Anatomy Exam 2 - Week 4

Front 1

2 ligaments associated with the coxal joint

Back 1

transverse acetabular ligament and ligament of femoral head

Front 2

transverse acetabular ligament

Back 2

band of fibrocartilage that extends across the acetabular notch and continues on the ventrocaudal aspect as the acetabular lip. Does not connect to femur, not torn in hip luxation

Front 3

ligament of the femoral head

Back 3

covered by synovial membrane; thick, flattened band of CCT extending from acetabular fossa to fovea capitis; not weight-bearing

Front 4

function of the ligament of the femoral head

Back 4

prevents lifting of the femoral head from the acetabulum

Front 5

process of endochondral ossification

Back 5

formation of cartilaginous model, formation of primary and secondary centers of ossification, and maturation

Front 6

formation of cartilaginous model of endochondral ossification

Back 6

-primitive cells differentiate into chondroblasts
-chondroblasts proliferate and form (hyaline) cartilage
-perichhondrium formed

Front 7

formation of primary center of ossification of endochondral ossification

Back 7

-formation of perichondral collar (intramembranous ossification; osteoblasts form extracellular tissue and collagenous and noncollagenous proteins and proteinglycans - building blocks of bone matrix)
-endchondral ossification of primary center (cartilage calcifies, vascular penetration, osteoprogenitor cells move to central shaft and fifferentiate into osteoblasts, osteoblasts stimulate osteoclasts, medullary cavity forms, zones of cartilage, etc.)

Front 8

definition of ossification center

Back 8

distinct site in cartilaginous model where new bone tissue begins to develop within the cartilaginous model

Front 9

parts of typical immature long bones

Back 9

diaphysis with primary center of ossification, epiphyses with at least one secondary center each but no perichondral collar, physeal cartilage is lengthening, medullary cavity is beginning to form

Front 10

parts of mature long bones

Back 10

articular cartialge, medullary cavity, cortex, periosteum, endosteum

Front 11

valgus deviation

Back 11

if ulna physes closes early/first, radius will grow more distally than ulna and the manus will deviate laterally

Front 12

varus deviation

Back 12

if distal radius physes closes first, the ulna will outgrow the radius and the manus will deviate medially

Front 13

typical vertebral formula for dog/cat

Back 13

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20

Front 14

vertebral body parts

Back 14

convex cranial extremity, concave caudal extremity, slightly concave ventral portion

Front 15

vertebral arch parts

Back 15

left and right pedicles (basal, lateral), lamina (dorsal

Front 16

vertebral foramen parts

Back 16

central hole in the vertebral body

Front 17

vertebral notch

Back 17

extension of pedicles; shallow cranial vertebral notches and deep caudal vertebral notches; the spinal nerves and blood vessels will pass through here

Front 18

spinous process

Back 18

single extension on dorsal surface

Front 19

transverse processes

Back 19

lateral projections near the ventral surface

Front 20

articular processes

Back 20

cranial and caudal articular surfaces

Front 21

mamillary processes

Back 21

knoblike dorsal process on T2-T10 (transverse processes) and T11-Cd (cranial articular processes); where epaxial mm. attach

Front 22

characteristics of atlas

Back 22

wings, fovea dentis, transverse foramen, lateral vertebral foramen

Front 23

characteristics of axis

Back 23

dens, transverse foramen

Front 24

middle 3 cervical vertebrae characteristics

Back 24

low spinous processes, two-pronged transverse processes, transverse foramen lateral to vertebral body

Front 25

C6 characteristics

Back 25

high spine, expanded ventral lamina (sled runners), and transverse foramen

Front 26

C7 characteristics

Back 26

no transverse foramen, highest cervical spine, caudal costal fovea

Front 27

thoracic vertebrae characteristics

Back 27

short body, large spines (T1-9); short, blunt, irregular transverse processes with costal fovea; accessory processes extend caudally from pedicle; mamillary processes project dorsally from transverse processes of T2-10, projects dorsally from cranial articular processes of T11-13

Front 28

T1-10 characteristics

Back 28

cranial and caudal costal fovea

Front 29

T11-13 characteristics

Back 29

only cranial costal fovea

Front 30

C11 characteristics

Back 30

anticlinal vertebrae; spines cranial to here point caudally, C11 perpendicular to long axis; spines on vertebrae caudal to here point cranially

Front 31

T1-9 characteristics

Back 31

cranial articular processes face dorsally and craniomedially, caudal articular processes face ventrally

Front 32

T10 characteristics

Back 32

cranial articular process faces dorsally, caudal articular process faces laterally

Front 33

T11-13 characteristics

Back 33

cranial articular processes face medially, caudal articular processes face laterally

Front 34

characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

Back 34

longer bodies, transverse processes project cranially and ventrolaterally, mamillary processes project dorsally from cranial articular processes, accessory processes extend caudally from pedicle of L1-L5/6, more blunt spinous processes which extend cranially

Front 35

characteristics of sacrum

Back 35

median sacral crest (fusion of 3 spinous processes on dorsal surface), 2 pair of dorsal sacral foramen, promontory, auricular face

Front 36

uniqueness of atlas

Back 36

wings, cranial articular surfaces face ventrally, caudal articular fovea has 2 glenoid cavities, fovea dentis, transverse foramen, and lateral vertebral foramen

Front 37

uniqueness of axis

Back 37

dens, elongated spinous process, cranial articular surface is continuous with articular portion of dens, caudal articular surfaces face ventrolaterally

Front 38

uniqueness of C6

Back 38

high spine, expanded ventral lamina

Front 39

uniqueness of C7

Back 39

no transverse foramen, highest cervical spine, caudal costal fovea

Front 40

uniqueness of T11

Back 40

anticlinal vertebrae; spine points perpendicular to long axis, all spines cranial of T11 point caudally, all spines caudal to this point cranially

Front 41

typical rib parts

Back 41

dorsal bony and ventral cartilaginous sections, head and articular face (articulate with costal fovea of 2 contiguous vertebrae and intervening fibrocartilage), heads of ribs associated with 11th and 12th vertebrae lack the crest or transverse ridge, tubercle articulates with transverse fovea on same-numbered vertebrae, body

Front 42

joints associated with proximal and distal ends of a typical rib

Back 42

costocervical joints, costochondral joints, sternocostal joints, and sternal joints

Front 43

costocervical joints

Back 43

synovial joints; joints of rib heads articulate head of rib with costal fovea of associated vertebrae; costotransverse joint articulates tubercle of rib with transverse processes of associated vertebrae

Front 44

costochondral joints

Back 44

articulations of ribs and costal cartilages (no synovial cavity)

Front 45

sternocostal joints

Back 45

articulation of first 8 costal cartilages with the sternum

Front 46

sternal joints

Back 46

articulation of sternabae with intersternebral cartilages

Front 47

sternal rib definition

Back 47

rib that articulates directly with the sternum (first 9 pairs of ribs)

Front 48

asternal rib definition

Back 48

last 4 ribs which don't articulate with the sternum

Front 49

floating rib definition

Back 49

13th rib; ends freely without any articulation in flank; cartilages end freely in musculature

Front 50

costal arch

Back 50

union of the costal cartilages of rib pairs 10-12

Front 51

sternum

Back 51

unpaired segmental series of 8 bones that form the floor of the thorax

Front 52

intersternebral cartilage

Back 52

short blocks of cartilage that join consecutive sternebrae

Front 53

manubrium

Back 53

1st sternebrae (and longest); ends cranially in a club-like enlargement

Front 54

xiphoid process

Back 54

last sternebrae; elongated by thin cartilaginous plate caudally (xiphoid cartilage); flattened dorsoventrally)

Front 55

cartilaginous joints between sternebrae may...

Back 55

ossify in old individuals

Front 56

major joints of the axial skeleton

Back 56

temporomandibular joint, atlanto-occipital joint, atlantoaxial joint, intervertebral joints, costovertebral joints, costochondral joints, sternocostal joints, and sternal joints

Front 57

temporomandibular joint

Back 57

articulation between the coronoid process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Front 58

atlanto-occipital joint

Back 58

articulation of occipital bone with atlas

Front 59

atlantoaxial joint

Back 59

articulation of dens and axis with body of atlas

Front 60

intervertebral joint types

Back 60

zygaopophyseal joints, intervertebral joints, and lumbar intertransverse joints

Front 61

zygaopophyseal joints

Back 61

synovial joints between cranial and caudal articular processes

Front 62

intervertebral joints

Back 62

fibrous joints between bodies of adjacent vertebrae via intervertebral discs

Front 63

costotransverse joints

Back 63

synovial joints between rib tubercles and transverse fovea on vertebrae (a costovertebral joint)

Front 64

costovertebral joints

Back 64

synovial joints between rib heads and costal fovea on vertebrae

Front 65

costochondral joints

Back 65

articulations between ribs and costal cartilages

Front 66

sternocostal joints

Back 66

articulations between costal cartilages and sternum (modified synovial joints at ribs 2-7; others are joined via continuous fibrocartilages)

Front 67

sternal joints

Back 67

articulations between sternebrae and intersternebral cartilages

Front 68

how many articulations does a typical cervical vertebra have?

Back 68

4 synovial joints (cranial and caudal articular surfaces) and 2 fibrocartilaginous joints (intervertebral discs

Front 69

how many articulations does C7 possess?

Back 69

8 joints:
-6 usual cervical vertebral joints (4 synovial and 2 fibrocartilaginous)
-2 synovial: articulates with 2 ribs at the costal fovea

Front 70

how many articulations does a typical thoracic vertebra have?

Back 70

12 total joints:
-6 usual joints (4 synovial, 2 fibrocartilaginous)
-4 synovial from cranial and caudal costal fovea articulations with ribs
-2 synovial from transverse processes that articulate with the rib tubercle

Front 71

how many articulations does T11, T12, or T13 have?

Back 71

10 total joints
-6 usual joints (4 synovial, 2 fibrocartilaginous)
-2 synovial: cranial costal fovea articulations with ribs
-2 synovial: transverse processes that articulate with rib tubercles

Front 72

describe the intervertebral discs

Back 72

fibrous joints between the bodies of adjacent vertebra (except axis and atlas); annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

Front 73

4 long ligaments of the vertebral column

Back 73

nuchal ligament, supraspinous ligament, ventral and dorsal longitudinal ligament

Front 74

nuchal ligament

Back 74

yellow elastic fibers; extends from apex of T1 spinous process to caudal end of spine of axis

Front 75

supraspinous ligament

Back 75

band of fibrous CT; connects apices of all spinous processes from Cd3 to T1

Front 76

function of the supraspinous ligament

Back 76

prevents abnormal separation of spines during flexion of the vertebral column

Front 77

ventral longitudinal ligament

Back 77

along the ventral surface of vertebral bodies, extending from axis to sacrum

Front 78

dorsal longitudinal ligament

Back 78

lies along midline of ventral floor of the vertebral column just ventral to the spinal cord

Front 79

identify the short vertebral ligaments

Back 79

yellow ligaments, interspinous ligaments, intertransverse ligaments, and ligament of the head of the rib

Front 80

yellow ligament

Back 80

extend between vertebral arches, covering interarcuate space between articular processes

Front 81

interspinous ligaments

Back 81

connect bases and bordes of adjacent spinous processes

Front 82

intertransverse ligaments

Back 82

connects transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Front 83

ligament of the head of the rib

Back 83

extends from rib head to intervertebral dis and 2 adjacent vertebrae

Front 84

describe how intercapital ligaments reduce IVDD in the thoracic column

Back 84

normally, herniated discs occur when the nucleus pulposus of the IVD protrudes dorsally through thinner dorsal region of the annulus fibrosus. The intercapital ligament serves to reinforce the thin dorsal portion of the annulus fibrosus, greatly reducing the occurrence of herniated discs in the T2-T10 region

Front 85

epaxial muscle definition

Back 85

act as extensors of the vertebral column; lie dorsal to transverse processes of vertebrae

Front 86

hypaxial muscle definition

Back 86

all other trunk muscles not in epaxial division; located ventral to transverse processes of vertebrae and include those on the abdominal and thoracic walls

Front 87

3 divisions of the hypaxial muscle group

Back 87

muscles of the neck, thoracic wall, and abdominal wall

Front 88

muscles of the neck

Back 88

longus capitis, longus colli, sternocephalicus, sternohyoideus, and sternothyroideus mm.

Front 89

longus capitis

Back 89

Attachments - ventral lateral surface of cervical vertebrae from C6 to atlas; ventral surface of basioccipital bone (caudal skull)
Action - flex the cervical vertebral column; flex the atlanto-occipital joint and draw the neck downward
*lies lateral to the longus colli

Front 90

longus colli

Back 90

Attachments - ventral side of thoracic and cervical vertebrae (T6-C1); atlas
Action - to draw the neck downward; flexes the cervical vertebral column
*Lies adjacent to C1-T6 vertebrae; lies medial to longus capitis

Front 91

must transect this m. to access IVD during surgery

Back 91

longus colli m.

Front 92

sternocephalicus

Back 92

Attachments - cranial sternum, occipital bone, mastoid process of temporal bone
Action - depress head and neck and draw head/neck laterally

Front 93

sternohyoideus

Back 93

Attachments - cranail sternum; basohyoid bone
Action - pull tongue and larynx caudally

Front 94

sternothyroideus

Back 94

Attachments - cranial sternum, thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Action - pull tongue and larynx caudally

Front 95

muscles of the thoracic wall

Back 95

scalenus, serratus dorsalis (cranialis and caudalis), external and internal intercostal muscles

Front 96

scalenus

Back 96

Attachments - first few ribs, transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (deep - extends from cranial border of 1st rib to transverse processes of C7 and winglike process of C6, not involved in inspiration; superficial - extends from outer surfaces of ribs to cervical vertebrae
Action - muscle of inspiration

Front 97

serratus dorsalis

Back 97

(cranialis and caudalis)
Attachments - tendinous raphe of the neck, spines of first few thoracic vertebrae, proximal craniolateral surfaces of ribs
Action - muscle of inspiration

Front 98

external intercostal muscles

Back 98

Attachments - caudal border of one rib to cranial border of rib caudally
Action - draws ribs together

Front 99

external intercostal muscles run...

Back 99

caudoventrally

Front 100

internal intercostal muscles

Back 100

Attachments - cranial border of one rib to caudal border of rib before/cranial
Action - draw ribs together

Front 101

internal intercostal muscles run...

Back 101

cranioventrally

Front 102

muscles of the abdominal wall

Back 102

external and intrenal abdominal obliques, rectus abdominis and transversus abdominis

Front 103

external abdominal oblique fibers run...

Back 103

caudoventrally

Front 104

external abdominal oblique

Back 104

Attachments - lateral surface of the ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, and aponeurosis at linea alba (prepubic tendon)

Front 105

internal abdominal oblique fibers run...

Back 105

cranioventrally

Front 106

internal abdominal oblique

Back 106

Attachments - ribs and costal cartilages of ribs 9-13, thoracolumbar fascia, aponeurosis at linea alba

Front 107

muscles with aponeuroses superficial to rectus abdominus

Back 107

internal and external abdominal obliques

Front 108

muscles with aponeuroses deep to rectus abdominus

Back 108

transversus abdominis

Front 109

function of muscles of the abdominal wall

Back 109

supports abdomen and functions as an abdominal press

Front 110

rectus abdominus

Back 110

Attachments - pectin of pubis, cranial sternum

Front 111

transversus abdominis

Back 111

Attachments - ribs and costal cartilage of ribs 9-13, thoracolumbar fascia, aponeurosis to linea alba

Front 112

natural gap of transversus abdominis

Back 112

muscle ends caudally at the level of the tuber coxae

Front 113

external intercostal muscle fibers run...

Back 113

caudoventrally

Front 114

internal intercostal muscle fibers run...

Back 114

cranioventrally

Front 115

what is the linea alba made of

Back 115

fusion of thoracolumbar fascia and aponeuroses of abdominal muscles

Front 116

the linea alba extends from ___ and goes to the ___

Back 116

extends from the xiphoid process and goes to the pelvic symphysis

Front 117

what structures are encounters (in order) by an incision through the ventral midline (through linea alba)

Back 117

only cuts through the aponeurosis of the abdominal mm.

Front 118

what structures are encounters (in order) by an incision through the paramedian (off the midline, parallel to linea alba)

Back 118

through the cutaneous trunci, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus

Front 119

what structures are encounters (in order) by an incision through the paracostal (parallel to last rib)

Back 119

cutaneous trunci, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominus

Front 120

what structures are encounters (in order) by an incision through the flank (a caudal paracostal incision)

Back 120

cutaneous trunci, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominus

Front 121

3 epaxial muscle systems

Back 121

transversospinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

Front 122

shared overall functions of the epaxial muscle systems

Back 122

extend the vertebral column, lateral flexion, and subtle movements

Front 123

______ fascia covers all 3 epaxial muscle systems and sends slips between the systems

Back 123

thoracolumbar

Front 124

iliocostalis system

Back 124

-shortest; most ventral and lateral
-runs along cranial lateral surface of ribs from ilium through thoracic vertebrae (until the first rib)

Front 125

longissimus system

Back 125

-intermediate, medial and dorsal to iliocostalis
-extends from ilium to skull

Front 126

transversospinalis

Back 126

-most medial and dorsal
-extends from ilium to skull
-splenius m

Front 127

why is the splenius m. important?

Back 127

-this is where you would give an IM injection in large animals
-extends cranioventrally from T3 to the skull, inserting on the nuchal crest and mastoid part of temporal bone

Front 128

superficial inguinal ring

Back 128

-formed by a slip in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
-possesses a cranial and caudal angle
-caudal angle attaches to iliopubic cartilage at the tendon of origin of pectineus

Front 129

deep inguinal ring

Back 129

-formed ventral end of the inguinal ligament, the caudal border of the internal abdominal oblique, and the lateral border of the rectus abdominus
-formed where the internal abdominal oblique muscle and rectus abdominus muscle end, not an actual hole in any muscle

Front 130

inguinal canal

Back 130

-a boundary, not an anatomical structure
-vaginal tunic and vaginal process pass through here

Front 131

vascular lacuna

Back 131

-base of the femoral triangle

Front 132

inguinal ligament

Back 132

caudal edge of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m.