Anatomy Exam 2 Study Questions

Front 1

Name 5 functions of the Nervous System

Back 1

Sensory Input
Homeostasis
Muscle / Gland control
Mental Activity
Integration

Front 2

What are the 2 Main division of the Nervous System

Back 2

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

Front 3

What are the 2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 3

Afferent (Sensory)
Efferent (Motor)

Front 4

What are the 2 Division of the Efferent Nervous System

Back 4

Autonomic
Somatic

Front 5

A bundle of Axons and their sheaths

Back 5

Nerve

Front 6

Ending of a Nerve or separate, specialized cell that detects various stimuli.

Back 6

Sensory Receptor

Front 7

There are this many Cranial Nerves

Back 7

12

Front 8

There are this many pairs of Spinal Nerves

Back 8

31

Front 9

A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

Back 9

Ganglion

Front 10

An extensive network of Axons outside the CNS

Back 10

Plexus

Front 11

Collection of nerve cell bodies and Unmyelinated axons and dendrites in the CNS.

Back 11

Gray Matter

Front 12

Bundles of parallel axons and their myelin sheaths in the CNS.

Back 12

White Matter

Front 13

General term for Non-neural "helper" cells

Back 13

Neuroglia

Front 14

Connective tissue sheath that covers entire nerve.

Back 14

Epineurium

Front 15

Connective tissue sheath that covers individual nerve fibers.

Back 15

Endoneurium

Front 16

Connective tissue sheath that covers individual nerve fassicles

Back 16

Perineurium

Front 17

What are the 2 division of the Autonomic system? What is meant by they are recipricol?

Back 17

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. They cannot both dominate at same time.

Front 18

What does the Autonomic Nervous system control.

Back 18

Involuntary (smooth / cardiac) muscle movement and glands

Front 19

The cell body of the neuron

Back 19

Soma

Front 20

Process of the neuron that functions in input of stimulus to soma.

Back 20

Dendrites

Front 21

Process from soma that functions in conduction of action potentials and the releasing of neurotransmitters.

Back 21

Axon

Front 22

The cone shaped area of a neuron that gives rise to the axon.

Back 22

Axonal Hillock

Front 23

Where do efferent neurons conduct action potentials?

Back 23

Away from the CNS to muscle

Front 24

Where do afferent neurons conduct action potentials?

Back 24

Away from sensory receptors to the CNS.

Front 25

Where do interneurons conduct action potentials?

Back 25

From one neuron to another.

Front 26

Cells found in the CNS that produce myelin sheaths that wrap around multiple axons.

Back 26

Oligodendrocytes

Front 27

Glial cells in the CNS that become motile and phagocytotic.

Back 27

Microglia

Front 28

Cells that line the ventricles of the brain that function to remove or produce Cerebral spinal fluid.

Back 28

Ependymal Cells

Front 29

Cells that cover blood vessels, pia mater, and neurons that functions in forming the blood brain barrier.

Back 29

Astrocytes

Front 30

Cell that provides support and nutrients to a neuron.

Back 30

Satellite Cell

Front 31

Cell that wraps around an axon in the PNS, forming a myelin sheath

Back 31

Schwann cell

Front 32

Increased extracellular potassium ion levels results in what?

Back 32

Hypopolarization

Front 33

What happens when sodium channels are blocked?

Back 33

Sodium cannot enter the cells to cause an action potential. Therefore action potentials will not occur.

Front 34

Increased extracellular calcium ion levels results in what?

Back 34

The blocking of sodium channels, which results in less action potentials.

Front 35

when depolarization occurs at the postsynaptic membrane, the membrane potential is brought closer to threshold.

Back 35

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Front 36

when depolarization occurs at the postsynaptic membrane, the membrane potential becomes farther from threshold.

Back 36

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Front 37

the effects of one stimulus added to the effects of another stimulus occurring.

Back 37

Summation

Front 38

two action potentials arrive simultaneously at 2 separate presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron.

Back 38

Spatial summation

Front 39

two action potentials arrive at slightly different times, causing depolarization followed by slight repolarization followed by depolarization of the second action potential that could bring the membrane to threshold.

Back 39

Temporal Summation

Front 40

When a post-synaptic membrane is partially depolarized

Back 40

Facilitation

Front 41

What is an electrical synapse? Where do we see them and how do they work?

Back 41

a. Gap junctions that allow ions to flow between adjacent cells.
b. Found in cardiac muscle cells to allow coordination of muscle contraction

Front 42

What is a chemical Synapse? Where do we see them and how do they work ( give the mechanism)?

Back 42

a. Neurotransmitters are released from a pre-synaptic terminal by an action potential
b. Neurotransmitters flow across the synaptic cleft
c. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane to allow ions to flow into the cell.

Front 43

Where are Neurotransmitters released from?

Back 43

Presynaptic Terminal

Front 44

activates muscles in the PNS, major neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system. Often has an excitatory effect.

Back 44

AcetylCholine

Front 45

found in the CNS, act on opiate receptors to block pain

Back 45

Endorphins

Front 46

connective tissue strand at end of spinal cord, attaches spinal cord to coccyx.

Back 46

filimentum terminale

Front 47

Many neurons converge and synapse with one neuron, often found in the circulatory system.

Back 47

Convergent

Front 48

a smaller number of neurons with synapse with a larger number of neurons. Found in skeletal muscle

Back 48

Divergent

Front 49

conelike tapered region at the end of the spinal cord.

Back 49

Conus Medullaris

Front 50

numerous roots of spinal nerves extending inferior to the lumbar enlargement

Back 50

Cauda Equina

Front 51

Why does the spinal cord end at L2?

Back 51

Spinal cord stops growing early in life, but the vertebral column continues to grow.

Front 52

Dorsal root ganglion houses what type of neurons?

Back 52

Sensory (afferent)

Front 53

What is a reflex? What are its’ components?

Back 53

a. An automatic response that occurs without conscious control.
b. Components are sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ.

Front 54

(Reflex) Sensory receptor causes action potential which goes to interneuron then to effector organ to remove stimulus.

Back 54

Withdrawl

Front 55

(Reflex) Associated with Withdrawl Reflex, Recipricol innervation occurs to opposing muscle group, causing relaxation.

Back 55

Crossed Extensor

Front 56

(Reflex) Prevents contracting muscles from applying too much tension to tendons. Stimulation of golgi tendon organ. Causes relaxation of muscle.

Back 56

Golgi Tendon

Front 57

(Reflex) Muscle Spindle Fiber found inside muscle tissue, Provides information on how much the muscle is stretched. Contractile ends are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

Back 57

Stretch

Front 58

most inferior part of brain stem, controls respiration, heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, and coughing. Crossing over occurs here.

Back 58

Medulla Oblongata

Front 59

superior to the medulla oblongata, works with medulla to control respiration. Relays impulses between cerebrum and cerebellum.

Back 59

Pons

Front 60

Superior to pons, houses tectum with 2 parts superior and inferior colliculli

Back 60

Midbrain

Front 61

Posterior to Pons, contains arbor vitae, controls balance, posture, eye movement, coordination of muscle movement.

Back 61

Cerebellum

Front 62

Cerebral Palsy is caused by damage to what?

Back 62

Cerebellum

Front 63

Relay center that acts as the sensory “switchboard” of the brain. Also influences mood and actions associated with strong emotion.

Back 63

Thalamus

Front 64

Inferior to Thalamus, major control center for homeostasis, regulates thirst, hunger, temperature, and endocrine function.

Back 64

Hypothalamus

Front 65

superior and posterior to thalamus, involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors.

Back 65

Epithalamus

Front 66

(Lobe) functions in intellect, creativity, motivation, sense of smell, voluntary motor movement, Broca’s speech area.

Back 66

Frontal

Front 67

(Lobe) perception of sensory input, Wernickes area, sensory speech area, associated with coherent speech

Back 67

Parietal

Front 68

(Lobe) functions in visual perception

Back 68

Occipital

Front 69

(Lobe) functions in perception of smell and hearing.

Back 69

Temporal

Front 70

Where and what makes cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 70

Produced by the Choroid Plexus, in lateral and fourth ventricles.

Front 71

Where does sensation occur?

Back 71

Cerebral Cortex

Front 72

Receptors that detect pain

Back 72

Nociceptors

Front 73

Receptors that detect ligth

Back 73

Photoreceptors

Front 74

Receptors that detect mechanical stimuli

Back 74

Mecahnoreceptors

Front 75

Receptors that detect chemical stimuli

Back 75

Chemoreceptors

Front 76

Receptors that detect temperature

Back 76

Thermoreceptors

Front 77

(receptor) found at terminal ends of dendrites, Responsible for sensation of pain, temperature, itch, movement, and crude touch.

Back 77

Free Nerve endings

Front 78

(receptor) Found throughout basal layer of epithelium, sensation of light touch and superficial pressure.

Back 78

Merkel's disks

Front 79

(receptor) found deep in dermis and hypodermis, that detects deep pressure and high frequency vibrations.

Back 79

Pacinian Corpuscles

Front 80

(receptor) Found throughout the dermal papillae, involved in two-point discrimination, found in numerous sensitive areas. Also detects moving touch.

Back 80

Meissner’s corpuscles

Front 81

(receptor) specialized skeletal muscle fibers, provide information about length of muscle, involved in stretch reflex.

Back 81

Muscle Spindle Fibers

Front 82

Associated with fibers of tendons activated by increase in tension on tendon, stimulation causes relaxation of muscle involved.

Back 82

Golgi Tendon organs

Front 83

pain felt in an area of the body that not the source of the pain stimulus.

Back 83

referred pain

Front 84

contains neurons of somatic system.

Back 84

Ventral Horn

Front 85

contains soma of autonomic system

Back 85

Lateral Horn

Front 86

What is the effect of binding of AcH to Nicotinic receptors? Muscarine?

Back 86

a. Sodium channels open, depolarization occurs
b. Opening of sodium and potassium channels.

Front 87

What is the effect of binding of norepinephrine to the following receptors: alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2.

Back 87

a. A1 – located in postsynaptic membrane of smooth muscle, causes opening of calcium channels, depolarization occurs, muscle contracts.
b. A2 – Located in presynaptic membranes, opens potassium channels, causes hyperpolarization.
c. B1 –located in heart muscle, increases heart rate and forces contraction.
d. B2 – Located in smooth muscle, causes relaxation and dilation.

Front 88

What type of receptor cell do we see for olfaction?

Back 88

Bipolar cells

Front 89

What are the basal cells and supporting cells and how do they function?

Back 89

Basal cells allow for regeneration of olfactory cells every 2 months.

Front 90

Define anosmia. Why does it occur?

Back 90

Inability to perceive smells, due to muscosal damage, neurological damage or genetic factors.

Front 91

What are the four different lingual papillae, how are they distributed? What is their shape? Which are most sensitive? Least?

Back 91

a. Filiform – most numerous on tongue surface, no taste receptors
b. Vallate – Largest, form row on posterior tongue
c. Fungiform – Many scattered across superior surface of tongue
d. Foliate – distributed in folds on lateral and anterior edges of tongue, most numerous receptors, most sensitive.

Front 92

How can taste be affected?

Back 92

a. Olfaction
b. Temperature
c. Texture