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207 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
which cranial nerves are special sensory group nerves?
I, II, VIII
which cranial nerves are part of the somatosensory group?
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
which cranial nerves are part of the branchiomotor group?
V, VII, IX, X
what nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?
CN VI
what nerve innervates the superior oblique eye muscle?
CN IV
What nerve innervates the rest of the eyes muscles?
CN III
What is CN III known as?
the "awake" muscle
what 2 eye muscles are your intorters?
superior rectus and superior oblique
what eyes muscles are considered your extorters?
inferior rectus and inferior oblique
which nerve closes your eyelids?
CN VII
Which eye muscle is closer to the eye, the oblique or the rectus?
the oblique. the rectus is on top of the oblique.
which wall of the orbit is the weakest wall?
medial
when you have a blowout injury of the orbit, what muscle can herniate so that you can't look up?
the inferior oblique.
How many muscles are there total in the orbit and the eyeball?
10
Which muscle is has both a somatic and visceral innervation of the eye?
levator palpebrae superiorus
Which nerve innervates the palpebrae superioris muscle?
CN III. (sympathetic branch innervates the superior tarsal part)
How many extraocular eye muscles are there?
6
What are they and what innervates them?
superior rectus (III), superior oblique (IV), medial rectus (III), inferior rectus (III), inferior oblique (III), lateral rectus (VI).
How many intraocular eye muscles are there?
3
name the intraocular eye muscles and their innervations
dilator pupillae (symp), constrictor pupillae (para), ciliary (para)
which muscles are visceral and which are somatic?
extraocular are somatic and intraocular are visceral
What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
It increases the curvature of the lens
trigeminal neve V is also known as the what?
The Nerve of the first pharyngeal arch
What are the 3 sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve?
V1, V2, V3
what division is V1?
Ophtalmic
what division is V2?
maxillary
what division is V3?
mandibular
What is so special about V3?
It is a mix of both sensor and motor.
the motor root of the trigeminal nerve innervates what?
all skeletal muscles derived form the mesoderm of the 1st pharyngeal arch
The sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve is visceral, somatic, or motor?
Somatic
When you have an itchy nose, which division of nerves is talking to you?
Opthalmic
The Telencephalon gives off which cranial nerve?
CN I
The Diencephalon gives off which cranial nerve?
CN II
The Midbrain gives off what cranial nerves?
CN III, CN IV
The Pons gives off which cranial nerves?
CN V, VI, VII, VIII.
The medulla gives off which cranial nerves?
CN IX, X, XII
The spinal cord gives off which CN?
XI
The extraocular nerves are?
CN III, IV, VI
the somatic motor component of CN III is a lower motor neuron or upper? how many muscles does it innervate?
Lower motor. 5 muscles.
CN III is a pure motor nerve derived from what?
cervical somites of the embryo
the parasympathetic (visceral) motor supplies which two muscles inside the eyeball?
sphincter pupillae and cilliary muscle (accomodation).
what 3 functions does the somatic division of CN III do?
1. raise upper eyelid. 2. moves the eyeball up, in and down. 3. converges (approximates) both corneas.
what 2 functions does the visceral (parasympathetic) component of CN III do?
1. constricts the pupil. 2. contracts the ciliary muscle, which results in thickening of the lens.
what structures lie within the cavernous sinus? (3)
1. internal carotid artery. 2. sympathetic carotid plexus. 3. abducens nerve (CN VI).
what structures are in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus? (4)
1. CN III, CN IV, Opthalmic division (V1), Maxillary division (V2).
Oculomotor Opthalmoplegia has 5 major clinical signs. What are they?
1. complete eye ptosis. 2. cornea looks out & down. 3. full-blown pupil (mydriasis) 4. loss of light reflex. 5. loss of accommodation
CN nerve IV is also derived from what?
it is a pure somatic motor nerve derived from the cervical somites of the embryo
which cranial nerve is the only CN that emerges from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem?
CN IV
Where is the motor nucleus (lmn) for CN IV?
caudal midbrain
Which muscles does CN IV supply?
Superior oblique
Both superior muscles working together allows us to do what?
Look at the tip of our nose
Trochlear Nerve Palsy causes what symptoms?
unilateral cornea higher than the other and vertical diplopia. Tilting head to good side eliminates diplopia.
CN VI is also derived from what?
Pure somatic motor nerve derived from cervical somites of the embryo
Where is the nucleus (lmn) located for CN VI?
located in caudal pons beneath floor of 4th ventricle
what muscle does CN VI supply?
Lateral rectus
Abducens makes the eyeball do what?
Abduct!
The sympathetic system of the head and neck has five normal functions, what are they?
1. tugs on eyelid, 2. dilates pupils, 3. constricts vessels, 4. perspiration, 5. goose bumps.
Obicularis Oculi is supplied by which nerve?
CN VII
Where is the nucleus (lmn) located for CN VI?
located in caudal pons beneath floor of 4th ventricle
what muscle does CN VI supply?
Lateral rectus
Abducens makes the eyeball do what?
Abduct!
The sympathetic system of the head and neck has five normal functions, what are they?
1. tugs on eyelid, 2. dilates pupils, 3. constricts vessels, 4. perspiration, 5. goose bumps.
Obicularis Oculi is supplied by which nerve?
CN VII
Superior tarsal muscle of the eye is supplied by which nerve?
sympathetic
Horner's syndrome has 5 major components, what are they?
1. sunk-in eyeball, 2. partial lid ptosis, 3. pupillary constriction, 4. hemi-facial flushing, 5. hemi-facial dryness.
which bone of the face is the "keystone"?
Maxilla
The orbit is made up of which bones?
1. frontal, 2. zygomatic, 3. maxillary, 4. lacrimal, 5. ethmoid, 6. sphenoid, 7. palantine
The palantine bone makes of the _____ of the orbit.
floor.
If the Optic nerve is not a nerve, so what is it?
It is a white tract of the diencehpalon
What kind of function does the optic nerve provide?
special sensory
What is the true optic nerve?
Bipolar cells which is the 1st neuron.
What is the 2nd neuron of the optic pathway?
Ganglion cells, which is called the "optic nerve."
What is the third neuron in the optic/visual pathway?
Lateral Geniculate Body.
what are the 3 groups that CN's are classified into?
pure sensory, pure motor, mixed sensory and motor
name the nerves from the special sensory group
CN I, CN II, CN VIII
name the nerves from the pure motor group
CN III, CN IV, CN VI, CN XI, CN XII
name the nerves from the mixed group
CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X
Ontogeny is defined as what?
the development of one individual
phylogeny is defined as what?
the development of and entire species over millions of years
Remnants of gills are called what?
Pharyngeal (branchial) arches
In a 4 week old fetus, the first branchial arch is also called what?
mandibular arch
in a 4 week old fetus, the second branchial arch is also called what?
hyoid arch
in a 4 week old fetus, the third branchial arch is called what?
postoral arch
The 5 bars (or arches) that are formed in the first 4 weeks are primitive foregut, midgut, or hindgut structures?
foregut
What layer flanks the 5 arches?
mesoderm
Each arch is covered by what?
ectoderm on the outside and endoderm on the inside
pharyngeal arches are separated by ____ on the outside and _____ on the inside.
clefts and pouches
Which arch does not exist in mammals?
#5
Each pharyngeal arch has its own set of structures. What are the five structures?
artery, nerve, cartilage, set of muscles.
The chorda tympani belongs to what nerve?
Facial nerve
What does the chorda tympani do?
Provides taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic innervation to salivary glands
In the 8 week old embryo, what structures does the 1st arch contain?
Meckel's cartilage: Incus, malleus, future sphenomandibular ligament, portions of mandibular bone
In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 2nd arch contain?
stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid cartilage, upper half of hyoid body
In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 3rd arch contain?
greater horn of hyoid cartilage, lower half of hyoid body.
In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 4th arch contain?
thyroid cartilage,
In an 8 week old fetus, what does the 6th arch contain?
Cricoid cartilage
how is CN I classified?
As both special sensory and special visceral afferent
how is CN I formed?
by the central axons of the bipolar olfactory neurons
the peripheral organ of smell is known as...
the bipolar olfactory receptor neurons
the 1st neuron of the olfactory pathway does what?
sensory receptor and conductor of nerve impulses
The first sensory neurons in the olfactory pathway can be found where?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa
what is the name of the cells that make up the second olfactory neuron?
mitral cells
where are the olfactory mitral cells located?
they are located in the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. (mitral cells form olfactory tract)
how does each olfactory tract end?
by bifurcating into lateral and medial olfactory striae.
where does the lateral olfactory striae synapse?
in the ipsilateral piriform cortex of the temporal lobe
axons of the medial olfactory stria synapse where?
they cross the midline in the anterior commissure to synapse with olfactory centers in the contralateral hemisphere
What makes CN I different from all the other nerves?
1. both sensory receptors and primary neurons are the same, neurons get replaced, contact with external environment, synapses directly with cortex
What is the first floor of the CNS?
spinal cord
What is the second floor of the CNS?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the the third floor of the CNS?
Pons and Cerebellum
What is the 4th floor of the CNS?
Midbrain
What is the 5th floor of the CNS?
Diencephalon
What is the 6th floor of the CNS?
Cerebral Hemispheres
True or False, the reflex center runs the length of the building?
True
Name the 4 components of the spinal nerves.
Sensory: somatic and visceral. Motor: somatic and visceral.
Name the special senses
balance, hearing, vision, olfaction, taste
which special senses are visceral?
Olfaction and taste
which special senses are somatic?
balance, hearing, vision
What is another name for discriminative touch?
epictitic
what is another name for non-discrimitive touch?
protopathic
Why do old people widen their base when they walk?
To increase their sense of pallesthesia (vibration).
where are the sympathetic preganglionic neurons found in the spinal cord?
T1-L2
Where are the parasympathetic segments found?
Cranial: III, VII, IX, X.
Sacral: S2, S3, S4.
Which system has more postganglionic fibers, para or sympa?
sympathetic
what is the name of the fold in the meninges that separates the top 2 floors from the rest of the building?
tentorium cerebelli
Does the brain stem start before or after the foramen magnum?
after
What structure of the brainstem are you testing when use the pupillary light reflex?
Midbrain
what is another name for the midbrain?
mesencephalon
what 2 cranial nerves are you checking when you check the midbrain?
CN II (sensory) CN III (motor)
when assessing the midbrain cranial nerves II and III, which part of the ANS controls the response?
parasympathetic
Does the brain stem start before or after the foramen magnum?
after
What structure of the brainstem are you testing when use the pupillary light reflex?
Midbrain
what is another name for the midbrain?
mesencephalon
what 2 cranial nerves are you checking when you check the midbrain?
CN II (sensory) CN III (motor)
when assessing the midbrain cranial nerves II and III, which part of the ANS controls the response?
parasympathetic
If you are using the corneal reflex, which part of the brain stem are you checking?
the pons
what is another name for the pons?
metencephalon
which cranial nerves are you assessing if you are checking the reflexes in the pons?
CN V (sensory)
CN VII (branchial motor)
which part of the brain stem are you assessing when you assess the gag reflex?
medulla
what is another name for the medulla?
myelencephalon
which cranial nerves are you checking if you are checking reflexes of the medulla?
CN IX (sensory)
CN X (branchial motor)
How long does it take to form the neural tube after conception?
3 weeks
How many primary vesicles form the brain in the 4th week?
3
what are the structures of the primary brain in the 4th week?
forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesensephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
The future brain is derived from what end of the neural tube?
Rostral
At the end of the 5th week, how many structures are in the brain?
Fully formed 6 story building with the spinal cord as the basement.
The forebrain gives rise to what 2 structures of the brain in the 5th week?
telencephalon and diencephalon
The hindbrain gives rise to what 3 structures of the brain in the 5th week?
pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata.
If you had a tumor that caused you not to recognize your own body, where would this tumor be?
Angular and supramarginal gyrus
Broadman's area is part of which cortex in the brain?
somatosensory
what area of broadman's area allows you to hear what is being said?
41
what area of broadman's area allows you to comprehend? (also called wernicke's area)
39 and 40 (supramarginal gyrus, and angular gyrus)
what area of broadman's area allows you to interpret what is being said?
22 (auditory association cortex)
What part of broadman's area is considered the motor speech, or Broca's area?
44 and 45
The primary auditory cortex is located in the transverse temporal gyri of?
Heschl
The 5th lobe of the telencephalon is also called what?
lobe of Reil
What function does the lobe of Reil provide?
visceral taste
where would you find the lobe of Reil?
between the lateral sulcus of sylvius.
Which lobe is the 6th lobe of the telencehpalon?
Limbic lobe
Name the layers of the limbic lobe.
neocortex, mesocortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, archicortex.
what is the oldest layer of the 6th floor?
archicortex
The ventricular system is the continuous CSF-filled lumen running throughout the length of the __________
neuraxis
The telencephalon corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
2 lateral ventricles
the diencephalon corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
3rd ventricle
the midbrain corresponds with which level of the ventricular system?
cerebral aqueduct
the pons and the cerebellum correspond with which part of the ventricular system?
rostral half of the 4th ventricle
the medulla oblongata corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
caudal half of the 4th ventricle
the spinal cord corresponds with which part of the ventricular system?
central canal
The telencephalon gives off which cranial nerves?
CN I
The diencephalon gives off which cranial nerves?
CN II
the midbrain gives off which cranial nerves?
CN III, IV
the pons gives off which cranial nerves?
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
the medulla gives off which cranial nerves?
CN IX, X, XII
which cranial nerve does the spinal cord give off?
CN XI
Why don't you normally see cranial nerve IV?
because it comes off the back of the brainstem
Where does the face hang from?
the base of the cranium
Which 2 nerves do not live in the cranial fossa?
CN II and XI
How many bones make up the neurocranium?
8
how many bones make up the viscerocranium?
14
which part of the cranium is the weakest part?
Pterion
What artery lies under the pterion?
middle meningeal artery = epidural hematoma
How fast must an epidural hematoma be fixed?
within 12 hours.
what are the 2 major crests in the skull that divide the neurocranium into 3 parts?
petrosal crest, sphenoidal crest
What is the keystone bone of the the neurocranium?
sphenoid bone
Name the midline neurocranium bones from front to back.
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
If you have a "knife" like pain on the top of your head, you probably have sinusitis where?
sphenoid bone
which bone contains the superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and pterygopalantine canal?
sphenoid bone
which cranial fossa is the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone in?
the anterior cranial fossa (rest is mid).
What causes CSF rhinorrhea?
fracture of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
What causes raccoon eyes?
fracture of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
where does the blood go if your Sella Turcia gets cracked?
pharynx
which cranial fossa is the sella turcia in?
middle
what is a common cause for tunnel vision?
pituitary adenoma pressing on the optic chasm.
which pharyngeal arch does CN V come from?
1st pharyngeal arch
what are the sensory divisions of the CN V?
V1: opthalmic, V2: maxillary, V3: mandibular (sensory & motor)
what skeletal muscles does CN V innervate for motor movement?
all skeletal muscles derived from the mesoderm of the 1st pharyngeal arch
what structures are within the cavernous sinus?
internal carotid artery, sympathetic carotid plexus, abducens nerve
what structures are in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?
CN III, CN IV, V1, V2
Name the 3 parts of the temporal bone?
squamous, tympanic plate, petrous
which part of the ear is lodged in the petrous part?
middle and inner ear.
at what age does the mastoid sinus develop?
2
what 3 processes surround the temporal bone?
zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process.
which cranial nerve monitors things in the supratentorial compartment?
CN V (V1-V3)
which cranial nerve monitors things in the infratentorial compartment?
CN X (C2-C3)
Which 2 nerves monitor general sensation from the meninges lining the cranial cavity?
CN V and X
Name the midline single sinuses
superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus
name the paired sinuses
cavernous sinus, superior petrosal sinus, inferior petrousal sinus, transvers sinus, sigmoid sinus