Anatomy Exam 4

Front 1

Characteristics of blood

Back 1

Blood is a connective tissue

4x more viscous that water

Temperature is 1 degree higher than measure body temp= 38 degrees C

Front 2

Components of blood

Back 2

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells; form the lower layer; 44% of blood sample

Buffy Coat: middle layer; 1% of sample

Plasma: straw-colored liquid; forms top layer; 55% of sample

Formed Elements: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes & Platelets

Front 3

Functions of blood

Back 3

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

Front 4

Blood transportation

Back 4

Erythrocytes:
-carry oxygen & carbon dioxide between lungs & body cells

Plasma:
-Transports nutrients absorbed from the GI tract to the liver
-Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands
-Carries waste products from cells to waste removal organs (kidneys)

Front 5

Blood Regulation

Back 5

Body temperature regulation

pH levels= blood pH is 7.4 = pH required for normal cellular functioning

Fluid levels in the cardiovascular system
-Maintain blood pressure

Front 6

Blood Protection

Back 6

Leukocytes guard against infection by a pathogen or an antigen

Antigen- substance perceived as foreign to the body

Blood loss- platelets & blood proteins form blood clots to prevent blood loss

Front 7

Components of Blood Plasma

Back 7

Blood plasma is a mixture of water 92%, proteins 7%, and other solutes 1%

Front 8

Albumins (plasma protein)

Back 8

Smallest & most abundant plasma protein; regulate water movement between the blood and interstitial fluid

Front 9

Globulins (plasma protein)

Back 9

2nd most abundant of plasma proteins
-Alpha-globulins & Beta-globulins: bind, support, and protect certain water-insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones, & ions
-Gamma-globulins: immunoglobulins or antibodies; soluble proteins produced by some of our defense cells to protect the body against pathogens that may cause disease

Front 10

Fibrinogen (plasma protein)

Back 10

responsible for blood clot formation

Front 11

Regulatory Proteins (plasma protein)

Back 11

include enzymes, proenzymes and hormones

Front 12

Hematocrit

Back 12

The percentage of blood that consists of red blood cells

Normal hematocrit range is 42-56% in men, and 38-46% in women

Front 13

Anemia

Back 13

Low hematocrit= any condition in which the RBC count is less than the normal range

Front 14

Polycythemia

Back 14

High hematocrit= the condition of having too many RBC's in the blood

Front 15

Difference between blood and interstitial fluid

Back 15

Concentration of dissolved oxygen is higher in plasma than in interstitial fluid

Concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in blood than in interstitial fluid

Front 16

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Back 16

body fluid found outside of cells

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Front 17

Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs)

Back 17

Most abundant of the formed elements
-Not really a cell- mature RBCs lack nuclei and organelles
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues and the lungs
Normal, mature RBC has a unique, biconcave disc structure - this allows the respiratory gases to be loaded and unloaded rapidly and efficiently
-Makes them flexible so can bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels
-No point within an RBC is far from the cell surface = facilitates the process of gas exchange

Front 18

Hemoglobin

Back 18

Is a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 19

Hemoglobin structure

Back 19

Consists of 4 protein building blocks called globins
-2 alpha (a) & 2 beta (B) chains
All globin chains contain a heme (non protein) group that is ring-shaped with an iron ion (Fe2+) in its center
Oxygen binds to the iron ions for transport in the blood
-Since each molecule of hemoglobin has 4 globins - can reversibly bind 4 oxygen molecules
-Weak binding allows oxygen to travel down its concentration gradient
-Picked up at the lungs
-Dropped off at the tissues
Carbon dioxide also weakly bonds to hemoglobin at a different side than oxygen (not the iron)

Front 20

Erythrocyte Life Cycle

Back 20

1)Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow
2)Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days
3)Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen
4)Heme components of blood are recycled
5)Erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids, some of which are used to make new erythrocytes

Front 21

ABO blood types

Back 21

ABO Blood Group has 2 surface antigens = A and B whose presence or absence are the criteria that determine ABO blood type.

A type = A antigen and anti-B antibodies
B type = B antigen and anti-A antibodies
AB type = A and B antigens and no antibodies
O type = No antigens and anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Front 22

Rh Factor

Back 22

When the Rh factor is present, the individual is Rh positive (Rh+)

If Rh factor is absent = Rh negative (RH-)

Antibodies to the Rh factor only appear in the blood of an Rh- individual upon exposure to Rh+ blood (Often occurs as a result of an inappropriate blood transfusion)

Front 23

5 types of Leukocytes

Back 23

Granulocytes
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

Agranulocytes
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes

Front 24

Neutrophils

Back 24

Phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria

Release enzymes that target pathogens

60-70% of total leukocytes

Front 25

Eosinophils

Back 25

Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens

Release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

2-4% of total leukocytes

Front 26

Basophils

Back 26

Release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions

0.5-1% of total leukocytes

Front 27

Lymphocytes

Back 27

Attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells

Coordinate immune cell activity

Produce antibodies

20-25% total leukocytes

Front 28

Monocytes

Back 28

Can exit blood vessels and become macrophages

Phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead cells

3-8% total leukocytes

Front 29

Platelets

Back 29

Irregular, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments= small volumes of cytoplasm wrapped within plasma membrane -> shed from megakaryocytes

Very small; exhibit a dark central region

Form blood clots or platelet plugs

Circulate 8-10 days

Front 30

Hemopoiesis

Back 30

Production of formed elements
Continuous process that occurs in red bone marrow

Hemocytoblasts produce 2 lines for blood development:
-Myeloid line: forms erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except lymphocytes
-Lymphoid line: forms lymphocytes

Front 31

Arteries

Back 31

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and become progressively smaller as they branch and finally result in Capillaries

Front 32

Veins

Back 32

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and become progressively larger as they merge and are closer to the heart

Front 33

Pulmonary circulation

Back 33

Right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins. This circulation conveys blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

Front 34

Systemic circulation

Back 34

Left side of the heart and arteries and veins that convey blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

Front 35

Position of the heart

Back 35

Slightly left of midline deep to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mediastinum

Front 36

Heart Wall

Back 36

The heart wall consists of three distinctive layers (from superficial to deep):
-Epicardium - consists of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue
- Myocardium - cardiac muscle and is the thickest of the three layers
- Endocardium - internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves

Front 37

Pericardium

Back 37

Tough sac that encloses the heart

Restricts heart movements so that it moves only slightly within the thorax

Comprised of two parts:
-Fibrous pericardium - outer covering of tough, dense connective tissue
-Serous pericardium - comprised of two layers:

-Parietal layer - lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
-Visceral layer (epicardium) - covers the outer surface of the heart

Front 38

Right Ventricle

Back 38

receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium

Front 39

Left Atrium

Back 39

Oxygenated blood from the lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

Front 40

Blood flow through the Heart

Back 40

Systemic veins-> S&I vena cava-> Right atrium-> Right AV-> Right ventricle-> Pulmonary semilunar valve-> Pulmonary trunk-> Gas exchange in the lungs-> Pulmonary veins-> Left atrium-> Left AV-> Left ventricle-> Aortic semilunar valve-> Aorta-> Systemic arteries-> Gas nutrient exchange in peripheral tissues

Front 41

Autorhythmicity

Back 41

meaning that the heart itself is responsible for initiating the heartbeat

Front 42

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Back 42

The electrical impulse that initiates the heartbeat

Front 43

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 43

slows conduction of the impulse as it travels from the atria to the ventricles, providing a delay between activation and contraction of the ventricles

Front 44

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle or "bundle of His"

Back 44

receives the muscle impulse from the AV node and extends into the interventricular septum before dividing into the left and right bundles

Front 45

Right and Left Bundle Branches

Back 45

These bundles conduct the impulse to conduction fibers called Purkinje cells

Front 46

Purkinje fibers

Back 46

Spreads impulse immediately throughout the ventricular myocardium

Front 47

Conduction system order

Back 47

SA node-> AV node-> AV bundle (bundle of His)-> Right and left Bundle Branches-> Purkinje Fibers

Front 48

Which is the natural pacemaker of the heart?

Back 48

SA node

Front 49

Where does the delay occur that allows the atria to contract before the ventricles?

Back 49

AV node

Front 50

Branches of right coronary artery

Back 50

Posterior interventricular artery and Right marginal artery

Front 51

Branches of left coronary artery

Back 51

Circumflex artery and Anterior interventricular artery

Front 52

Coronary Arteries and their companion Cardiac Veins

Back 52

The Great Cardiac vein runs with Anterior interventricular artery

The middle cardiac vein runs with the Posterior interventricular artery

The Small cardiac vein runs with the Marginal artery

Front 53

Which valve is also called the tricuspid valve?

Back 53

Right Atrioventricular

Front 54

Which valve is also called the bicuspid and mitral valve?

Back 54

Left Atrioventricular

Front 55

Tunica Externa (adventitia)

Back 55

connective tissure that helps anchor the blood vessel to an organ. Larger blood vessels requires their own blood supply. The smaller arteries that supply the larger arteries are called vasa vasorum which runs through the tunica externa

Front 56

Tunic media

Back 56

comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle. Sympathetic input causes this smooth muscle to contract resulting in vasoconstriction. Parasympathetic input results in vasodilation

Front 57

Tunica intima (interna)

Back 57

composed of an endothelium (simple squamous epithelium lining the inside of the arteries and veins)

Front 58

Types of arteries

Back 58

Elastic Arteries: Largest of the arteries

Muscular Arteries: medium diameter arteries

Arterioles: smallest arteries

Front 59

Types of veins

Back 59

Venules: smallest veins
-postcapillary venules: smallest ones

Veins: larger than venules
-Venules merge to form veins

Front 60

At which vessel is blood pressure?

Back 60

Arterioles

Front 61

How is blood pressure controlled?

Back 61

Parasympathetic innervation causes vasodilation and a lowering of blood pressure

Front 62

Types of Capillaries

Back 62

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

Front 63

Continuous (capillary)

Back 63

Most common type, endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining (no physical holes) aided by the presence of tight junctions.

Found in muscle, skin, the thymus, the lungs, and the CNS

Front 64

Fenestrated (capillary)

Back 64

Endothelial cells possess small "holes" to allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

Found in small intestine (intestinal villi), the ciliary process of the eye, most of the endocrine glands, and the kidney

Front 65

Sinusoid (capillary)

Back 65

Have big gaps between endothelial cells that promotes transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood.

Found in bone marrow, the anterior pituitary, the parathyroid glands, the adrenal glands, the spleen, and the liver

Front 66

Which type of vessels are blood reservoirs?

Back 66

Veins. They hold about 60% of the body's blood

Front 67

Skeletal muscle pump

Back 67

As skeletal muscles contract, they also pump blood toward the heart