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253 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the branches of the aorta |
ascending aorta, arch, descending aorta |
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How many branches does the ascending aorta have? |
2 (coronary arteries) |
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How many branches does the aortic arch have? |
3 (brachiocephalic trunk, Lt common carotid a., Lt subclavian a.) |
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How many branches does the descending aorta have? |
2 (thoracic and abdominal branch) |
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How many branches does the brachiocephalic trunk have? |
2 (Rt common carotid a., Rt subclavian a.) |
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What branch is the vertebral a. of? |
subclavian a. |
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The vertebral a. passes through.. |
transverse foramen in cervical vertebra 6-1 |
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The vertebral a. supplies the.. |
cerebellum and post. aspect of cerebral hemisphere |
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The common carotid a. bifurcates into.. |
internal carotid and external carotid a. |
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What does the external carotid a. supply? |
neck and face |
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What does the internal carotid a. supply? |
brain and orbit |
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What does the subclavian a. supply? |
chest, back and shoulder |
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Subclavian a. turns into? |
axillary a. |
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Name branches of internal thoracic (mammary) a. |
ant. intercostal a. musculophrenic a. superior epigastric a. percardiophrenic a. |
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What does the internal thoracic a. supply? |
ant. aspect of thoracic wall and breast |
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Where are the ant. intercostal brs found and branch directly from where? |
found through 1-6 intercostal spaces and branch from internal thoracic a. |
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Musculophrenic a. has its own ant. intercostal branches. T or F |
True |
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Post. intercostal a. are branches from the abdominal aorta. T or F |
False, from the thoracic a. |
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Where is the pericardiophrenic a. b/w? |
b/w the pericardium and pleura |
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Which a. is used as a by-pass vessel in coronary a. by pass-procedures? |
internal thoracic a. |
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Name the branches of the external carotid a.? |
1. superior thyroid a. 2. lingual a. 3. facial a. 4. maxillary a. 5. superficial temporal a. |
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Name pulse site for carotid a.? |
carotid triangle |
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Name pulse site for facial a.? |
lower border of mandible and corner of mouth |
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Name pulse site for superficial temporal a.? |
front of ear |
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What does the superior thyroid a. supply? |
superior aspect of thyroid gland |
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What does the lingual a. supply? |
tongue |
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What does the facial a. supply? |
face |
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What does the maxillary a. supply? |
teeth |
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What does the superficial temporal a. supply? |
face, scalp and temple |
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What does the superior thyroid a. supply? |
The superior lobe of thyroid gland |
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Where does the superior thyroid a. branch from? |
external carotid a. |
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What does the inferior thyroid a. supply? |
the inferior lobe of thyroid gland |
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What is the inferior thyroid a. a branch of? |
subclavian a. |
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What does the thyroidea ima a. supply? |
the ismus of thyroid gland |
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What does the thyroidea ima. a. branch of? |
brachiocephalic trunk |
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Thyroidea ima a. is present in 40% of the population. T or F |
False, 10% |
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Why is the thyroidea ima a. avoided during tracheostomy procedures? |
courses on the ant. surface of the trachea |
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Major blood supply to face is by facial and superficial temporal a. T or F |
True |
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What is the middle meningeal a. a branch of? |
Maxillary a. |
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The middle meningeal a. courses ... |
inside of skull b/w dura mater and bone of skull in an epidural position |
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Which artery may rupture with fracture of the skull in the pterion area causing a life threatening epidural hemorrhage? |
middle meningeal a. |
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The two vertebral a. become the? |
basilar a. |
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Name branches of internal carotid a. |
1. ophthalmic a. 2. ant. cerebral a. 3. middle cerebral a. 4. post. communicating a. |
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Name the circle of willis. |
internal carotid a., ant. cerebral a., ant. communicating a., post. communicating a., post. cerebral a. |
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The ophthalmic a. travels.. |
along w/ optic nerve in through optic canal and gains access to structures seen in orbit |
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The ant. cerebral a. travels.. |
medial aspect of frontal and parietal lobes |
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The middle cerebral a. travels.. |
lateral aspect of cerebral hemisphere |
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The post. communicating a. travels.. |
connects internal carotid a. to basilar system/post. cerebral a. |
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Inferior opthalmic vein, facial vein, and superficial temporal vein all drain into.. |
internal jugular vein (close proximity to the common carotid a.) |
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The external jugular vein drains into.. |
subclavian vein |
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Which vein becomes engorged and prominent with CHF? |
external jugular vein |
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Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein drain into.. |
brachiocephalic vein on both sides -> superior vena cava |
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Veins of the brain drain to the .. |
dural venous sinuses |
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The dural venous channels conduct venous blood mainly to the.. |
internal jugular vein |
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The internal jugular vein is the main source of drainage from head, face, neck etc. T or F |
True |
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Dural venous sinuses are? |
spaces depicting veins |
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Infections of the neck and face can spread to the dural venous sinuses via the connecting veins and produce a meningitis. T or F |
False, infections of the scalp and face |
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The subclavian a. turns into.. |
axillary a. after the first rib |
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The axillary a. turns into.. |
brachial a. after the inferior border of teres major |
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Brachial a. bifurcates into.. |
Radial a. and ulnar a. in the forearm (anteriorly) |
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The radial a. is.. |
deep in palm and lateral |
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The ulnar a. is.. |
superficial in palm and medial |
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What specific part does the brachial a. bifuricate into? |
in the cubital fossa |
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Compression site of brachial a. to reduce bleeding |
mid course - medial towards humerus and distal - anterior into humerus |
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Name boundaries of cubital fossa |
superior = an imaginary line b/w the epicondyles lateral = brachioradialis muscle medial = pronator teres muscle |
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Name the contents of the cubital fossa |
lateral = biceps tendon middle = brachial a. medial = median nerve |
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Superficial to the cubital fossa is the.. |
median cubital vein (most frequent site of venipuncture) |
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The median cubital vein connects the.. |
cephalic vein and basilic vein |
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The cephalic vein is.. |
lateral, takes a long superficial course in forearm and arm, drains into axillary vein |
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The basilic vein.. |
medial, takes a short superficial course in forearm, drains into brachialcephalic vein |
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Which a. is usually the main contributor to the blood supply of the hand? |
Ulnar a. |
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Which a. is usually the a. of choice for obtaining arterial blood samples? |
Radial a. |
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The deep veins accompany the deep positioned a. T or F |
True |
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The superficial veins are in the .... |
subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) |
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The celiac trunk supplies the.. |
foregut |
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The inferior mesenteric a. supplies the.. |
hindgut |
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The superior mesenteric a. supplies the.. |
midgut |
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The three unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta is.. |
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric a. and the inferior mesenteric a. |
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The main paired branches of the abdominal aorta |
inferior phrenic a., renal a., gonadal a., common iliac a. |
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The right gonadal vein drains into.. |
IVC |
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The left gonadal vein drains into.. |
renal vein in left side than into IVC |
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Veins of the digestive organs drain into the portal vein. T or F |
True |
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What are the main tributaries of the portal vein? |
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein |
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Which tributary is of the splenic vein? |
inferior mesenteric vein |
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What does the portal vein connect to? |
wide capillary like structures in the liver, liver sinusoids |
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Digestive products in the blood are.. |
exposed to and taken up by the liver cells |
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Venous drainage of the liver is via.. |
hepatic veins to the IVC |
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Non digestive abdominal organs (ex kidneys) drain into.. |
IVC directly |
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Hepatic veins drain into.. |
IVC |
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The abdominal aorta branches into.. |
two common iliac arteries |
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Each common iliac artery branches into one a. |
False, two (internal iliac and the external iliac a.) |
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The abdominal aorta bifurcates in.. |
L4 vertebra |
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The internal iliac a. supplies.. |
pelvic region, medial aspect of thighs, gluteal, perineum (inferior to pelvis) |
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The external iliac a. supplies.. |
anterior -> inferior, distal to inguinal ligament becomes into femoral |
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The femoral a. has a deep branch called |
deep femoral a. |
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The deep femoral a. is the.. |
main artery of thigh |
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The deep femoral a. supplies.. |
neck, head and shaft of femur |
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The femoral a. supplies.. |
anterior and poster aspect of thigh |
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In the lower third of the thigh, the femoral a. passes through the ..... to enter the back of the thigh |
adductor hiatus |
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The femoral a. changes to what a. when it exits the adductor hiatus posteriorly? |
Popiteal a. |
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In the proximal leg area, the popliteal a. branches into.. |
anterior and posterior tibial arteries |
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The anterior tibial a... |
pierces membrane and travels anteriorly in leg (found in foot) |
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The posterior tibial a... |
travels continuously in the posterior aspect of the leg |
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Name the boundaries of the femoral triangle.. |
superior = inguinal ligament lateral = sartorius muscle medial = adductor longus muscle |
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Name the contents of the femoral triangle.. |
lateral = femoral nerve middle = femoral a. medial = femoral vein |
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The femoral a. is the site if insertion of a catheter for coronary a. visualization and angioplasty. T or F |
True |
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The femoral vein is a site for what in infants? |
venipuncture |
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NAVEL |
nerve, a., vein, empty space, lymph nodes (lateral to medial) |
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Inferior to mallelous is the.. |
dorsal pedis a. |
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External iliac crosses inguinal ligament. T or F |
True |
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Which a. becomes the dorsalis pedis a. |
anterior tibial a. |
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Deep veins of the limb accompany the ..... |
deep positioned a. |
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The great saphenous turns into.. |
femoral vein |
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The popliteal vein drains into.. |
great saphenous vein |
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The small saphenous vein drains into.. |
popliteal veins |
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Which is the major regulatory system of the body serving to maintain homeostasis? |
endocrine |
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What is the endocrine system composed of? |
glands that secrete chemical signals into the circulatory system |
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Chemical signals are called |
hormones |
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Hormones act on? |
specific target organ to influence its activity |
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Name the glands of the endocrine system |
pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testis |
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Pineal gland is also known as the .. |
pineal body |
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Tiny pine coned shaped endocrine organ |
pineal gland |
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Which gland is located near the center of the brain b/w the cerebral hemispheres |
pineal gland |
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What is melatonin and which gland secretes it? |
responsible for wake/sleep/eating patterns in vertebrates; pineal gland |
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The pineal gland is in the anterior aspect of the cerebral hemisphere. T or F |
False, posterior |
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The pituitary gland is also known as the |
hypophysis, considered "chief" of endocrine glands |
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Where does the hypophysis sit in? |
sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
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Where is the pituitary gland located? |
inferior to hypothalamus, more anterior than pineal gland |
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The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the |
infundibulum |
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Which are the two parts of the hypophysis? |
neruophypophysis (posterior pituitary) and adenohypophysis (anteior pituitary) |
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The posterior pituitary secretes .. |
hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus (stored and secreted) |
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Which two hormones does the neurohypophysis secrete and what does it do? |
oxytocin = SM contraction and lactation ADH = prevents output of excessive amounts of H2O |
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The anterior pituitary secretes.. |
releasing hormones under direct influence of hypothalamus -> either inhibit/stimulate activity of pituitary gland |
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The thyroid gland is bilobed. T or F |
True |
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The lobes of the thyroid gland is connected by a band of thyroid tissue called |
isthmus |
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Inferior to the thyroid cartilage |
thyroid gland |
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The lobes are ... to trachea of the thyroid gland. |
Lateral |
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The isthmus is ... to trachea |
anterior |
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What does the thyroid gland produce, store and secrete and what does it do? |
T4 and T5 = crucial for increasing metabolic rate within the body Calcitonin = secreted when excessive Ca+ levels |
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Which glands are embedded in the post. lobes of the thyroid gland? |
parathyroid glands |
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How many pairs of parathyroid glands? |
2 pairs (superior and inferior) |
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What does the parathyroid gland secrete? |
a hormone in response to decreasing Ca+ levels in the blood (increases Ca+ levels) |
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The pancreas has both.. |
endocrine and exocrine portions |
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The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces what? |
enzymes for digestion delivered by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum |
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The endocrine portion of the pancreases produces what? |
hormones directly into the blood stream |
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What three hormones does the pancreas secrete? |
insulin = stimulated by increases in blood sugar levels to decrease it, breaks down sugar into glycogen to be stored glucagon = breaks down glycogen into glucose somatostatin = inhibit release of insulin and glucagon |
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What exactly secretes the hormones from the pancreas? |
pancreatic islets |
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The thymus lies.. |
posterior to the manubrium and anterior to the fibrous pericardium (in b/w the lungs) |
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What is the thymus gland involved in? |
development and maturation of the immune system |
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When is the thymus most active? |
childhood, most largest |
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After puberty, the thymus undergoes a gradual increase in size and is replaced by fat. T or F |
False, undergoes gradual shrinkage |
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What does the thymus secrete? |
thymosin |
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Where are the adrenal (suprarenal) glands located? |
2 glands located on the superior pole of each kidney |
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The rt adrenal gland is ... shaped and its.. |
pyramid; anterior lateral to the IVC |
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The lt adrenal gland is ... shaped and its.. |
crescent shaped; lateral to the abdominal aorta |
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The adrenal gland is a continuation of fat from the kidneys. T or F |
True |
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Each gland has an outer ... and an inner .. |
cortex and medulla |
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The chief function of the adrenal gland is .. |
regulation of stress (hormones from medulla) -> catecholamines outer cortex -> aldosterone |
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Name the parts of the male reproductive system. |
testes, series of ducts, accessory glands, supporting structures |
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How many testes does the male reproductive system have? |
2 |
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Name the series of ducts. |
vas deferens, epididymis, urethra |
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Name accessory glands of male reproductive system. |
seminal vesicles and prostate gland |
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Name supporting structures of male reproductive system. |
scrotum and penis |
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Name parts of the female reproductive system. |
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia (vulva), mammary glands |
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How many ovaries does the female reproductive system have? |
2 |
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How many uterine tubes does the female reproductive system have? |
2 |
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Name structures of the external genitalia (vulva). |
labia minora, vestibule (space where urethra (anterior) and vagina (posterior) open) |
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Where do the testes reside? |
2 testes residing in the scrotum |
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What does the testes produce? |
spermatozoa (exocrine function) and testosterone (endocrine function) |
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What is the epididymis? |
a comma shaped structure on the posterior surface of each testis, has a head, body and tail |
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What does the epididymis do? |
facilities storage and maturation of spermatozoa |
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What is the ductus (vas) deferens? |
muscular tube extending form the tail of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (in the pelvic cavity) |
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The spermatic cord attaches.. |
scrotum all the way to the pelvic/abdominal wall |
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What does the spermatic cord house? |
testicular a., genitofemoral nerve, ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus of veins |
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What is the function of the cremasteric m.? |
forms the wall of spermatic cord, helps w/ elevating and depressing the scrotum thats required to maintain testis in certain temps. |
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What it is hot, the cremasteric m. will? |
relax to be further away from the testis |
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When it is cold, the cremasteric m. will? |
contract to be closer together to the body |
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Testosterone is involved in? |
reproductive system and secondary sex hormones |
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Where are the seminal vesicles? |
each located posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum, superior to the prostate gland |
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What does the seminal vesicles secrete? |
a thick alkaline fluid (seminal fluid) that nourish and protect sperm |
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What is the ejaculatory duct formed by? |
the union of the ducts of the seminal vesicles with the vas deferens |
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How does the ejaculatory duct travel? |
anterior, inferior through the posterior aspect of the prostate gland |
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What is the prostate gland? |
walnut sized gland surrounding the prostatic part of the urethra |
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What does the prostate gland secrete? |
secretes a prostatic fluid, a thin milky liquid which constitutes about 20% of semen |
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In relation to the reproductive system, the pubic is always ... and the sacrum is always .. |
anterior; posterior |
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What is the external urethral orifice? |
the opening to the urethra in the male reproductive system |
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How does sperm move? |
testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> seminal vesicles -> ejaculatory duct -> prostatic urethra |
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What is the recto-uterine pouch? |
a pouch b/w the rectum and uterus AKA pouch of douglas |
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What are the ovaries? |
paired organs that produce ova (eggs - exocrine function) and estrogen and progesterone (endocrine function) |
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How are the ovaries attached? |
to the lateral pelvic wall by the suspensory ligament and the uterus by the ovarian ligament |
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What are the uterine tubes also known as? |
fallopian tubes and oviducts (superior lateral of uterus) |
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What are the uterine tubes? |
paired tubes that extend from each side of the uterus and open as fimbriae adjacent to each ovary |
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What does the uterine tubes receive? |
ova released by the ovary |
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Where does fertilization take place? |
uterine tubes |
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What is the uterus? |
a pear shaped, hollow muscular organ that protects and nourishes a developing fetus |
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How is the uterus positioned? |
anteverted and anteflexed |
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How is the uterus held in place? |
by ligaments |
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Name the parts of the uterus and what is it? |
fundus - large rounded part (superior) cervix - narrow part (inferior) body - b/w fundus and cervix |
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What is the vagina? |
a tube extending from the uterus (specifically the cervix) to the outside of the body, female organ of copulation |
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What does the vagina allow? |
menstrual flow and child birth |
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What is it called when the ligaments holding the uterus in its normal ante verted and ante flexed position become weak? |
prolapse of uterus, allows the uterus to descend into the vagina |
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Who is affected by prolapse of uterus? |
multiparous women and old age |
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What is b/w the internal os and external os? |
cervix |
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How does the uterine a. pass? |
above the uteter, lateral to the lateral fornix |
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During hysterectomy, while ligating the uterine a., the ureter may be accidentally injured. T or F |
True |
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If the uterine a. is ligated (tied), what organ can be damaged? |
kidneys |
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If the uterine a. is cut, what can result? |
fistula |
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Name the external anatomical landmarks of the breast. |
nipple and areola (darkened region surrounding the nipple) |
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Name the internal features of the breast. |
15-20 glandular lobes which contain: fat (contributes to shape and size), lactiferous ducts and sinuses, cooper's (suspensory) ligaments (support and hold the breasts in place) |
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Name the parts of the urinary system. |
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Name the steps of how urine travels through the parts of the urinary system. |
urine travels to bladder by the ureters, urine is stored in the bladder, and urine is expelled through the urethra |
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What are the kidneys? |
paired bean shaped organs |
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Where are the kidneys located? |
posterior abdominal wall, inferior to the diaphragm, retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneal cavity), lateral to vertebrae column |
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The right kidney is.. |
inferior to the liver and slightly lower than the left |
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The left kidney is.. |
posterior to spleen |
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The kidneys sit b/w vertebrae? |
T11-T12 - L3 (can be changed by position) |
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The kidneys are surrounded by a... |
renal capsule (connective tissue) which in turn is surrounded by layers of fat |
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What structure further protects the kidneys? |
floating ribs 11 and 12 |
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From in to out, name what protects the kidneys. |
renal corpuscle, parirenal fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat |
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Why is the renal fascia important? |
helps stabilize the kidneys |
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Name the parts of the nephron. |
glomerulus, bowman's capsule, proximal convulated tubule, loop of henle, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convulated tubule, collecting duct |
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Where does tubular reabsorption and filtration occur? |
bowman's capsule and PCT |
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Filtered blood itself leaves via afferent arteriole till it gets to renal vein. T or F |
False, efferent arteriole |
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Blood moves from renal vein to.. |
inferior vena cava to right atrium |
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Name the hilus of kidney. |
renal vein, renal a. and renal pelvis |
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Blood is sent to kidneys via ... which is a branch of what? |
renal a. (branch of abdominal aorta, inferior to superior mesenteric a.) |
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The renal a. branches into what? |
afferent arteriole and enters the glomerulus |
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Name the flow of urine. |
cortex -> renal pyramid -> renal papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter |
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Glomerulus and bowman's capsule make up the.. |
renal corpuscle |
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Name the structures of the renal cortex (outer). |
glomerulus, bowman's capsule, PCT and DCT |
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Name the structures of the renal medulla (inner). |
renal pyramids (collecting duct, loop of henle) |
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Name the constrictions of ureter. |
1. at renal pelvis 2. at pelvis brim (medially) 3. at bladder (laterally) |
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Stones tend to get lodged on the parts of where constrictions of ureter occurs. T or F |
True |
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Ureter crosses over which a. to enter what region? |
common iliac a., to enter pelvic region |
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The ureter enters the bladder at the ... |
posterior, lateral aspect (bilaterally) |
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The female bladder is .. to the pubic symphysis. |
posterior |
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The female bladder is .. to vagina. |
anterior |
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The female bladder is ... to uterus. |
anterior/inferior |
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The male bladder is .. to the pubic symphysis. |
posterior |
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The male bladder is .. to the rectum. |
anterior |
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The male bladder is .. to the seminal vesicles. |
anterior |
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The male bladder is .. to prostate gland. |
superior |
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The urinary bladder is a ... |
hallow muscular organ |
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The detrusor muscle is.. |
smooth muscle found in the urinary bladder |
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Rugae is found in the ... and its function? |
urinary bladder, flattens to increase capacity of bladder |
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The trigone is an opening for .. |
urethra |
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Name the two openings of the urethra. |
external opening of urethra and internal opening of urethra |
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Which part of the male pelvis receives ejaculatory duct? |
prostatic part of urethra |
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What is the special component of the urethra in males as oppose to females? |
it contains both reproductive and urinary system components |
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Name parts of the urethra of a male. |
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra (goes through uregenital diaphragm), and penile (spongy) urethra |
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Which, female or male, have urinary incontinence much more commonly and why? |
females, due to shorter urethra |
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What is a horseshoe kidney? |
the inferior poles of the kidney fuses (inferior to inferior mesenteric a.) and looks like a horse shoe |
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Name the process of transplanting a new kidney. |
the new kidney is transplanted within pelvic region called the iliac fossa. the vessels from old kidney is attached to new kidney. the renal a. is attached to the external iliac a. and the renal vein is attached to the external iliac vein. |
