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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
which cranial nerves are special sensory group nerves?
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I, II, VIII
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which cranial nerves are part of the somatosensory group?
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III, IV, VI, XI, XII
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which cranial nerves are part of the branchiomotor group?
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V, VII, IX, X
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what nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?
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CN VI
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what nerve innervates the superior oblique eye muscle?
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CN IV
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What nerve innervates the rest of the eyes muscles?
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CN III
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What is CN III known as?
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the "awake" muscle
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what 2 eye muscles are your intorters?
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superior rectus and superior oblique
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what eyes muscles are considered your extorters?
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inferior rectus and inferior oblique
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which nerve closes your eyelids?
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CN VII
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Which eye muscle is closer to the eye, the oblique or the rectus?
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the oblique. the rectus is on top of the oblique.
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which wall of the orbit is the weakest wall?
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medial
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when you have a blowout injury of the orbit, what muscle can herniate so that you can't look up?
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the inferior oblique.
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How many muscles are there total in the orbit and the eyeball?
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10
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Which muscle is has both a somatic and visceral innervation of the eye?
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levator palpebrae superiorus
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Which nerve innervates the palpebrae superioris muscle?
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CN III. (sympathetic branch innervates the superior tarsal part)
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How many extraocular eye muscles are there?
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6
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What are they and what innervates them?
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superior rectus (III), superior oblique (IV), medial rectus (III), inferior rectus (III), inferior oblique (III), lateral rectus (VI).
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How many intraocular eye muscles are there?
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3
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name the intraocular eye muscles and their innervations
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dilator pupillae (symp), constrictor pupillae (para), ciliary (para)
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which muscles are visceral and which are somatic?
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extraocular are somatic and intraocular are visceral
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What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
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It increases the curvature of the lens
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trigeminal neve V is also known as the what?
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The Nerve of the first pharyngeal arch
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What are the 3 sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve?
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V1, V2, V3
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what division is V1?
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Ophtalmic
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what division is V2?
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maxillary
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what division is V3?
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mandibular
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What is so special about V3?
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It is a mix of both sensor and motor.
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the motor root of the trigeminal nerve innervates what?
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all skeletal muscles derived form the mesoderm of the 1st pharyngeal arch
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The sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve is visceral, somatic, or motor?
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Somatic
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When you have an itchy nose, which division of nerves is talking to you?
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Opthalmic
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The Telencephalon gives off which cranial nerve?
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CN I
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The Diencephalon gives off which cranial nerve?
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CN II
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The Midbrain gives off what cranial nerves?
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CN III, CN IV
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The Pons gives off which cranial nerves?
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CN V, VI, VII, VIII.
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The medulla gives off which cranial nerves?
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CN IX, X, XII
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The spinal cord gives off which CN?
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XI
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The extraocular nerves are?
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CN III, IV, VI
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the somatic motor component of CN III is a lower motor neuron or upper? how many muscles does it innervate?
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Lower motor. 5 muscles.
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CN III is a pure motor nerve derived from what?
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cervical somites of the embryo
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the parasympathetic (visceral) motor supplies which two muscles inside the eyeball?
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sphincter pupillae and cilliary muscle (accomodation).
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what 3 functions does the somatic division of CN III do?
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1. raise upper eyelid. 2. moves the eyeball up, in and down. 3. converges (approximates) both corneas.
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what 2 functions does the visceral (parasympathetic) component of CN III do?
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1. constricts the pupil. 2. contracts the ciliary muscle, which results in thickening of the lens.
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what structures lie within the cavernous sinus? (3)
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1. internal carotid artery. 2. sympathetic carotid plexus. 3. abducens nerve (CN VI).
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what structures are in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus? (4)
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1. CN III, CN IV, Opthalmic division (V1), Maxillary division (V2).
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Oculomotor Opthalmoplegia has 5 major clinical signs. What are they?
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1. complete eye ptosis. 2. cornea looks out & down. 3. full-blown pupil (mydriasis) 4. loss of light reflex. 5. loss of accommodation
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CN nerve IV is also derived from what?
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it is a pure somatic motor nerve derived from the cervical somites of the embryo
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which cranial nerve is the only CN that emerges from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem?
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CN IV
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Where is the motor nucleus (lmn) for CN IV?
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caudal midbrain
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Which muscles does CN IV supply?
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Superior oblique
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Both superior muscles working together allows us to do what?
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Look at the tip of our nose
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Trochlear Nerve Palsy causes what symptoms?
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unilateral cornea higher than the other and vertical diplopia. Tilting head to good side eliminates diplopia.
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CN VI is also derived from what?
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Pure somatic motor nerve derived from cervical somites of the embryo
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Where is the nucleus (lmn) located for CN VI?
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located in caudal pons beneath floor of 4th ventricle
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what muscle does CN VI supply?
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Lateral rectus
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Abducens makes the eyeball do what?
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Abduct!
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The sympathetic system of the head and neck has five normal functions, what are they?
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1. tugs on eyelid, 2. dilates pupils, 3. constricts vessels, 4. perspiration, 5. goose bumps.
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Obicularis Oculi is supplied by which nerve?
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CN VII
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Where is the nucleus (lmn) located for CN VI?
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located in caudal pons beneath floor of 4th ventricle
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what muscle does CN VI supply?
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Lateral rectus
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Abducens makes the eyeball do what?
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Abduct!
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The sympathetic system of the head and neck has five normal functions, what are they?
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1. tugs on eyelid, 2. dilates pupils, 3. constricts vessels, 4. perspiration, 5. goose bumps.
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Obicularis Oculi is supplied by which nerve?
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CN VII
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Superior tarsal muscle of the eye is supplied by which nerve?
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sympathetic
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Horner's syndrome has 5 major components, what are they?
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1. sunk-in eyeball, 2. partial lid ptosis, 3. pupillary constriction, 4. hemi-facial flushing, 5. hemi-facial dryness.
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which bone of the face is the "keystone"?
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Maxilla
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The orbit is made up of which bones?
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1. frontal, 2. zygomatic, 3. maxillary, 4. lacrimal, 5. ethmoid, 6. sphenoid, 7. palantine
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The palantine bone makes of the _____ of the orbit.
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floor.
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If the Optic nerve is not a nerve, so what is it?
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It is a white tract of the diencehpalon
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What kind of function does the optic nerve provide?
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special sensory
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What is the true optic nerve?
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Bipolar cells which is the 1st neuron.
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What is the 2nd neuron of the optic pathway?
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Ganglion cells, which is called the "optic nerve."
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What is the third neuron in the optic/visual pathway?
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Lateral Geniculate Body.
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what are the 3 groups that CN's are classified into?
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pure sensory, pure motor, mixed sensory and motor
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name the nerves from the special sensory group
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CN I, CN II, CN VIII
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name the nerves from the pure motor group
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CN III, CN IV, CN VI, CN XI, CN XII
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name the nerves from the mixed group
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CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X
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Ontogeny is defined as what?
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the development of one individual
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phylogeny is defined as what?
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the development of and entire species over millions of years
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Remnants of gills are called what?
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Pharyngeal (branchial) arches
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In a 4 week old fetus, the first branchial arch is also called what?
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mandibular arch
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in a 4 week old fetus, the second branchial arch is also called what?
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hyoid arch
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in a 4 week old fetus, the third branchial arch is called what?
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postoral arch
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The 5 bars (or arches) that are formed in the first 4 weeks are primitive foregut, midgut, or hindgut structures?
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foregut
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What layer flanks the 5 arches?
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mesoderm
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Each arch is covered by what?
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ectoderm on the outside and endoderm on the inside
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pharyngeal arches are separated by ____ on the outside and _____ on the inside.
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clefts and pouches
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Which arch does not exist in mammals?
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#5
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Each pharyngeal arch has its own set of structures. What are the five structures?
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artery, nerve, cartilage, set of muscles.
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The chorda tympani belongs to what nerve?
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Facial nerve
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What does the chorda tympani do?
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Provides taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic innervation to salivary glands
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In the 8 week old embryo, what structures does the 1st arch contain?
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Meckel's cartilage: Incus, malleus, future sphenomandibular ligament, portions of mandibular bone
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In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 2nd arch contain?
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stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid cartilage, upper half of hyoid body
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In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 3rd arch contain?
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greater horn of hyoid cartilage, lower half of hyoid body.
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In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 4th arch contain?
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thyroid cartilage,
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In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 6th arch contain?
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Cricoid cartilage
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how is CN I classified?
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As both special sensory and special visceral afferent
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how is CN I formed?
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by the central axons of the bipolar olfactory neurons
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the peripheral organ of smell is known as...
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the bipolar olfactory receptor neurons
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the 1st neuron of the olfactory pathway does what?
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sensory receptor and conductor of nerve impulses
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The first sensory neurons in the olfactory pathway can be found where?
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Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa
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what is the name of the cells that make up the second olfactory neuron?
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mitral cells
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where are the olfactory mitral cells located?
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they are located in the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. (mitral cells form olfactory tract)
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how does each olfactory tract end?
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by bifurcating into lateral and medial olfactory striae.
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where does the lateral olfactory striae synapse?
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in the ipsilateral piriform cortex of the temporal lobe
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axons of the medial olfactory stria synapse where?
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they cross the midline in the anterior commissure to synapse with olfactory centers in the contralateral hemisphere
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What makes CN I different from all the other nerves?
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1. both sensory receptors and primary neurons are the same, neurons get replaced, contact with external environment, synapses directly with cortex
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What is the first floor of the CNS?
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spinal cord
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What is the second floor of the CNS?
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Medulla Oblongata
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What is the the third floor of the CNS?
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Pons and Cerebellum
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What is the 4th floor of the CNS?
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Midbrain
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What is the 5th floor of the CNS?
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Diencephalon
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What is the 6th floor of the CNS?
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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True or False, the reflex center runs the length of the building?
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True
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Name the 4 components of the spinal nerves.
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Sensory: somatic and visceral. Motor: somatic and visceral.
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Name the special senses
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balance, hearing, vision, olfaction, taste
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which special senses are visceral?
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Olfaction and taste
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which special senses are somatic?
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balance, hearing, vision
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What is another name for discriminative touch?
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epictitic
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what is another name for non-discrimitive touch?
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protopathic
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Why do old people widen their base when they walk?
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To increase their sense of pallesthesia (vibration).
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where are the sympathetic preganglionic neurons found in the spinal cord?
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T1-L2
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Where are the parasympathetic segments found?
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Cranial: III, VII, IX, X.
Sacral: S2, S3, S4. |
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Which system has more postganglionic fibers, para or sympa?
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sympathetic
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what is the name of the fold in the meninges that separates the top 2 floors from the rest of the building?
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tentorium cerebelli
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Does the brain stem start before or after the foramen magnum?
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after
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What structure of the brainstem are you testing when use the pupillary light reflex?
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Midbrain
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what is another name for the midbrain?
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mesencephalon
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what 2 cranial nerves are you checking when you check the midbrain?
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CN II (sensory) CN III (motor)
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when assessing the midbrain cranial nerves II and III, which part of the ANS controls the response?
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parasympathetic
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Does the brain stem start before or after the foramen magnum?
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after
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What structure of the brainstem are you testing when use the pupillary light reflex?
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Midbrain
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what is another name for the midbrain?
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mesencephalon
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what 2 cranial nerves are you checking when you check the midbrain?
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CN II (sensory) CN III (motor)
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when assessing the midbrain cranial nerves II and III, which part of the ANS controls the response?
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parasympathetic
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If you are using the corneal reflex, which part of the brain stem are you checking?
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the pons
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what is another name for the pons?
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metencephalon
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which cranial nerves are you assessing if you are checking the reflexes in the pons?
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CN V (sensory)
CN VII (branchial motor) |
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which part of the brain stem are you assessing when you assess the gag reflex?
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medulla
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what is another name for the medulla?
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myelencephalon
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which cranial nerves are you checking if you are checking reflexes of the medulla?
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CN IX (sensory)
CN X (branchial motor) |
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How long does it take to form the neural tube after conception?
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3 weeks
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How many primary vesicles form the brain in the 4th week?
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3
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what are the structures of the primary brain in the 4th week?
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forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesensephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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The future brain is derived from what end of the neural tube?
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Rostral
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At the end of the 5th week, how many structures are in the brain?
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Fully formed 6 story building with the spinal cord as the basement.
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The forebrain gives rise to what 2 structures of the brain in the 5th week?
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telencephalon and diencephalon
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The hindbrain gives rise to what 3 structures of the brain in the 5th week?
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pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata.
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If you had a tumor that caused you not to recognize your own body, where would this tumor be?
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Angular and supramarginal gyrus
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Broadman's area is part of which cortex in the brain?
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somatosensory
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what area of broadman's area allows you to hear what is being said?
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41
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what area of broadman's area allows you to comprehend? (also called wernicke's area)
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39 and 40 (supramarginal gyrus, and angular gyrus)
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what area of broadman's area allows you to interpret what is being said?
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22 (auditory association cortex)
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What part of broadman's area is considered the motor speech, or Broca's area?
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44 and 45
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The primary auditory cortex is located in the transverse temporal gyri of?
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Heschl
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The 5th lobe of the telencephalon is also called what?
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lobe of Reil
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What function does the lobe of Reil provide?
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visceral taste
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where would you find the lobe of Reil?
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between the lateral sulcus of sylvius.
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Which lobe is the 6th lobe of the telencehpalon?
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Limbic lobe
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Name the layers of the limbic lobe.
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neocortex, mesocortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, archicortex.
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what is the oldest layer of the 6th floor?
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archicortex
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The ventricular system is the continuous CSF-filled lumen running throughout the length of the __________
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neuraxis
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The telencephalon corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
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2 lateral ventricles
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the diencephalon corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
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3rd ventricle
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the midbrain corresponds with which level of the ventricular system?
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cerebral aqueduct
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the pons and the cerebellum correspond with which part of the ventricular system?
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rostral half of the 4th ventricle
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the medulla oblongata corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
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caudal half of the 4th ventricle
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the spinal cord corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
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central canal
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The telencephalon gives off which cranial nerves?
|
CN I
|
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The diencephalon gives off which cranial nerves?
|
CN II
|
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the midbrain gives off which cranial nerves?
|
CN III, IV
|
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the pons gives off which cranial nerves?
|
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
|
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the medulla gives off which cranial nerves?
|
CN IX, X, XII
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which cranial nerve does the spinal cord give off?
|
CN XI
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Why don't you normally see cranial nerve IV?
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because it comes off the back of the brainstem
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Where does the face hang from?
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the base of the cranium
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Which 2 nerves do not live in the cranial fossa?
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CN II and XI
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How many bones make up the neurocranium?
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8
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how many bones make up the viscerocranium?
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14
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which part of the cranium is the weakest part?
|
Pterion
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What artery lies under the pterion?
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middle meningeal artery = epidural hematoma
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How fast must an epidural hematoma be fixed?
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within 12 hours.
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what are the 2 major crests in the skull that divide the neurocranium into 3 parts?
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petrosal crest, sphenoidal crest
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What is the keystone bone of the the neurocranium?
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sphenoid bone
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Name the midline neurocranium bones from front to back.
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frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
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If you have a "knife" like pain on the top of your head, you probably have sinusitis where?
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sphenoid bone
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which bone contains the superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and pterygopalantine canal?
|
sphenoid bone
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which cranial fossa is the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone in?
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the anterior cranial fossa (rest is mid).
|
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What causes CSF rhinorrhea?
|
fracture of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
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What causes raccoon eyes?
|
fracture of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
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where does the blood go if your Sella Turcia gets cracked?
|
pharynx
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which cranial fossa is the sella turcia in?
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middle
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what is a common cause for tunnel vision?
|
pituitary adenoma pressing on the optic chasm.
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which pharyngeal arch does CN V come from?
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1st pharyngeal arch
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what are the sensory divisions of the CN V?
|
V1: opthalmic, V2: maxillary, V3: mandibular (sensory & motor)
|
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what skeletal muscles does CN V innervate for motor movement?
|
all skeletal muscles derived from the mesoderm of the 1st pharyngeal arch
|
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what structures are within the cavernous sinus?
|
internal carotid artery, sympathetic carotid plexus, abducens nerve
|
|
what structures are in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?
|
CN III, CN IV, V1, V2
|
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Name the 3 parts of the temporal bone?
|
squamous, tympanic plate, petrous
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which part of the ear is lodged in the petrous part?
|
middle and inner ear.
|
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at what age does the mastoid sinus develop?
|
2
|
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what 3 processes surround the temporal bone?
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zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process.
|
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which cranial nerve monitors things in the supratentorial compartment?
|
CN V (V1-V3)
|
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which cranial nerve monitors things in the infratentorial compartment?
|
CN X (C2-C3)
|
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Which 2 nerves monitor general sensation from the meninges lining the cranial cavity?
|
CN V and X
|
|
Name the midline single sinuses
|
superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus
|
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name the paired sinuses
|
cavernous sinus, superior petrosal sinus, inferior petrousal sinus, transvers sinus, sigmoid sinus
|