Anatomy Exam 2

Front 1

inferior vertebrae

Back 1

more massive to support more weight

Front 2

intervertebral discs

Back 2

made of fibrocartilge, for shock absorption, between adjacent vertebrae except for c1/c2 and fused vertebrae

Front 3

body

Back 3

has marrow inside and creates red and white blood cells

Front 4

lumbar

Back 4

more massive, the spinal column gets smaller as it goes up

Front 5

ribs 1-7

Back 5

true ribs, connect directly to sternum via costal cartilages

Front 6

ribs 8-10

Back 6

false ribs, connect to sternum via common cartilage that joins costal cartilage of the 7th rib

Front 7

ribs 11-12

Back 7

floating ribs, just connect to vertebra and come partially out

Front 8

sternum

Back 8

manubrium, corpus (body), xiphoid process

Front 9

pectoral (scapular) girdle

Back 9

formed by clavicles and scapulae, point of attachment of many accessory muscles of forced inspiration and expiration

Front 10

humerus

Back 10

part of the pectoral girdle, upper arm bone that attaches posteriorly to the glenoid process of scapula

Front 11

pelvic girdle

Back 11

ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse to make the pelvis. sacrum attaches to the ilium at the sacroiliac joint (which supports the weight of the body).

Front 12

pubic symphysis

Back 12

where the hip bones join together anteriorly

Front 13

trachea

Back 13

inferior to larynx, the trunk of the bronchial tree, wind pipe/ passageway for air into the lungs. trachea has rings of cartilage with non-striated muscle tissue between the rings. it is open in the back (where it attaches to the esophagus) and closed in the front. 11 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. lined with epithelium (mucous secreting) and cilia to keep clean. cervical and thoracic portions.

Front 14

bronchial tree

Back 14

trachea splits into two primary bronchi, which in turn split into secondary (lobar) bronchi (3 to the right and 2 to the left) which in turn split into tertiary (segmental bronchi) 10 right, 9 to the left. left lung is smaller.

Front 15

terminal bronchioles

Back 15

come off of the tertiary bronchi, after 20-25 subdivisions. no cartilage, just smooth muscle and membrane. bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts which terminate in the alveolar sac which is made up of alveoli.

Front 16

alveoli

Back 16

microscopic, thin-walled, air-filled. 300-750 million in adult lungs. surrounded by dense network of capillaries. gas exchange.

Front 17

interior structure of the lungs

Back 17

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and blood vessels. spongy, porous, highly elastic.

Front 18

mediastinum

Back 18

sac with fibrous covering and fascia behind the rib cage that contains the heart.

Front 19

pleural linkage

Back 19

the visceral pleura on the outside of the lungs+ the parietal pleura on the inside of the thorax. very small space in between that is filled with fluid that allows lungs to move as a unit with the ribs and diaphragm.

Front 20

quiet inspiration

Back 20

requires 2 muscles: the diaphragm and the external intercostals (in between the ribs). just breathing to stay alive, not exerting oneself. forced inspiration requires many more muscles

Front 21

thoracic expansion

Back 21

the diaphragm allows the thorax to expand vertically (inferior-superior axis) and the ex int allows the thorax to expand transversely (anterior-posterior axis)

Front 22

diaphragm

Back 22

bowl shaped muscle underneath the lungs. contracts by flattening out (the top is pulled down). primary muscle for inspiration, completely separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. (food can pass through via the esophagial hiatus). aponeuroses makes up majority of surface.

Front 23

aortic hiatus

Back 23

(1 of 3 openings in diaphragm), allows for passage of the descending abdominal aorta which brings blood supply to the abdomen

Front 24

diaphragm attachments

Back 24

sternal attachment: attaches to the xiphoid process anteriorly. costal attachment: attaches to ribs 7-12 and costal cartilages. vertebral attachment: posterior most attachment to corpus of L1-L4

Front 25

esophageal hiatus

Back 25

(1 of 3 openings in diaphragm) allows for passage from the phayngeal cavity to the stomach

Front 26

inferior vena cava

Back 26

(1 of 3 openings in diaphragm) blood flow away from the abdomen back up

Front 27

central tendon of diaphragm

Back 27

when the diaphragm contracts, the central tendon is ulled down and forward, increasing the vertical dimension of the thorax. tendon is flexible but has no contractile qualities.

Front 28

phrenic nerve

Back 28

provide innervation of the diaphragm (both motor and sensory information). originates from cervical plexus (grouping of nerves from spinal nerves c3, c4, and c5). runs through the neck muscles into the mediastinal space and divides to innervate the diaphragm.

Front 29

external intercostal muscles

Back 29

11 pairs of muscles between the 12 ribs. used for speech breathing. originate on the lower surface of each rib, muscles course downward and inward to attach to the upper surface of the rib immediately below. when the muscles contract, they pull the ribs upward and rotate the, twisting cartilages (active inspiration). when muscles relax, they return to original shape (passive expiration).

Front 30

accessory muscles of inspiration

Back 30

anterior thoracic msucles, posterior thoracic muscles, accessory muscles of the neck and muscles of upper arm and shoulder (all elevate the rib cage)

Front 31

forced expiration

Back 31

active expiration requires muscles acting indirectly on the lungs to squeeze the air out of them, achieved by pulling down the rib cage and forcing diaphragm upward

Front 32

muscles of expiration

Back 32

two types: thoracic and abdominal. main thoracic muscles of expiration are internal intercostals. we dont use these in quiet breathing. pull the rib cage down to decrease the volume of the lungs. originate lower and insert higher.