Anatomy Exam 4

Front 1

the sites where 2 or more bones meet

Back 1

joints or articulations

Front 2

structural classifications:

Back 2

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints

Front 3

functional classifications:

Back 3

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Front 4

immoveable joints; restricted to axial skeleton

Back 4

synarthroses

Front 5

slightly moveable joints; restricted to the axial skeleton

Back 5

amphiarthroses

Front 6

freely moveable joints; predominate limbs

Back 6

diarthroses

Front 7

no joint cavity is present

Back 7

fibrous joints

Front 8

3 types of fibrous joints:

Back 8

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

Front 9

occur only in bones of the skull

Back 9

sutures

Front 10

bones are connected by ligaments

Back 10

syndesmoses

Front 11

peg in socket fibrous joint; only example is the articulation of a tooth with its bony aveolar socket

Back 11

gomphoses

Front 12

articulating bones are united by cartilage

Back 12

cartilaginous joints

Front 13

bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; synarthrotic

Back 13

synchondrosis

Front 14

common examples include epiphyseal plates connecting the diaphysis and epiphysis region in long bones of children; costal cartilage of the first rib to the manubrium

Back 14

examples of synchondroses

Front 15

articular surfaces of the bones are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, which in turn is fused to an intervening pad

Back 15

symphyses

Front 16

examples are intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

Back 16

symphyses

Front 17

articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity; permits substantial freedom of movement-diarthroses

Back 17

synovial joints

Front 18

glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces

Back 18

articular cartilage

Front 19

potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

Back 19

joint cavity

Front 20

joint cavity is enclosed by a 2 layered....

Back 20

articular capsule

Front 21

inner layer of the joint capsule is ______________ composed of loose connective tissue

Back 21

synovial membrane

Front 22

a small amount of slippery ___________ occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule; weight bearing film that reduces friction between the cartilages

Back 22

synovial fluid

Front 23

hip and knee joints have these; cushioning ________ between the fibrous capsule and the synovial membrane or bone

Back 23

fatty pads

Front 24

discs or wedges of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces; extend inward from the articular capsule and partially or completely divide the synovial cavity in 2

Back 24

articular discs or menisci

Front 25

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid; common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Back 25

bursae

Front 26

an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

Back 26

tendon sheath

Front 27

simplest joint movements; one flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another (back and forth and side to side) without appreciable angulation or rotation; intercarpal and intertarsal joints, articular process of the vertebrae

Back 27

gliding movements

Front 28

angular movements

Back 28

include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Front 29

bending movement usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together

Back 29

flexion

Front 30

beding the head toward on the chest, bending the body trunk or the knee from a straight to an angled position

Back 30

flexion

Front 31

reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints; along the sagittal plane that increase the angle between the articulating bones

Back 31

extension

Front 32

straightening a flexed neck, body trunk, elbow or knee

Back 32

extension

Front 33

bending the head backward beyond its straight upright position

Back 33

hyperextension

Front 34

lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin; wrist extension also

Back 34

dorsiflexion

Front 35

depressing the foot (pointing the toes); wrist flexion also

Back 35

plantar flexion

Front 36

movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body along the frontal plane

Back 36

abduction

Front 37

raising the arm laterally

Back 37

abduction

Front 38

opposite of abduction; movement of limb toward the body midline

Back 38

adduction

Front 39

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space; distal end of a limb moves in a circle

Back 39

circumduction

Front 40

turning of a bone around its own long axis

Back 40

rotation

Front 41

only movement allowed between the 1st 2 cervical vertebrae; common at hip and shoulder joints

Back 41

rotation

Front 42

rotating the forearm laterally so the the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly; the hand is ________ and the radius and ulna are parallel

Back 42

supination

Front 43

the forearm rotates medially and the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly; distal end of the radius across the ulna so that the 2 bones form an X

Back 43

pronation

Front 44

sole of the foot turns medially

Back 44

inversion

Front 45

sole of foot faces laterally

Back 45

eversion

Front 46

nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane

Back 46

protraction and retraction

Front 47

lifting a body part superiorly; shrugging shoulders

Back 47

elevation

Front 48

moving the elevated part inferiorly; chewing the mandible is alternately _______ and _________

Back 48

depression

Front 49

saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and the carpals allows movement; making the OK sign

Back 49

opposition

Front 50

discrete bundle of muscle cells, segregated from the rest of the muscle by a connective tissue sheath, a portion of muscle

Back 50

fascicle

Front 51

elongated multinucleate cell has a banded appearance (cell)

Back 51

muscle fiber

Front 52

rodlike contractile element, composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end , complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments

Back 52

myofibril

Front 53

a segment of myofibril, the contractile unit composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins, between 2 successful Z discs

Back 53

sarcomere

Front 54

extend the entire length of the A band, composed primarily of myosin

Back 54

thick filaments

Front 55

extend across the I band and partway into the A band, composed primarily of actin

Back 55

thin filaments

Front 56

composed of giant protein Titin, holds thick filaments in place, helps resist against overstretching, allows muscle cell to spring back

Back 56

elastic fiber

Front 57

rod shaped protein, in a relaxed muscle fiber they block myosin binding sites on actin so that myosin heads cannot bind to thin filaments

Back 57

tropomyosin

Front 58

3 polypeptide complex; 1 is an inhibitory subunit that binds to actin; another binds to tropomyosin and helps position it on actin; 3rd binds to calcium

Back 58

troponin

Front 59

globular heads of myosin that link the thick and thin filaments together and swivel around their point of attachment during contraction

Back 59

cross bridges

Front 60

regulates intracellular levels of ionic calcium , stores calcium and releases it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated

Back 60

sacroplasmic reticulum

Front 61

conduct impulses to the deepest regions of the muscle cell and every sarcomere; makes sure every muscle fiber contracts at the same time

Back 61

T Tublues

Front 62

an action potential along the sarcolemma, causes the short lived rise in intracellular calcium ions levels that is the final trigger for contraction, leads to sliding of the myofilaments

Back 62

excitation contraction coupling

Front 63

axon of each motor neuron divides profusely as it enters the muscle and each axon ending gives off several short, curling branches

Back 63

neuromuscular junction

Front 64

troughlike part of the muscle fiber's sarcolemma that helps form the neuromuscular junction

Back 64

motor end plate

Front 65

chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings

Back 65

acetylcholine

Front 66

enzyme present at the neuromuscular junction and synapes that degrades acetylcholine and terminates its action

Back 66

acetylcholinesterase

Front 67

a local change in a membrane potential that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus declines with distance

Back 67

graded potential

Front 68

a large transient depolarization event including polarity reversal that is conducted along the membrane of muscle or nerve fiber

Back 68

action potential

Front 69

protruding integral protein of the T tubules act as voltage receptors

Back 69

DHP receptors

Front 70

form channels through with Calcium can be released from the SR cisternae

Back 70

Foot protein or sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channel

Front 71

muscles begin to stiffen 3-4 hours after death, illustrates the fact that cross bridge attachment is ATP driven

Back 71

rigor mortis

Front 72

the response of a motor unit to a single action potential of its motor neuron

Back 72

muscle twitch

Front 73

1st few milliseconds following stimulation when excitation contraction coupling is occurring

Back 73

latent period

Front 74

when cross bridges are active from the onset to the peak of tension development

Back 74

contraction

Front 75

period of contraction is followed by.....; last 10-100 ms initiated by reentry of Calcium into the SR

Back 75

relaxation

Front 76

the second twitch will appear to ride on the shoulders of the first twitch, occurs because the 2nd contraction occurs before the muscle has completely relaxed; repeated events adding up

Back 76

wave summation/ temporal summations

Front 77

a smooth sustained muscle contraction resulting from high frequency stimulation

Back 77

tetanus/tetany

Front 78

if the stimulus strength is held constant and the muscle is stimulated at an increasingly faster rate, the relaxation time between the twitches becomes shorter and shorter, the concentration of Calcium in the sarcoplasm higher and higher and the degree of summation greater and greater, progressing to a sustained but quivering action

Back 78

unfused tetanus

Front 79

all evidence of muscle relaxation disappears and the contractions fuse into a smooth, sustained contraction plateau

Back 79

fused or complete tentanus

Front 80

the more motor units contract at once, the more force is generated; the force of contraction is controlled more precisely by...

Back 80

recruitment

Front 81

one motor neuron controls several to many muscle fibers

Back 81

motor unit

Front 82

a unique high energy molecule stored in muscles, is tapped to regenerate ATP while the metabolic pathways are adjusting to the suddenly higher demands of ATP

Back 82

creatine phosphate

Front 83

as ATP and CP are used, more ATP is generated by catabolism of glucose obtained from the blood or by breakdown of glycogen stored in the muscle; initial phase of glycolysis, this pathway occurs in both the presence and absence of oxygen but because it does not USE oxygen it is......

Back 83

anaerobic glycolysis

Front 84

under anaerobic conditions most of the pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis is converted to....; product of anaerobic glycolysis

Back 84

lactic acid

Front 85

occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, and involves a sequence of chemical reaction in which the bonds of fuel molecules are broken and the energy released is used to make ATP

Back 85

aerobic respiration

Front 86

energy source: Creatine phosphate

oxygen use: none

products: 1 ATP per CP

duration of energy provision: 15 seconds

Back 86

direct phosphorylation (coupled reaction of creatine phosphate and ADP

Front 87

energy source: glucose

oxygen use: none

products: 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid

duration of energy provision: 30-60 seconds

Back 87

anaerobic glycolysis

Front 88

energy source: glucose, pyruvic acid, free fatty acids from adipose tissue, amino acids from protein catabolism

oxygen use: required

products: 38 ATP per glucose, H20

duration of energy: Hours

Back 88

aerobic cellular respiration

Front 89

fibers used in:
storing creatine phosphate, breaking down glucose or glycogen to lactic acid

Back 89

fast glycolytic fibers

Front 90

fibers used in:
breaking down glucose or glycogen to lactic acid, breaking down glucose or glycogen to carbon dioxide with O2

Back 90

fast oxidative fibers

Front 91

fibers used in:
breaking down fatty acids to carbon dioxide with O2

Back 91

slow oxidative fibers

Front 92

bigger diameter, fewer mitochondria, white (little myoglobin), fewer capillaries around them, HIGH FORCE FOR SHORT TIME, THEN FATIGUE

Back 92

fast glycolytic fibers

Front 93

smaller diameter, lots of mitochondria, red (lots of myoglobin), lots of capillaries, LOW FORCE, BUT CAN BE ACTIVE FOR A LONG TIME

Back 93

slow oxidative fibers

Front 94

oxygen binding pigment in muscles

Back 94

myoglobin

Front 95

increase in size of a tissue or organ (muscle) independent of the body's general growth

Back 95

hypertrophy

Front 96

the long axes of fascicles run parallel to the long axis of muscles; muscles are straplike or spindle shaped with expanded belly (midsection)

Back 96

parallel arrangement or fusiform muscle

Front 97

rigid bar that moves on a fixed point or fulcrum

Back 97

lever

Front 98

a fixed point on a lever moves when a force is applied

Back 98

fulcrum

Front 99

condition that occurs when the load is close to the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum, allows small force exerted over a relatively large distance to move a large load over a small distance; power lever

Back 99

mechanical advantage

Front 100

condition that occurs when the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum, the effort applied must be greater than the load; speed lever

Back 100

mechanical disadvantage

Front 101

muscle has a broad origin and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion

Back 101

convergent muscle

Front 102

the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle

Back 102

pennate muscle

Front 103

when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings, surround external body openings when they close by contracting

Back 103

circular

Front 104

attachment on the moveable bone; moves more; more distal also

Back 104

insertion

Front 105

fixed or immoveable point of attachment (muscles); moves less; usually proximally located

Back 105

origin

Front 106

a muscle that provides the major force or producing a specific movement

Back 106

prime mover

Front 107

muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement

Back 107

antagonist

Front 108

most movements involve the action of one or more______; help prime movers by adding a little extra force by the same movement or reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur as the prime mover contracts

Back 108

synergists

Front 109

muscle pair extending diagonally from the cheekbone to the corner of the mouth

Back 109

zygomaticus

Front 110

small muscle running from the mandible to lower lip

Back 110

depressor labii inferioris

Front 111

unpaired, thin, sheetlike superficial neck muscle; not strictly a head muscle but plays a role in facial expression

Back 111

platysma

Front 112

powerful muscle that covers lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus

Back 112

masseter

Front 113

fan shaped muscle that covers the temporal, frontal, and parietal bones

Back 113

temporalis

Front 114

consists of 2 bellies united by an intermediate tendon, forming a V shape under the chin

Back 114

digastric

Front 115

flat triangular muscle just deep the digastric muscle; this muscle pair forms a sling that forms the floor of the anterior mouth

Back 115

mylohyoid

Front 116

thin, tripartite sphincter muscle of eyelid, surrounds rim of the orbit

Back 116

oribicularis oculi

Front 117

2 headed muscle located deep platysma on anterolateral surface of neck

Back 117

sternocleidomastoid

Front 118

primer mover of back extension; each side consists of 3 columns the ilocostalis, longissimus, spinalis muscles

Back 118

erector spinae

Front 119

11 pairs lie between ribs; fibers run obliquely down and forward from each rib to rib below; increase thoracic activity or capacity-elevates

Back 119

external intercostals

Front 120

11 pairs lie between ribs; fibers run deep to and at right angles to those of external intercostals; decreases the size of the rib cage, depresses it, forceful exhalation

Back 120

internal intercostals

Front 121

broad muscle pierced by the aorta, inferior vena cana, and esophagus, forms floor of thoracic cavity ; prime mover of respiration

Back 121

diaphragm

Front 122

extend from pubis to rib cage,

Back 122

rectus abdominis

Front 123

largest and most superficial of the 3 lateral muscles; when pair contract simultaneously aid rectus abdominis muscles in flexing verterbral column and in compressing abdominal wall

Back 123

external oblique

Front 124

deepest muscle of abdominal wall

Back 124

transverus abdominis