardiac Notch
Accommodates heart with the lungs.
Left lung has ___ lobes, and the right lung has ___ lungs.
2, 3
What is the most common lung support tissue?
Elastic Connective
Pleura
Double layered membrane on the outside of the lungs.
Parietal Pleura
Lines thoracic wall, inner wall.
Visceral Pleura
Covers the outter part of the Lungs.
Plueral Fluid
Reduces friction between the membranes, and surface tension resists separation of P & V pleura.
Primary Bronchi
Trachea divides into two of these, and then inside the lungs the bronchi divide.
There are ____ orders of branching in the lungs.
23
Bronchioles
The respiratory zone, where gas exchange and the blood picks up oxygen. The terminal bronchioles end in alveoli, then into respiratory bronchioles, then into alveolar sacs (grape clusters)
Alveoli (little grapes)
150 million in each lung, made of alveolar squamous epithelium, contains pulmonary capillaries, and creates respiratory membrance for gas exchange.
Emphysema
Permanent enlargement of alveoli, and loss of elasticity where air gets trapped in alveoli and gas exchange cant occur.
Ventilation
Breathing includes inspiration and expiration and they occur sue to differences in air pressures. The molecules move from places of high pressures to places of lower air pressure.
Inspiration
Breathing in
Expiration
Breathing out
Forced Ventilation INSPIRATION muscles used
Scallenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minors contract to raise ribs more.
Forced Ventilation EXPIRATION muscles used
Abdominal obliques, transverse abdominis, push abdominal organs up against diaphragm and internal intercostals depress rib cage further.
Pneumonia
Infection with bacteria, viruses, and injury. Causes fluid to fill alveoli making no gas exchange.
A dust particle is inhaled and gets into an alveolus without being trapped along the way. Describe its path naming all passageways beginning with nares.
1. Nares
2. Nasal cavity
3. Conchaes
4. Nasopharynx
5. Oropharynx
6. Laryngoparynx
7. Larynx
8. Trachea
9. Bronchi
10. Lungs
11. Alveoli
The larynx is made of 9 cartilages, the largest of which forms the Adams Apple in adult males. This cartilage is called the _______ cartilage.
Thyroid
In the nasal chamber there are three large folds of tissue that create narrow passages. These passages collect dust, and warm and humidify air. These folds are called _________.
Conchaes
What are the 5 tasks of the digestive system?
1. Ingestion (Taking in food)
2. Mechanical Breakdown (Chewing, stomach churning)
3. Chemical Breakdown (Enzymes)
4. Absorption (Taking in nutrients)
5. Elimination (Getting rid of wastes)
Visceral Peritoneum
The external surface of organs.
Parietal Peritoneum
Lines walls of abdominal cavity.
Peritoneal Cavity
The in-between space filled with serous fluid.
Mesentary
Tissue inbetween the small intestine that allows routes for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and holds and connects all organs in place.
What are the digestive system organs?
-Mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-anus
-accessory organs
Oral Cavity (Buccal Cavity)
Makes ingestion, chemical and mechanical breakdown.
Tongue
It controls movements that mix food with saliva, initiates swallowing, and contains the taste buds (lingual papillae)
Saliva
it is 97% water, and Lysozomes, amylase (enzymes that breakdown starch), Electrolytes, Mucus, and forms a BOLUS of food.
Teeth
you have 32, 16 upper, and 16 lower.
-Incisors: 8
-Canines:4
-Premolars: (20)
All for grinding.
Esophagus
The muscular tube that leads to the stomach, lined with stratified squamous tissue, it is very thick, and it collapses when not in use.
Muscularis Externa
It is part skeletal muscle, part smooth muscle.
Paristalsis
The waves of muscular contractions that push the food down.
Lower esophageal (cardiac) Sphincter
Prevents backflow from the stomach into the esophagus.
What are the three major functions of the stomach?
1. Food storage, and gradual release into small ingest.
2. Mechanical and chemical food breakdown
3. Some absorption: water, electrolytes, aspirin, alcohol.
Stomach lesser curvature
the inner curve
Stomach greater curvature
the larger outter curve
Stomach cardiac region
right where the esophagus meets the stomach.
Stomach fundic region
the top upper right curve.
Stomach Body
The center of the stomach
Stomach Pyloric region
the section closes to the small intestines.... the pyloric sphincter controls the emptying.
Gastric Mucosa
The lining made of simple columnar epithelium, it is the lining of the stomach, has a mucosal barrier that guards the epithelium from HCL, had tight junctions b/w cells, and the cells get replaced in 3-6 days.
Gastric Pits
Produce several secretions:
-HCL: makes stomach fluids very acidic (kills bacteria)
-Pepsin: Breaks down proteins
-Mucus: Protects stomach wall from acids.
What are the three stomach muscle layers? (Muscularis Externa)
-Longitudinal Muscle Layer
-Circular Muscular Layer
-Oblique Muscular Layer
Small Intestine
it is 10-15 feet long, the sight of MOST nutrient absorption, and covered by the greater Omentum.
What are the small intestine regions?
1. Duodenum (1ft)
2. Jejunum (5 ft)
3. Ileum (6 ft)
What lines the small intestine?
Villi
-They are finger like projections that are made of simple columnar epithelium that increase absorption on the surface area, and it also has blood capillaries and lacteal capillaries.
Large Intestine
Frames the small intestine on all 3 sides.
What is the major function of the Large Intestine?
The absorption of whiter, and the elimination of solid waste.
Haustra
Sack like areas, the 1st haustra is called the CECUM.
What are the 4 parts of the colon?
1. Ascending
2. Transverse
3. Descending
4. Sigmoid

then the rectum and anus....
Liver
The LARGEST gland in the body, and the SECOND largest organ, has 4 LOBES. IT produces bile and delivers to Duodenum.
What are the other non-digestive functions of the liver?
It stores glucose as glycogen, stores vitamins, iron, modifies hormones, poisons and drugs in the blood (detoxing), and it synthesizes blood proteins.
Anterior side of liver
Diaphragmatic:
-Right lobe
-Left Lobe
Posterior side of liver
Visceral:
-Caudate (superior)
-Quadrate (inferior)
Gallbladder
A thin walled sac that is inferior to the liver and stores BILE.
Pancreas
It produces a broad spectrum of enzymes for breakdown, and delivers to duodenum.
What are the urinary system organs?
-Kidneys
-Ureters
-Urinary Bladder
-Urethra
What are the kidney functions?
-Excretion of Urea
-Conservation of Water
-Regulatory
Excretion of Urea
A byproduct of metabolism, a poisonous nitrogen molecule.
Filters blood plasma
Gets rid of the toxic, and excess vitamins, and hormones
Regulatory
Regulates the blood volume, blood pressure, electrolytes, pH, and glucose.
Retroperitoneal
A covering or layer behind the abdomen and on top of the kidney.
What is on top of the kidney?
Adrenal Gland (Adrenaline comes form here)
Renal Capsule
The surface of the kidney
Renal Cortex
The outer region of the kidney that contains the NEPHRONS, which is the functional unit of the kidney.
Renal Medulla
The little renal pyramids that are very deep to the cortex, and contain urine collecting tubes.
Renal Pelvis
The concave (medial) side that is continuous with the ureter, and it contains the hilus (Entry for vessels)
Nephrons do what?
They filter the kidney and form the urine, and there are about 1 million in each kidney. They are located at cortes-medulla boundary.
Glomerulus
(Neutron part) The tuft of capillaries associated with renal tubule.
Bowmans Capsule
(Neutron Part) The enlarges, cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus.
Blod pressure forces ______ out into the capsule.
Filtrate
What is filtrate?
It is H2O, urea, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids. The filtrate enters renal tubule.
Proximal Convolutes Tubule
most of the filtering happens here, comes right after the bowmans capsule.
Loop of Henle
The bottom loop in a neutron that looks like a hair pin loop.
Distal convoluted Tubule
The little zig-zag after the loop of Henle
Collecting Duct
Where the urine is received from the nephrons.
The ureters
They are narrow muscular tubes, that transport urine into the bladder by peristalsis.
The Bladder
Is a hollow, muscular, and collapsible chamber that can hold about a quart of urine and bust if it is not emptied into the urethra soon enough.
Urethra
The thin tube that transports urine out of the body, and the two muscles controlling in are the internal sphincter (Involuntary) and the External Sphincter (voluntary).
Primary Male Sex Organs
Testes (makes sperm0
Primary Female Sex organ
Ovaries (makes eggs)
Secondary Male Sex Organs
Ducts, Glands, Penis
Secondary Female Sex Glands
Uterine Tubes, uterus, vagina
Testes
Paired oval glands that are contained in the scrotum, that secrete testosterone, and the sperm cells are PRODUCED in the seminiferous tubules, and the RETE testis transfer sperm to EPIDIDYMIS (where it will mature)
Vas (Ductus) Deferans
Transfers sperm cells (its within the spermatic cord), comes from the epididymis, goes around the bladder, and joins the urethra at the EJACULATORY DUCT.
Seminal Vesicle
The secretory gland adjacent to ampulla of Vas Deferans. Contains 60% of semen, and it ADDS nutrients for sperm cells.
Prostate Gland
It is inferior to the bladder, surrounds the urethra, is a secretory gland, and it adds enzymes for sperm mobility.
Semen is carried out the ________ during ejaculation.
Urethra
Internal Urethral Sphincter
It prevents urine from the bladder during ejaculation.
Semen
It is ejaculated at like 2-5 ml, it is 10% sperm, 30% prostatic fluid, 60% seminal Vesicle fluid, sperm count (20-120 million/mL), and less than 20 million means your infertile.
Prostate Cancer
It is Tumors on cortex of gland, then metastasizes to lymph, then to other organs. 2ND most common cancer in men, and risk is related to age, race, diet, lifestyle, and medications.
Ovaries are anchored by what ligaments?
1. Ovarian
2. Broad
3. Suspensory
Ovarian Follicles
Your born with thousands, each has an oocyte(egg), and hormones activate growth stages, and it enlarges as it matures.
Ovulation
Follicle ruptures to release a mature oocyte (egg)
Corpus Luteum
A ruptured follicle
Ovary
Secretes progeterone, and prepares the uterus for a fertalized egg.
Infundibulum
The lateral/end portion of the finger like extension (fimbriae), they are NOT in contact with ovary, and it receives and moves egg.
Ampulla
The middle region and location of fertalization in fallopian tube.
Body
is a hollow, thick walled, muscled organ, that recieves, retains, and nourished a zygote.
Cervical Cancer
Common between the ages 20-30, a pap smear is a test for this slow growing cancer, HPV infected 70% of cervical cancers.
Myometrium
Smooth muscle, contracts during child birth, and is the most part of the uterus.
Perimetrium
The outer covering.
Endometrium
The mucosal lining, area where embryo imbeds. and it is lost during mensturation.
Mammary Glands
They are modified sweat glands that produce milk, and develop halfway through pregnancy.
Breast Cancer
The 2ND leading cause of death in american woman. It usually starts in epithelial cells of sweat gland ducts.